Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of marsh terrace designs for wave attenuation utilizing a wave model","authors":"Raúl J. Osorio ,&nbsp;Anna Linhoss ,&nbsp;Adam Skarke ,&nbsp;Michael G. Brasher ,&nbsp;Madelyn McFarland","doi":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The northern Gulf of Mexico is facing high rates of wetland loss due to subsidence and sea level–rise, which has encouraged the application of various wetland restoration techniques. Marsh terracing is a restoration technique that has been implemented since the early 1990 s in Texas and Louisiana, yet few studies have been conducted to evaluate its effectiveness. Marsh terraces are segmented berms of soil built in coastal ponds that were once vegetated marshes. Marsh terracing is hypothesized to dissipate wind waves, encourage marsh expansion, and reduce shoreline erosion. This study (1) assessed the effectiveness of the most common terrace shapes (linear, chevron, and square) and spacing (100, 110, and 120 m) at reducing significant wave height (Hs), (2) assessed the effectiveness of alternative terrace designs for reducing Hs during different wind conditions, and 3) estimated the construction costs of alternative terrace designs. The Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model was used to simulate wind–driven waves in ponds with real and hypothetical terrace designs. Results revealed that: (1) The chevron shape provided the greatest reduction in Hs during all wind conditions, reducing Hs by up to 54%. (2) Hs reduction was not affected by terrace spacings. (3) Based on wave attenuation, the chevron design with a 120 m terrace spacing provided the optimal outcome with an estimated construction cost/ha of $6332 in a 250,000 m² site compared to the terrace shapes and spacings evaluated in this study. This study will help coastal managers design marsh terraces to address wetland erosion in the Gulf of Mexico and other coastal areas facing similar environmental problems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50563,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 101429"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377026523000805/pdfft?md5=744af372cb551053bfe01c68c6842e5d&pid=1-s2.0-S0377026523000805-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139028720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometry effects on wind fields and consequent wave generation in the Strait of Hormuz: A case study","authors":"Fatemeh Ameri, S. Abbas Haghshenas, Sarmad Ghader","doi":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101427","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the impact of surface wind forcing on wave conditions in the Strait of Hormuz, a region with complex wave interactions. The WRF model is used to simulate the wind field with higher accuracy, enabling the generation of waves for both normal and storm conditions in 2011. A sensitivity analysis examines the WRF model's simulated wind field with variations in initial and boundary conditions, spatial resolutions, and adopting two static topographic datasets. Comparisons between simulated wave parameters and observed data from ADCPs at two stations flanking the strait reveal the importance of accurate wind forcing for obtaining a realistic estimation of wave conditions. Wave errors are found to be influenced by fetch length, with larger errors observed for shorter fetches (~100<!-- --> <!-- -->km). However, these errors gradually decrease as the distance from the coast increases. The study emphasizes the importance of incorporating accurate wind data and considering fetch characteristics when simulating wave conditions, which can enhance maritime safety, coastal engineering, and offshore operations in the Strait of Hormuz and other similar regions worldwide. In conclusion, small-scale wind and waves features over the Strait of Hormuz can be better captured with a combination of higher-resolution wind modeling and wave simulation grids with higher spatial resolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":50563,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139028724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometry effects on wind fields and consequent wave generation in the Strait of Hormuz: A case study","authors":"Fatemeh Ameri,&nbsp;S. Abbas Haghshenas,&nbsp;Sarmad Ghader","doi":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the impact of surface wind forcing on wave conditions in the Strait of Hormuz, a region with complex wave interactions. The WRF model is used to simulate the wind field with higher accuracy, enabling the generation of waves for both normal and storm conditions in 2011. A sensitivity analysis examines the WRF model's simulated wind field with variations in initial and boundary conditions, spatial resolutions, and adopting two static topographic datasets. Comparisons between simulated wave parameters and observed data from ADCPs at two stations flanking the strait reveal the importance of accurate wind forcing for obtaining a realistic estimation of wave conditions. Wave errors are found to be influenced by fetch