Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Tourism in Historic Urban Areas: Construction of Cultural Heritage Corridor Based on Minimum Cumulative Resistance and Gravity Model—A Case Study of Tianjin, China","authors":"Qian Wang, Chen Yang, Jianghua Wang, Lifeng Tan","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072144","url":null,"abstract":"The effective protection and utilization of historical and cultural heritage in urban and rural areas are increasingly gaining public attention. Constructing a continuous and complete heritage spatial network is an important means for achieving holistic protection and utilization of heritage, and it is also a crucial approach to enhancing the overall connectivity of regional culture. How to construct a cultural heritage corridor is of great significance to the comprehensive protection of cultural heritage in historic urban areas. This study takes the cultural heritage of Tianjin’s historical urban areas as an example, uses the Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) and Gravity Model (GM) to construct a cultural heritage corridor, and evaluates its suitability. This research enriches the theory of heritage conservation, aims to enhance the connectivity and integrity of cultural heritage, and provides a new perspective for the integrated development of regional culture and tourism in the process of activation and utilization.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141654339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bonding Performance and Microstructural Mechanism between Rapid Repair Materials and Old Concrete Pavement","authors":"Kan Bao, Gaowang Zhang, Jiangpeng Lv, Junmin Li, Zexin Chen, Jie Yuan","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072156","url":null,"abstract":"In China, airports predominantly utilize airport cement concrete pavement, which inevitably undergoes deterioration in service. To uphold pavement durability and functionality, and ensure aircraft operational safety, prompt repairs of affected areas are imperative. Therefore, ordinary Portland cement mortars were used as the control group to compare and analyze the bonding performances of two common airport pavement repair materials: modified Portland cement mortars and phosphate cement mortars. Meanwhile, through microscopic experiments, the microscopic characteristics of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) were studied, and the interface bonding mechanism was analyzed. The research results indicate that the interface bonding strength between phosphate cement mortar and old concrete pavement is the highest. This was because the elements in phosphate cement penetrated the old concrete pavement through hydration reactions, forming van der Waals forces and chemical bonding forces. In addition, the research results indicated that the presence of old concrete pavement made the three repair materials produce similar sidewall effects with the old concrete pavement, leading to a low hydration degree of the repair materials. However, the chemical bonding and penetrating structure of phosphate cement compensated for the weakening effect of the ITZ in the repair materials.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"23 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141653910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Iterative Design Strategy for Steel Frames Modelled by Generalised Multi-stepped Beam Elements","authors":"S. Benfratello, Salvatore Caddemi, L. Palizzolo, B. Pantò, D. Rapicavoli","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072155","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with frame steel structures required to ensure sufficient resistance, appropriate ductility and safety against brittle failure. This special aim cannot be reached by utilizing standard procedures and standard beam elements. Therefore, the present study proposes an innovative design strategy devoted to plane steel frames constituted by I-shaped cross-section beam elements and subjected to simultaneous combinations of serviceability limit state conditions and ultimate limit state conditions. Special factory-made I-shaped uniform piecewise steel profiles are utilised to provide the optimal behaviour of the frame. The proposed design strategy consists of two subsequent steps: at first a classical sizing of the frame is performed by utilising standard steel profiles, then a specific optimal design problem is performed to define the optimal geometry of the I-shaped steel profiles that fulfils all the constraints related to the required resistance and the limited deformability as well as special introduced constraints related to the protection against the brittle failure. The reliability of the procedure and the expected optimal behaviour of the frame are checked by performing nonlinear static analyses employing a recently proposed Fibre Smart Displacement-Based (FSDB) beam element model. The proposed beam element is defined by adopting displacement shape functions capable of embedding the cross-section discontinuities by means of the use of generalised functions. Furthermore, the proposed shape functions are addressed to as “smart” since capable of update in accordance with the development of plastic deformations detected by means of fibre discretisation of the cross-section. The results related to a simple steel portal confirmed the expected optimal behaviour of the structure.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"45 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141653945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Ferronickel Slag as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate under Semi-Cyclic Loading","authors":"Jessica Sjah, Eristra Ernawan, N. Handika, S. Astutiningsih, Eric Vincens","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072151","url":null,"abstract":"The smelting process of Ferronickel in Indonesia produces a significant amount of waste in the form of Ferronickel Slag (FNS), with an annual accumulation of up to 13 million metric tons. Previous studies have shown promising strength results for concrete utilizing FNS as a fine aggregate. This study aims to analyze the mechanical properties of three reinforced concrete (RC) beams measuring 15 cm × 25 cm × 300 cm, each containing FNS as a 50% substitute for fine aggregate. The RC Beams underwent experimental testing using a four-point loading scheme under semi-cyclic loading conditions. Test results show the beams’ capacity had reached up to 8 ton-f and their load–displacement responses show promising results. