Electric Power Systems Research最新文献

{"title":"Detection and classification of faults in renewable energy penetrated stand alone microgrids using SVM and DWT techniques","authors":"Sumangal Bhaumik ,&nbsp;Aveek Chattopadhyaya ,&nbsp;Jitendra Nath Bera","doi":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper deals with the problems of fast and accurate detection of any type of faults as well as their bus location those may occur in a renewable energy sources (RESs) penetrated standalone microgrid (MG) system. The developed technique relies only on the current signal measured from every generator bus of standalone MG. The Discrete Wavelet transform (DWT) based decomposition upto 9th level of the current signal is performed to detect the fault. The detailed and approximate coefficients from the DWT are utilized to develop the kurtosis patterns. These kurtosis patterns are analyzed to detect the presence of faults in the MG. The types of faults are classified using Support Vector Machine (SVM) along with principal component analysis (PCA) based dimensionality reduction technique. The proposed approach remains independent of fault bus location and partial fault impedance as well. The fault detection scheme is made intelligent enough so that it can distinguish the variation in renewable generations and the faulty condition. The PSCAD software is used to simulate various types of fault in different buses of MG. The DWT decomposition and PCA enabled SVM of current data are utilized for detection and classification of faults as illustrated in the result section. The evidence from the obtained accuracy in detection of fault as well as its type shows the efficacy of the proposed method. Besides, the time of execution in detecting and classifying the faults shows the fastness of the proposed algorithm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50547,"journal":{"name":"Electric Power Systems Research","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 111634"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-terminal Flexible DC control and protection cooperation based on fault current limiting","authors":"Shimin Xue,&nbsp;Haoming Zhang,&nbsp;Baibing Liu,&nbsp;Junting Zhang,&nbsp;Wenxiang Yin,&nbsp;Botong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Control and protection cooperation represents a significant solution to the challenges of fault current breaking and the harsh requirements of protection rapidity faced by the flexible DC grid. Fault current-limiting control utilizing Modular Multi-level Converter (MMC) and DC circuit breaker (DCCB) has become a research hotspot, but most of the existing current-limiting strategies are relatively isolated and only applicable to two-terminal DC systems. This paper integrates the MMC with the DCCB to propose a source-network cooperative current limiting control (SNCLC) that enhances the current-limiting capability and extends the action time of protection in the multi-terminal flexible DC (MTDC) grid. The selectivity and adaptability of the SNCLC are improved through timing and parameter coordination. Then this paper utilizes the refraction and reflection coefficients to analyze the effect of SNCLC on the propagation of fault traveling waves and proposes a cooperation of control and protection based on the integration of line-mode current magnitude. The proposed cooperation is adapted to various application scenarios and is not affected by the line parameters and fault locations. Finally, PSCAD-/EMTDC-based simulations are employed to verify that the proposed scheme can identify the fault before blocking the MMC, and can withstand 300Ω transition resistance and 30 dB noise simultaneously.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50547,"journal":{"name":"Electric Power Systems Research","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 111650"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive topology identification with dynamic update mechanisms for flexible interconnected distribution networks","authors":"Yixuan Li ,&nbsp;Li Ma ,&nbsp;Wei Pei ,&nbsp;Hao Xiao ,&nbsp;Guoju Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The flexible interconnection in the distribution network will arise new challenges in terms of network structure and operation characteristics. The complexity arises as topology changes become less apparent due to the support of soft open points (SOPs) for nodal power and voltage. Additionally, outages may not be reported after switches trip, making detection more difficult. To address these challenges, a two-stage topology identification (TI) framework for flexible interconnected distribution networks is investigated, integrating historical and real-time TI. For historical data samples that include multiple topology categories, all topology categories and the topology type to which each sample belongs are identified based on a modified expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. Then, the topology classifier is trained to perform the real-time TI based on historical labeled samples, and the credibility of obtained real-time identification results is analyzed. Furthermore, different classifier update mechanisms are designed to accommodate the emergence of new topology categories driven by the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and growing load demands in distribution networks. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed framework and models are validated through testing on both IEEE 33-bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems. The framework demonstrates remarkable adaptability across diverse network scenarios, including flexible interconnected networks, RES-penetrated networks, and networks with latent faults. Experimental results and performance evaluations confirm that the proposed framework exhibits superior practical applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50547,"journal":{"name":"Electric Power Systems Research","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 111649"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hybrid optimal power flow model for transmission and distribution networks","authors":"Ali Esmaeel Nezhad ,&nbsp;Pedro H.J. Nardelli ,&nbsp;Mohammad Sadegh Javadi ,&nbsp;Saeid Jowkar ,&nbsp;Toktam Tavakkoli Sabour ,&nbsp;Farideh Ghanavati","doi":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a fast and accurate optimization technique for optimal power flow (OPF) that can be conveniently applied to transmission and distribution systems. The method is based on the branch flow and DC optimal power flow (DCOPF) models. As the branch flow model is independent of the bus voltage angle, the model needs further development to enable use in meshed transmission systems. Thus, this paper adds the bus voltage angle constraint as a key constraint to the branch flow model so that the voltage angle can also be used in the power flow model in addition to the voltage magnitude control. The problem is based on second-order programming and modeled as a quadratically-constrained programming (QCP) problem solved using the CPLEX solver in GAMS. The functionality of the proposed model is tested utilizing four standard distribution systems, three transmission systems, a combined transmission-distribution network. The studied distribution systems include the 33-bus, 69-bus, 118-bus distribution (118-D) test systems, and 730-bus distribution system (730-D). Additionally, the studied transmission systems include 9-bus, 30-bus, and 118-bus transmission (118-T) test systems. The combined transmission-distribution system included the 9-bus transmission system with three connected distribution systems. The simulation results obtained from the developed technique are compared to those obtained from a conventional optimal flow model. The power losses and the absolute error of the solution are used as the two metrics to compare the methods’ performance for distribution networks. The absolute error of the solution derived from the proposed hybrid OPF compared to MATPOWER for the 33-bus system is 0.00198 %. For the 69-bus system, the error is 0.00044 %. In addition, for the 118-D and 730-D systems, the absolute errors are 0.0026 %, and 0.05 %, respectively. For the transmission network, the operating costs and the solution absolute error are the two metrics used for comparing the proposed hybrid OPF model and MATPOWER. The results indicate the superior performance of the hybrid OPF model to the Newton-Raphson method in MATPOWER in terms of operating cost. In this regard, cost reductions relative to values given by MATPOWER are 0.0005 %, 0.838 %, and 0.015 %, for the 9-bus, 30-bus, and 118-T systems, respectively. The simulation studies demonstrate the performance of the presented branch flow-based model in solving the OPF problem with accurate results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50547,"journal":{"name":"Electric Power Systems Research","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 111638"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143714900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust control of frequency and voltage of power grid in remote areas with WT-PV-BESS penetration—A Markov jump system approach","authors":"Pizheng Tan ,&nbsp;Linyun Xiong ,&nbsp;Sunhua Huang ,&nbsp;Ang Li ,&nbsp;Yang Zhou ,&nbsp;Penghan Li ,&nbsp;Ziqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Muhammad Waseem Khan ,&nbsp;Tao Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Power grids located in remote areas are weakly connected with the main power system and are confronted with unpredictable disasters like bushfires, thunder strikes and mudslides. These contingencies will cause major changes in the networked system topology and stability issues. Traditional control methods fail to address these stochastic structural disruptions, leading to voltage/frequency violations and inadequate resilience. To overcome this, this paper aims to propose a novel robust control strategy for frequency and voltage restoration of the remote area power grid (RAPG) subjected to the happening of major contingencies, via a new routine called the Markov Jump System (MJS) approach, enabling adaptive control under random structural disruptions. Firstly, a synergetic operation strategy for the photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT) and battery energy storage system (BESS) to engage in grid frequency and bus voltage support is proposed. Afterwards, the networked MJS model of the distributed WT-PV-BESS is developed, where the topology-changing contingencies are modelled as a kind of jumping behavior of the MJS from one mode to another. Subsequently, an