length, with larger errors observed for shorter fetches (∼100 km). However, these errors gradually decrease as the distance from the coast increases. The study emphasizes the importance of incorporating accurate wind data and considering fetch characteristics when simulating wave conditions, which can enhance maritime safety, coastal engineering, and offshore operations in the Strait of Hormuz and other similar regions worldwide. In conclusion, small-scale wind and waves features over the Strait of Hormuz can be better captured with a combination of higher-resolution wind modeling and wave simulation grids with higher spatial resolution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50563,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 101427"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139017783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wind gust forecasting by post-processing the WRF model outputs using ANN","authors":"Mohammad Hesam Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Amir Hussain Meshkatee ,&nbsp;Sarmad Ghader ,&nbsp;Majid Azadi","doi":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Strong and highly variable winds and gusts are major hazards to infrastructure, properties, and life. Consequently, accurate prediction and timely detection of wind gust intensity have always been a focus of interest for earth scientists and weather forecasters.</p><p>In this study, The WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) post-process diagnostic of wind gusts (WPD method) was utilized to predict non-convective wind gust speeds using the direct outputs of the WRF model. To improve the prediction accuracy of this method, the results were post-processed using an artificial neural network (ANN). Multiple different ANN algorithms were examined to achieve the most accurate predictions possible. The results were evaluated using observational data extracted from 32 synoptic stations across Iran during the time period from 2014 to 2018.</p><p><span>The results indicate that employing a multilayer perceptron<span> ANN with a hybrid structure, consisting of one input layer comprising five parameters (10 m wind speed<span>, sea level pressure, temperature, relative humidity, and predicted wind gust speed obtained from the WPD method), one hidden layer with a sigmoid activation function and 12 neurons, one output layer with a linear activation function and using the BR (Bayesian Regularization) training algorithm, significantly improve the accuracy of the WPD wind gust speed prediction method. The RMSE for wind gust speed prediction has decreased from 3.68 m/s (WPD method) to 1.88 m/s for the validation dataset. Additionally, there were considerable improvements of 50 %, 74 %, and 17 % in the MAE, MSE, and R</span></span></span>², respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50563,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 101425"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138817319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The initial errors occurring over Pacific-Atlantic Oceans and exerting large disturbing effect on ENSO predictability","authors":"Guangshan Hou ,&nbsp;Meiyi Hou ,&nbsp;Wansuo Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using a novel data analysis method for predictability dynamics, the impacts of initial sea surface temperature<span><span> (SST) errors over Pacific and Atlantic Oceans on the predictability of eastern and central Pacific El Niño<span> (i.e., EP and CP El Niño) are investigated. The results reveal the initial SST errors that cause large disturbing effects on EP and CP El Niño forecasting, respectively. These initial errors are both exhibiting a positive-negative-positive-negative-positive chain structure along the direction from northwest to southeast over the Pacific for EP and CP El Niño, which resemble a combined mode of North Pacific Victoria Mode (VM), eastern tropical Pacific positive SST pattern (ETPPSP), and South Pacific meridional mode (SPMM); simultaneously, they exhibit a positive-negative meridional dipole pattern over South Atlantic, referred to as South Atlantic subtropical dipole mode (SASD); additionally, there exist initial warm SST anomalies in the equatorial Atlantic for </span></span>EP El Niño and in the north tropical Atlantic for the CP El Niño. The above initial errors lead to the underestimation of both CP and EP El Niño. Further analyses illustrate that the initial warm SST errors in the north tropical Atlantic are positively correlated with the VM-like error pattern, which competed with the effect of the ETPPSP, makes the intensity of CP El Niño underestimated; whereas the SASD-like error pattern is revealed to have a positive relationship with the SPMM-like error mode, which only exists during EP El Niño period and interacts with the ETPPSP for much weak EP El Niño intensity. It is obvious that, for predicting which type of El Niño will occur, attention should also be paid to the initial sea temperature accuracy in the Atlantic Ocean under the interference effect of the Pacific Ocean temperature uncertainties.