Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Relationship between Visual Attention Patterns and Subjective Evaluations in Housing Sales Information: A Study Using Eye-Tracking Technology","authors":"Carla de-Juan-Ripoll, M. Nolé, A. Montañana, Carmen Llinares","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072106","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, studies analyzing consumer preferences in real estate have focused on measuring subjective user responses, neglecting associated physiological responses. This study investigates the relationship between visual attention patterns and subjective evaluations of home sales information. Eye-tracking technology was used to record two characteristics of 21 participants’ visual behavior while viewing stimuli containing information about home sales (First Fixation Time and Total Fixation Duration). Additionally, participants evaluated their level of satisfaction with nine dwelling characteristics based on a questionnaire adapted for this research (1, quality and finishes of the dwelling; 2, size of the dwelling; 3, dwelling floor level; 4, bright and outdoor orientation of the dwelling; 5, flexible layout; 6, peaceful atmosphere; 7, smart and secure character; 8, privacy; and 9, original and luxurious character). The results demonstrated significant correlations between fixation time on specific areas of the stimulus and subjective ratings of features such as size, quality, finishes, layout, and orientation of the homes. Furthermore, differences based on gender and participants’ architecture experience level were observed in visual behavior during image observation. These findings underscore the importance of visual design and presentation in home marketing, as visual attention can influence perceptions of home characteristics and, ultimately, purchase decisions.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"116 28","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141665658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigations on the Environmental Characteristics and Cracking Control of Plateau Concrete","authors":"Xiaochuan Hu, Manping Liao, Ming Li, Fuqiang Wang, Xiang Lyu, Mei-Ling Zhuang","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072104","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, first, the environmental challenges and cracking characteristics during the construction of plateau concrete on the Sichuan–Tibet route were revealed. Then, using a multi-field coupled shrinkage model with hydration temperature humidity constraints, the early and long-term cracking risks in the core of plateau pier bodies were investigated. Later, the effects of tensile strength, pouring interval age and adiabatic temperature rise on the cracking risk were analyzed. Finally, various control measures for high-altitude concrete cracking were proposed. The results indicated that the complex environment of the plateau led to different forms of cracks in the pier body, especially vertical cracks in the straight sections. The long-term risk of core cracking in the plateau pier body is significantly greater than the risk of early cracking. This risk was strongly influenced by factors such as the concrete tensile strength, pouring interval age and adiabatic temperature rise, which should be given more attention. Deformation compensation can significantly enhance the peak and residual deformation capacities of plateau concrete, with peak values greater than 900 με and residual deformation greater than 200 με at day 60, as well as its resistance to cracking. Strategies such as adopting radiant cooling techniques, improving construction techniques and implementing effective management measures can all play a vital role in improving the cracking resistance of highland concrete.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"95 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141663984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the Urban Form of Bechar through the Attributes of Space Syntax “for a More Sustainable City”","authors":"Mohammed El Fatih Meknaci, Xingping Wang, R. W. Biara, Wiem Zerouati","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072103","url":null,"abstract":"Located in the vast Algerian Sahara, Bechar has experienced over the years uncontrolled urban growth. It has evolved from a simple oasis and ksar (traditional settlement) to a city with a contrasting center and segregated outskirts. This growth has led to significant urban fragmentation that affected residents’ quality of life. This research uses space syntax theory to analyze Bechar’s urban configurations and their impact on functionality and sustainability. The study examines integration, connectivity, control, and intelligibility through axial maps and syntactic measures. Findings reveal that areas with high integration show better accessibility and reduced vehicle reliance, while segregated areas face accessibility challenges and limited services. Global integration values range from −1 to 1.192, averaging at 0.767, which indicates different accessibility among neighborhoods. These insights are crucial to identify areas where sustainable urban planning can mitigate adverse effects and enhance city efficiency. We created an axial map using DepthmapX v0.8.0 software and a modified digital QGIS map to collect data and measure Bechar’s urban properties. The methodology we used translates social behaviors into spatial representations, generating interpretative models for social and spatial phenomena. This article provides valuable information on the infrastructure and service needs, guiding strategic resource allocation. The proposed urban design strategies include urban canopies and optimized building ratios to reduce energy consumption and promote sustainability. To conclude, we recommend practical solutions to enhance the sustainability and functioning of urban areas similar to Bechar.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"83 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141664471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of the Hazardous Chemical Leakage Scale Inside Buildings Using CFD","authors":"Kisung Kim, Dongwoo Song","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072094","url":null,"abstract":"Increased industrialization and aging infrastructure have resulted in leaks of hazardous chemicals, such as CO. Leak modeling is crucial to developing emergency response strategies. Therefore, we simulated the time to criticality (TTC), which is the time to reach the threshold limit for occupational exposure, of a CO leak. The basis of the study is a fire dynamics simulator, a computational fluid dynamics model that was used to investigate the movement of CO in various scenarios, including using different building layouts and areas, temperatures, and leak diameters. Multiple regression analysis was performed to obtain regression equations for the TTC as a function of the independent variables. Ultimately, we found that the type of dispersion varies with respect to the temperature-dependent density of CO, and, among the independent variables, the leak diameter had the strongest effect on the TTC. The regression equations with logarithmic conversion were validated and found to have higher accuracy than those without logarithmic conversion. The findings provide useful information for developing emergency response plans regarding leak size in the case of hazardous chemical leakage. However, empirical studies of different gas types and leakage scenarios are required.