output feedback control is proposed for the stabilization of the MJS model in voltage and frequency regulation mission. Simulations under diverse scenarios show that the proposed method is able to reduce voltage deviation compared to traditional consensus control and ensure frequency stability, as well as BESS state-of-charge (SoC) balance, compared to conventional coherence control. The results validate the superiority of the MJS method to enhance grid resilience under random faults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50547,"journal":{"name":"Electric Power Systems Research","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 111609"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143714901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A discussion on approaches to consider current front time of linearly rising waveforms applied to the assessment of the lightning performance of TLs according with typical range of backflashover critical currents","authors":"Fernando H. Silveira,&nbsp;Laura C.S. Pires,&nbsp;Yolanda Cedro Costa,&nbsp;Silverio Visacro","doi":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work discusses different approaches to represent front time on linearly rising current waveforms applied on the assessment of the lightning performance of transmission lines (TLs) in terms of backflashover. Computational simulations with the Hybrid Electromagnetic model and the integration method considering TLs of voltage level of 138 kV, 230 kV, and 500 kV supported the analyses. The results indicated the assumption of a fixed value equal to the median Td30 front time as a consistent approach in comparison with the results provided by the use of correlation expressions, mainly for those conditions of tower-footing impedance (Zp) that lead to critical currents up to 100 kA (i.e., Zp greater than 10 Ω for 138 kV TLs, and Zp greater than about 40 Ω for 230 kV and 500 kV TLs). For those cases with critical currents higher than 100 kA, the use of median Td30 is also recommended, since the observed difference occurs for backflashover probabilities of the order of 1 % and lower, which does not impact the estimated performance. Similar conclusion applies for the use of a fixed front time of 2 μs in comparison to the use of the correlation related to the minimum equivalent front time Tm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50547,"journal":{"name":"Electric Power Systems Research","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 111630"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the space charge dynamics and its impact on insulation degradation in power transformers: A critical review","authors":"Muhammad Rafiq ,&nbsp;Markus H. Zink","doi":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lifespan of HVDC transformers encounters a rising hazard from space charge accumulation in oil-paper insulation systems. Space charge involves the accumulation of electric charges inside a definite locality of a material or medium. Space charge dynamics relates to the migration and interaction of electric charges within this material or medium. In the context of power transformers, space charge dynamics imply the buildup and distribution of electric charges inside the medium/material. Space charges may impact the dielectric characteristics of the insulation, resulting in an event, e.g. electric field distortion, voltage breakdown (BD), and ultimately, insulation deterioration. Realizing and regulating space charge dynamics is critical for warranting power transformers' reliable function and life. Space charge dynamics may have a vital effect on the ageing and dielectric performance of insulation materials, eventually affecting the general functioning and reliability of transformers. A critical review of this subject would likely evaluate state-of-the-art research, methodologies, and prospective consequences for the industry. By gaining insight into how space charge dynamics prompt insulation deterioration, academics and engineers can develop more efficient techniques to improve the lifespan and performance of power transformers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50547,"journal":{"name":"Electric Power Systems Research","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 111644"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive resilient control and detection mechanisms for secure nanogrid operations facing FDI attacks","authors":"Renle Gong ,&nbsp;Mohamed Salem ,&nbsp;Mahmood Swadi ,&nbsp;Faisal A. Mohamed","doi":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Paralleled DC hybrid Nanogrid (DCHNG) with a communication network is configured for the profit of consumers. In this structure, parallel power converters with distinct generation units are established to supply constant power loads (CPLs). In particular, the impact of false data injection (FDI) attack on injecting false data into measurement signals is investigated from a systematical point of view. The case study is constructed from two energy storage units which supply the connected loads to DCHNG. An adaptive resilient scheme has been developed in the current paper to address the destructive effects of FDI attacks on DCHNG systems. In the first step, a detection mechanism based on the non-integer extended state observed is developed to estimate the system