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":50563,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 101426"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138682112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional characteristics of mesoscale eddies in the western boundary current region of the Bay of Bengal using ROMS-NPZD","authors":"Abhijit Shee ,&nbsp;Sourav Sil ,&nbsp;Rahul Deogharia","doi":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Eddies play an important role in transporting and redistributing the heat, salt, and biological parameters in the global ocean. In this study, three-dimensional physio-biochemical characteristics of an anticyclonic (AE) and a cyclonic eddy (CE) associated with the poleward western boundary current (WBC) in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are analyzed using a coupled bio-physical ocean model (ROMS-NPZD). Due to eddy-induced upwelling (downwelling) associated with the CE (AE), monopole patterns of temperature and salinity<span> anomaly around the eddy center are occurred with extremum values at 100 – 150 m and 50 – 100 m depth, respectively. The upward (downward) curvature with a tip at eddy centers is observed in the isothermal layer depth, 20</span></span><span><math><mi>℃</mi></math></span> isotherm (<span><math><mrow><mi>D</mi><mn>20</mn></mrow></math></span>) nutricline, and oxycline. The depth of <span><math><mrow><mi>D</mi><mn>20</mn></mrow></math></span><span><span> deepens and shallows at the center from the edge by ∼60 m and ∼40 m for AE and CE, respectively. A relatively thick barrier layer around the center of AE is noted as compared to the CE. Within eddy interior, temperature and salinity tendencies of horizontal advection<span> show a strong dipole pattern with extremum at eddy edges. The AE currents show positive tendencies in horizontal advection of temperature (salinity) at its northeastern (southwestern) side, which is totally opposite to that of CE. Intense horizontal advections in the adjacent flanks of eddies to the eastward jet of the WBC are due to their strong interactions. Vertical advection shows a </span></span>quadrupole<span> structure with alternating positive and negative cells within the eddies following the distorted vertical velocity field. Diffusion terms within eddies are quite small compared to the advection. Abundances of chlorophyll-a (∼1.2 mg/m</span></span>³) at the base of the mixed layer around the CE center are absent for the AE.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50563,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 101424"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138745807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tendencies of tropical cloud clusters transformation into tropical cyclones","authors":"Kandula V. Subrahmanyam ,&nbsp;Karanam Kishore Kumar ,&nbsp;D.R. Pattanaik ,&nbsp;M.V. Ramana ,&nbsp;Prakash Chauhan","doi":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Tropical cloud clusters (TCC) play a vital role in Earth's climate by not only releasing a large amount of latent heat into the atmosphere but also by forming the basis for the development of tropical cyclones (TC). However, not all TCCs can develop into cyclones; only a few develop into TC selectively. There are large uncertainties in the current understanding of why only certain TCCs develop into TC while others don't. The present study employs global TCC observations generated by GridSat and IBTrACS datasets from 1980 to 2009 to investigate the TCC distributions over various Oceanic basins such as the North Atlantic (NA), South Atlantic (SA), East-West and South Pacific (EP, WP and SP), as well as the North Indian (NI) and South Indian (SI) basins. The central objective of the present study is to characterize the size spectrum of TCCs and investigate their potential transformation into TCs. The TCCs are identified based on different IR temperature thresholds in each basin. The present results suggest that ∼ 5.5 % of TCCs were developed into TCs annually globally, and their trends in each oceanic basin are discussed. The size spectrum of TCCs showed a dominant peak at 100–200 km</span>²<span>. About 48 % of TCCs transform into TCs within 24 hr of being identified. Furthermore, 85 % of TCCs develop into TCs within 84 hr of the first identification, while only 5 % of TCCs develop into TCs after 84 hr. Further, we have also analyzed the background environmental conditions such as low-level wind speed, vorticity, divergence, vertical shear, upper-level relative humidly and latent heating (LH) for developing and non-developing TCCs over the NI basin, which have not been explored in detail in earlier studies. It is noted that the relative humidity in the developing composite is around 10–20 % higher than that in non-developing TCCs, and LH in developing TCCs is 0.15 K/hr, larger than that in non-developing TCCs. The significance of the present study lies in investigating the developing TCCs as a function of their size and lifetime, including their long-term trends, and bringing out favourable environmental conditions for developing TCCs in the NI Ocean.