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) analysis facilitated the observation of surface deformation evolution due to loading, aiding in the identification of concrete crack patterns. Due to semi-cyclic loading, cracks on the beams’ surface were experiencing a crack opening and closing phenomenon, where the propagations of cracks ceased or reclosed throughout the unloading process. Moreover, the opening of residual cracks was also captured by DIC analysis. The experimental finding was validated by finite element analysis. The RC beam numerical model was created using the Timoshenko Multi-fiber element in CAST3M software version 2022. Mazars concrete and elastoplastic steel damage model were used as constitutive laws for numerical modeling. The model’s load–displacement response demonstrated satisfactory agreement compared to the experimental monotonic loading result. However, the model had limitations regarding the simulation of residual displacements of beams due to semi-cyclic loading.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141652311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Briefing Processes across Mature Markets of Public–Private Partnership (PPP) Projects: Comparative Insights and Important Considerations","authors":"Rauda Al Saadi, Alaa Abdou","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072125","url":null,"abstract":"The primary objective of this research paper is to conduct a comprehensive investigation into the process of developing briefs for Public–Private Partnership (PPP) projects. The study aims to outline the fundamental stages, standard processes, and critical decision points involved in this process. This is achieved through a comparative analysis of briefing frameworks used in three countries that are among the top in the PPP Market Maturity chart: The United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada. The paper discusses the stages and decision points within these countries’ briefing processes, highlighting their challenges, similarities, and differences. It emphasizes the fundamental role of effective communication and coordination in PPP projects, which involve multiple stakeholders. By examining these interconnected activities and analyzing the phases, stages, and key processes constituting the briefing process, the study provides valuable insights into the PPP briefing processes in these nations. The paper concludes by proposing a conceptual process framework for brief development in PPP projects, which will be further tailored for adaptation in the PPP market in the United Arab Emirates.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"54 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141658281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the Influence of Different Block Types on the Urban Heat Risk in High-Density Cities","authors":"Binwei Zou, Chengliang Fan, Jianjun Li","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072131","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization and climate change have led to rising urban temperatures, increasing heat-related health risks. Assessing urban heat risk is crucial for understanding and mitigating these risks. Many studies often overlook the impact of block types on heat risk, which limits the development of mitigation strategies during urban planning. This study aims to investigate the influence of various spatial factors on the heat risk at the block scale. Firstly, a GIS approach was used to generate a Local Climate Zones (LCZ) map, which represents different block types. Secondly, a heat risk assessment model was developed using hazard, exposure, and vulnerability indicators. Thirdly, the risk model was demonstrated in Guangzhou, a high-density city in China, to investigate the distribution of heat risk among different block types. An XGBoost model was used to analyze the impact of various urban spatial factors on heat risk. Results revealed significant variations in heat risk susceptibility among different block types. Specifically, 33.9% of LCZ 1–4 areas were classified as being at a high-risk level, while only 23.8% of LCZ 6–9 areas fell into this level. In addition, the pervious surface fraction (PSF) had the strongest influence on heat risk level, followed by the height of roughness elements (HRE), building surface fraction (BSF), and sky view factor (SVF). SVF and PSF had a negative impact on heat risk, while HRE and BSF had a positive effect. The heat risk assessment model provides valuable insights into the spatial characteristics of heat risk influenced by different urban morphologies. This study will assist in formulating reasonable risk mitigation measures at the planning level in the future.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"66 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141655638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation Technology and Experimental Study of Fast-Hardening UHPC Repair Material","authors":"Ming Xie, Haoyu Li, Bing-Tao Yuan, Ming Li, Wen-Li Hou","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072124","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of concrete materials deteriorates under load fluctuation and long-term erosion from the external environment, leading to damage. In order to solve the problems of concrete materials needing repair, poor working performance and the low mechanical strength of ordinary concrete repair materials, this paper explores a series of experimental studies on the preparation of ultra-high performance concrete repair materials and solves the two technical problems of the low early strength and poor fluidity of ultra-high-performance concrete. The effects of different steel fibers and dosages of early strength agents on the working properties, mechanical properties and microstructure of fast-hardening UHPC are discussed. Finally, the mix ratio of fast-hardening UHPC with a 2 h compressive strength of up to 47 MPa and fluidity of up to 300 mm is obtained through the test, which is in line with practical applications in engineering and provides a reference for the design and analysis of fast-hardening UHPC repair materials.