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"122 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141665271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship between Molecular Structure and Foaming of Poly(ethylene glycol)—Poly(propylene glycol) Triblock Surfactants in Cementitious Materials","authors":"Mohammad Sadegh Tale Masoule, A. Ghahremaninezhad","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072100","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the relationship between the molecular structure and foaming of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(propylene glycol) triblock copolymers in Portland cement pastes. Four copolymers with different molecular structures were studied at varying concentrations. All copolymers showed a reduction in surface tension of the cement pore solution; however, only some of them demonstrated foaming and air entraining in cement paste. The results indicated that the molecular structure parameter, hydrophilic-to-lipophilic balance (HLB), has a direct relationship with the foaming and air-entraining performance of the copolymers. The total organic carbon measurements showed very small adsorption of these non-ionic copolymers on hydrating cement particles due to the lack of surface charge needed to interact with the heterogeneously charged surface of hydrating cement. In addition, these copolymers did not seem to affect the flow of cement paste due to a lack of adsorption on cement particles. The cement paste modified with the copolymers showed increased water sorption compared to the control paste due to the increased capillary porosity and slight increase in pore surface hydrophilicity. However, the freeze-thaw resistance was shown to improve with an increase in the number of air voids in the modified cement pastes. The findings establish the relationship between molecular properties of copolymers and their air-entraining performance in cement paste to mitigate the damages caused by freeze-thaw action.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"105 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141666238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Temperature Distribution and Energy Consumption of an Integrated Carbon Fiber Paper-Embedded Electric-Heated Floor","authors":"Chengjian Huang, Neng Li, Sheng He, Xiang Weng, Yi Shu, Guang Yang, Yongjie Bao","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072097","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined spatial and temporal thermal performance and energy consumption. The temperature distribution in the running period was monitored in test rooms with integrated electric- and hot water-heated floors. The short- and long-term energy consumption of the two heating systems were recorded and compared. The results indicated that the integrated electric heating system generated higher temperatures for indoor air and on the exterior surface of the wooden floor than the hot water heating system; meanwhile, the difference in the mean temperatures of the exterior and rear surfaces of the electric-heated floor was 2.44 °C, while that of the hot water-heated test room was 13.25 °C. The efficient structure of the integrated electric heating system saved 22.97% energy compared to the hot water system after short-term (7 h) charging and reaching a dynamic balance, and it efficiently increased the energy utilization rate to 11.81%. After long-term charging, the daily energy consumption of the integrated electric heating system consumed much less energy than the hot water system every month. The integrated electric heating system saved 62.55% and 34.30% of energy in May and January, respectively, and consumed less than half of the energy the hot water system consumed in the less cold months. Therefore, a high-efficiency and energy-saving integrated electric-heated floor could be a potential indoor heating solution.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"109 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141665943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Methodology to Estimate the Early-Age Compressive Strength of Concrete before Demolding","authors":"Bayarjavkhlan Narantogtokh, Tomoya Nishiwaki, Fumiya Takasugi, Ken Koyama, Timo Lehmann, Anna Jagiello, Félix Droin, Yao Ding","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072099","url":null,"abstract":"Non-destructive testing has many advantages, such as the ability to obtain a large number of data without destroying existing structures. However, the reliability of the estimation accuracy and the limited range of applicable targets remain an issue. This study proposes a novel pin penetration test method to determine the early-age compressive strength of concrete before demolding. The timing of demolding and initial curing is determined according to the strength development of concrete. Therefore, it is important to determine the compressive strength at an early age before demolding at the actual construction site. The applicability of this strength estimation methodology at actual construction is investigated. Small test holes (12 mm in diameter) are prepared on the mold surface in real construction sites and mock-up specimens in advance. The pin is penetrated into these test holes to obtain the relationship between the compressive strength and the penetration depth. As a result, it is confirmed that the pin penetration test method is suitable for measuring the early-age compressive strength at the actual construction site. This allows the benchmark values for compressive strength, necessary to avoid early frost damage, to be directly verified on the concrete structural members at the construction site. For instance, the compressive strengths of greater than 5 MPa and 10 MPa can be confirmed by the penetration depths benchmark values of 8.0 mm and 6.7 mm or less, respectively.