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":50563,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 101423"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138682414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the relationship between the South Atlantic Convergence Zone and sea surface temperature during Central-East Brazil extreme precipitation events","authors":"Nicole Cristine Laureanti ,&nbsp;Sin Chan Chou ,&nbsp;Paulo Nobre ,&nbsp;Enrique Curchitser","doi":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The precipitation in Central-East Brazil (CEB) from December to February is heavily influenced by the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ). The SACZ not only causes considerable rainfall but also has an impact on the underlying ocean. This study examines the extreme precipitation events in CEB and their relationship with the SACZ and sea surface temperature<span><span> (SST). Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analyses of daily precipitation and vertical velocity at 500 hPa data diagnose the extremes. The grouped events of similar positioning and intensity resulted in 170 extremely wet and 172 dry events. Results indicate that the variability of the SACZ is responsible for extremely wet precipitation events in CEB. Composites of precipitation, SST, and wind anomalies at 850-hPa and 200-hPa characterize their occurrence and resemble SACZ high-intensity variability. Conversely, extremely dry CEB conditions are associated with SACZ southern events (51 events) and SACZ inactivity (121 events). The latter refers to major drought events when upper-level cyclonic circulation favors dry air descending and inhibiting convection over CEB. SACZ southern events have similar atmospheric dynamical patterns as SACZ events but are displaced to the south. The meridional displacement of the South Atlantic Low-Level Jet (SALLJ) and its confluence with the northeasterly flow of the South Atlantic Subtropical High (SASH) are identified as the causes of the cooling or heating of the underlying ocean. The intensity of the extreme event is related to the strength of lower-level </span>wind circulation, while upper-level wind circulation anomalies favor the lower-level effects. The persistence of the systems is related to the development of SST anomalies.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":50563,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 101422"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138553665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of marsh terrace designs for wave attenuation utilizing a wave model","authors":"R. J. Osorio, Anna Linhoss, Adam Skarke, M. G. Brasher, Madelyn McFarland","doi":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101429","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50563,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans","volume":"566 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139018906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertical structure of North Indian Ocean tropical cyclones: A composite analysis using TRMM and GPM","authors":"K.N. Uma ,&nbsp;B. Reshma","doi":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The present study deals with the vertical structure of Tropical Cyclones<span><span><span> (TC) from 2010 to 2020 over the North Indian Ocean (NIO) using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global </span>Precipitation Measurement<span> Mission (GPM). We analyzed 31 TC which were characterized as severe cyclonic storms, very severe cyclonic storms, and super cyclones out of which 18 occurred over the Bay of Bengal and 13 over the Arabian Sea. The normalized intensity difference method of brightness temperature is used to distinguish the regions of the TC into eyewall, inner </span></span>rainband, outer rainband, and outer region after identifying the eye. The eye radius (R</span></span>_e<span>) of the cyclone is used to define the annular regions. The vertical structure is explored using the reflectivity in each region of the cyclone and also with respect to convective precipitation, stratiform precipitation, and sea surface temperature. The intensity of the convection in the eyewall and the rainbands is strong and reaches up to an altitude of 14 km. The outer rainbands were more of stratiform nature and a distinct bimodal distribution is observed with a peak below and above the bright band. The outermost region exhibited the characteristics of both the convective and stratiform, however, the intensity is observed to be less. The convection is observed to be strong in the eyewall for high SST compared to the marginal, however, the vertical extent is large in the marginal SST. The vertical structure of the TC over the NIO contained a wider distribution of reflectivity and vertically extended compared to that of the cyclones in the other oceanic basins.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":50563,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 101421"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138509299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}