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"69 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141658463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CO2 Concentration Assessment for Infection Monitoring and Occupancy Analysis in Tanzanian COVID-19 Isolation Centers","authors":"B. V. Karumuna, Long Hao","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072139","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring of IAQ is one of the foundations of the preventative actions prompted by the worldwide recognition of COVID-19 transmission. The measurement of CO2 has emerged as one of the most popular, dependable, and easy ways to indirectly evaluate the state of indoor air renewal. Reducing the risk of respiratory diseases transmitted by aerosols is attainable through implementing and validating prevention measures made possible by CO2 control. Isolation centers are like health facilities in that they are linked to IAQ, and the presence of natural ventilation can significantly improve the circulation of fresh air, which speeds up the removal of contaminants. This is true even though healthcare facilities are among the environments with the highest rate of COVID-19 propagation. Our investigation revealed, however, that no substantial critical data on air quality in Tanzanian isolation centers is presently available. The process of metabolic CO₂ creation and accumulation within health isolation center cubicles was investigated in this study. Crucially, we suggest comparing settings under various conditions using the indicator ppm/patient. In this research, we experimentally assessed the value of changing a few HVAC system characteristics. We looked at the data to see how well the filtration system worked concerning the submicron particle concentration. Study recommendations for CO2 detectors and ways to reduce infection risk in shared isolation center cubicles are provided. We also show the correlation between particle size and CO2 concentration, the correlation between CO2 concentration derivatives and air volume presented per patient in isolation cubicles, the correlation between patient occupancy and CO2 concentration levels in isolation cubicles, and how to improve air quality by adjusting the patient’s bed position. The study also found that for exposure lengths of two to three hours, a typical hospital cubicle with fifty to one hundred people should have an average interior CO₂ value of less than 900 ppm. Carers’ length of stay in the hospital substantially impacted the permissible CO2 concentration. By establishing a connection between indoor air monitoring and healthcare goals, this study will aid in determining the feasibility of establishing regulations for interior CO2 content depending on occupancy settings, strengthening preventive efforts against COVID-19. In the post-pandemic era, it will be essential to find ways to make health facilities air cleaner so that infectious diseases cannot spread in the future.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"125 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141656691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adoption of Fourth Industrial Revolution Technologies in the Construction Sector: Evidence from a Questionnaire Survey","authors":"Julia Menegon Lopes, Luiz Carlos Pinto da Silva Filho","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072132","url":null,"abstract":"The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) can significantly benefit the construction sector, improving productivity, efficiency, collaborative efforts, and product quality while promoting safety and sustainability. However, research on applying 4IR technologies in construction is scarce in developing countries. It is crucial to understand the ability of construction companies to adopt new technologies and identify factors influencing the success of technology implementation. In this study, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted with construction professionals to evaluate the level of technological development of the construction market in an emerging economy, assess the potential for innovation implementation, and identify factors that might influence technological development. The results showed that most innovations are in the early stages of implementation in the construction sector, and their adoption tends to occur differently, depending on the size of the company and the stage of the construction lifecycle in which they operate. Furthermore, technologies tend to be progressively adopted and driven by virtualization technologies. This article presents a framework to assist in decision-making regarding the adoption of 4IR technologies at different phases of the lifecycle of construction projects and identifies the potential barriers and promoters of this adoption in the analyzed context.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"124 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141656851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the Bearing Capacity of Concrete-Filled Thin-Walled Square Steel Tubes with Helical Stiffening Based on Local Buckling","authors":"Penggang Tian, Zhenshan Wang, Kai Wang, Jianhui Niu, Zhixun Xie, Kangning Liu","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072122","url":null,"abstract":"To address the issue of local buckling in thin-walled steel tube concrete columns, a form of helical stiffening ribs was proposed. Axial compression tests were conducted on five sections of square steel tube concrete column specimens. The research revealed that, compared to ordinary steel tube concrete columns, the axial compression bearing capacity and deformation capacity of steel tube concrete columns with helical rib constraints increased by 18.5% and 7.7%, respectively. The helical ribs effectively enhanced the buckling resistance of the thin-walled steel tube concrete components. The failure pattern of this new type of component was characterized by diagonal cracks in the encased concrete aligning with the direction of the helical ribs, and the buckling of the steel tube walls was concentrated between the helical stiffening ribs. Based on the experiments, an analysis of the buckling performance of thin-walled steel tubes with helical rib constraints was conducted, and this was incorporated into the bearing capacity calculation. The test, simulation, and theoretical calculations showed that the bearing capacity error of the composite columns for each specimen was within 10%. Ultimately, a formula for the critical buckling bearing capacity of the helical rib steel tubes was proposed. The research findings provide a foundation for the engineering application of this new type of component.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"125 48","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141657145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}