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"63 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141663182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent Monitoring System for Integrated Management of Historical Buildings","authors":"Gabriela Wojciechowska, Łukasz Jan Bednarz, Noëlla Dolińska, Piotr Opałka, Michał Krupa, Nino Imnadze","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072108","url":null,"abstract":"This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a multi-method approach for the restoration of a historic building (train station) in Poland. The project employed field investigations, laboratory analyses, and close-range photogrammetry to create a Historic Building Information Model (HBIM). This comprehensive data set informed the development of targeted conservation strategies that addressed the station’s specific needs while respecting its historical significance. Interventions prioritized the use of locally sourced and sustainable materials, minimized the visual impact on the exterior, and achieved net-zero emissions through improvements to the building envelope and a switch to a heat pump heating system. Additionally, an intelligent monitoring system was implemented to continuously collect data on environmental conditions and structural displacement. These data will be used to develop a predictive model for future maintenance needs, allowing for a preventative approach to conservation and minimizing resource consumption. Overall, this project serves as a model for integrating advanced technologies in historical building conservation, promoting sustainable practices, and ensuring the longevity of irreplaceable cultural landmarks. The key findings derived from this approach encompass a comprehensive assessment of the station’s condition, optimized conservation strategies, insights from HBIM modeling, and the ongoing benefits of the intelligent monitoring system. Field investigations revealed several areas of concern, such as structural cracks, material deterioration, moisture infiltration, and significant heat loss through the building envelope. This information was crucial for developing targeted conservation strategies. The use of internal thermal insulation systems, particularly capillary active mineral blocks, significantly improved thermal performance. Moisture management interventions, including the restoration of the rainwater drainage system and the application of moisture-proof insulation, reduced reliance on the municipal water supply. The intelligent monitoring system, with sensors measuring temperature, humidity, and structural displacement, plays a crucial role in ongoing conservation efforts. This system allows for continuous monitoring and the development of predictive models, ensuring targeted and preventative maintenance, reducing resource consumption, and extending the lifespan of the building.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"76 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141664404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Internet of Things (IoT) Approach to Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE): An Experimental At-the-Moment Occupant Comfort Control System","authors":"E. Rasheed, Kris Wang, Ali Hashemi, Masoud Mahmoodi, Kajavathani Panchalingam","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072095","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an empirical experiment of Internet of Things (IoT)’s integration in the Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) process. The experiment aimed to trial a novel IoT approach to enabling building user responsiveness to prevalent IEQ for individualised comfort. The purpose is to provide a system that mitigates a common issue of centralised air conditioning that limits occupants’ control over their immediate environment. To achieve this, an IoT platform was developed with smart IEQ monitoring sensors and wearable devices and trialled with PhD researchers in a shared university workspace. The findings provided empirical evidence of IoT’s enhanced benefits to improving user control over their individual comfort and enabling positive energy behaviour in buildings. Specifically, the IoT system provided real-time insight into CO2 concentration data while enabling responsive occupant interaction with their immediate environment and at-the-moment mitigation actions. Outputs of the experiment showed that the perceptions of participants about the stuffiness of the air, productivity, and healthy environment were significantly better after taking the mitigation action compared to before. Also, we found a significant relationship between measured CO2 concentration readings and perceived air stuffiness (p = 0.004) and productivity (p = 0.006) and a non-significant relationship between CO2 concentration readings and perceived healthy environment (p = 0.058). Interestingly, we observed that irrespective of the similarities in recorded CO2 concentration readings being within acceptable ranges (632–712 ppm), the perception of air stuffiness significantly differed (p = 0.018) before and after the mitigation actions. The effectiveness of the developed IoT platform was evidenced as most of the participants found the process very easy to participate in with little interruptions to their work as little time was consumed. The results are useful in modifying approaches to building occupant comfort and energy behaviour in commercial and residential settings.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"40 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141663485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Recycled Concrete Aggregates on the Concrete Breakout Resistance of Headed Bars Embedded in Slender Structural Elements","authors":"Maurício de Pina Ferreira, Karoline Dantas dos Santos, Manoel J.M. Pereira Filho, Luciana de Nazaré Pinheiro Cordeiro","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072102","url":null,"abstract":"Recycled concrete aggregates are potentially interesting for the precast concrete industry as they provide a new use for high-quality waste from its products’ life cycle. In precast concrete structures, it is common to use headed bars in several connection types between structural members. This paper presents the results of experimental tests to investigate the impact of replacing coarse natural aggregates with coarse recycled concrete aggregates in the concrete breakout strength of cast-in headed bars embedded in slender structural elements. Results of 12 tests on 16 mm headed bars embedded in 500 × 200 × 900 mm concrete members with an effective embedment depth of 110 mm are presented. The percentage of replacement of natural aggregates by recycled concrete aggregates was 0%, 30%, and 100%, and the flexural reinforcement ratio of the structural elements varied from 0.5% to 3.5%. The behavior and strength of the tested specimens are discussed, and comparisons with theoretical strength estimates are presented. The results showed that the concrete breakout strength of the headed bars was not affected by the use of recycled concrete aggregates and that the flexural reinforcement ratio significantly impacts the load-carrying capacity of the headed bars as they control the crack widths before failure.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"93 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141664275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}