output while the occurrence of cyber threats is identified by the residual scheme. Then, the mitigation mechanism is applied to eliminate the effect of the FDI attack and stabilize the output of DC hybrid Nanogrid. The twine-delayed actor-critic (TDAC) scheme, as an advanced reinforcement learning (RL), is developed for the adaptive design of the mitigation mechanism. The twin critic networks assess the quality of selected variables of mitigation mechanism, and the policy is updated by the actor network according to the evaluation. The training of deep neural networks (DNNs) of TDAC is realized in such a way that the effect of FDI threats disappears and stabilizes the DCHNG under CPLs simultaneously. Compared with the conventional cyber defense schemes which are developed based on the system model, the proposed technique doesn't need the dynamic model of the system. The real-time tests based on the Arduino Mega2560 setup are carried out and real-time tests of DCHNG reveal the effectiveness of the suggested scheme to address cybersecurity issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50547,"journal":{"name":"Electric Power Systems Research","volume":"245 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time power optimization strategy for fuel cell ships based on improved genetic simulated annealing algorithm","authors":"Qinjin Zhang,&nbsp;Liming Song,&nbsp;Yji Zeng,&nbsp;Yancheng Liu,&nbsp;Siyuan Liu,&nbsp;Ning Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In alignment with the global pursuit of energy conservation and emission reduction, the utilization of hydrogen fuel cells (FCs) shipboard vessels are increasingly recognized as a potent means to mitigate environmental impact. However, despite its promising potential, the elevated costs associated with FCs and hydrogen fuel currently pose a significant challenge to market competitiveness. To maximize the economic viability of FC-Battery hybrid system in maritime applications, this study introduces an innovative real-time energy management strategy (EMS) that refines the Genetic Simulated Annealing Algorithm (G-SA) to mitigate FC degradation and enhance overall system cost-effectiveness by integrating the concept of Equivalent Hydrogen Consumption (EHC). The crux of this strategy lies in the implementation of a Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network model (NAR-NET), which facilitates the real-time forecasting of vessel load demands. By embedding the EHC of the hybrid power system and the degradation factor of FCs into the objective function, the strategy employs G-SA to determine the optimal power allocation in real-time. Compared with the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS), the proposed strategy is shown to achieve a 13 % to 30 % reduction in equivalent fuel consumption and approximately a 34 % slowdown in the rate of performance degradation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50547,"journal":{"name":"Electric Power Systems Research","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 111647"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An adaptive power-voltage hierarchical control based on improved consensus algorithm for DC traction power supply system","authors":"Li Lin ,&nbsp;Ting Sun ,&nbsp;Mi Fan ,&nbsp;Fengrui You ,&nbsp;Yuanmiao Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111642","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111642","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Droop control is a typical method for achieving power-voltage control in DC systems. However, the movement of traction trains causes real-time changes in the resistance of the traction network, leading to variations in power sharing at traction substations (TSSs) determined by droop control, thereby impacting the voltage operation quality of the DC traction power supply system (TPSS). In this paper, an adaptive power-voltage hierarchical control strategy considering rational traction power sharing and voltage compensation based on the consensus algorithm is proposed to mitigate the impact of train movement. Firstly, to enhance the convergence speed of inter-station communication algorithms in the system layer control, an improved consensus algorithm with a convergence factor is proposed to calculate the average values of TSS state variables needed for the local layer control. Secondly, in the local layer control, the per-unit average power of TSSs is introduced to compensate for the impact of train movement on the droop coefficient. Furthermore, to reduce power loss in the traction network, a base quantity for virtual power is proposed for further compensation of the droop coefficient. Through dynamic compensation of the droop coefficient, a rational sharing of traction power according to rated capacity and power supply distance at TSSs is achieved. Moreover, the voltage average is utilized for secondary compensation of voltage deviations at TSSs. Finally, simulations based on a four-terminal DC TPSS have been established to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of power sharing and voltage control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50547,"journal":{"name":"Electric Power Systems Research","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 111642"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}