Flow Measurement and Instrumentation最新文献

{"title":"Hardware acceleration of electromagnetic tomography image reconstruction based on FPGA","authors":"Qingli Zhu ,&nbsp;Yong Li ,&nbsp;Ze Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electromagnetic tomography faces significant challenges due to its ill-posed and nonlinear inverse problem, which impairs image reconstruction quality and increases computational cost. This paper proposes an efficient deep learning-based image reconstruction method, accelerated by a customized convolutional neural network implemented on FPGA, where traditional fully connected layers are replaced with convolutional layers. A high-quality dataset was generated through joint simulation with COMSOL and MATLAB to train the model. Convolution and pooling operations were implemented as hardware IP cores via high-level synthesis, ensuring efficient execution on FPGA’s programmable logic. The design was implemented and validated on Xilinx Zynq-7000 system-on-chip. Experimental results show a 30.5% reduction in execution time compared to an ARM-based implementation, while achieving high reconstruction accuracy with an average relative error of 0.4503 and a correlation coefficient of 0.8632. These results highlight the potential of the proposed method for enabling real-time and online imaging in practical electromagnetic tomography applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 102923"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143917459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wake characteristics of a circular cylinder with a short flat plate at an angle in one of the separated shear layers","authors":"Balwant N. Bhasme ,&nbsp;Shailendra D. Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102931","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102931","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The flow over the circular cylinder and its wake is an important topic for many investigators because of its practical importance in engineering applications. It is a well-known fact that a plate at an angle of attack generates circulation. By keeping a flat plate in the wake at an angle of attack, its effect on the wake has not been studied. In the present investigation, a short flat plate is placed in one of the separated shear layers behind the circular cylinder to see its effect on the wake structure.</div><div>The investigation is carried out in three phases. Initially, flow visualization is done by colour dye injection method at <em>R</em>_<em>e</em> = 650; in the second phase, the surface pressure measurements are done by using surface pressure taps and manometers at <em>R</em>_<em>e</em> = 19300 and in the third phase, the wake measurements are done by using two-dimensional particle image velocimetry technique at <em>R</em>_<em>e</em> = 19300. The plate is placed asymmetrically at various angles, and it is moved at two streamwise locations, <em>G/D</em> = 0.5 and 1. The effect of a short flat plate on the suppression of vortex shedding, reduction of drag and changes in the wake structure is studied in the present investigation. It is seen from the flow visualization results that at a lower Reynolds number, a short flat plate suppresses the vortex shedding. At higher Reynolds number, pressure measurements show a considerable reduction in drag of 21 % for a short plate angle of <em>α</em> = 12 at <em>G/D</em> = 0.5. The turbulent kinetic energy and the Reynolds stresses, both normal and shear, decrease sharply in comparison with those for the bare cylinder by 47 %, 50 %, and 53 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 102931"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143917460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative modeling of discharge coefficients for rectangular C-type piano key side weirs using GPR-POA and LSTM techniques","authors":"Yaser Mehri ,&nbsp;Mohsen Nasrabadi","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102924","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102924","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rectangular piano key side weirs (RPKSW) usually use and install in the outer arch of the channels, which is a convenient location for side weirs. As well, the calculation of the discharge coefficient (C_d) in the weirs is of particular importance in their proper design. Accordingly, in the present study, first, the number of 239 experiments were performed on C-Type RPKSW at two arc angles of 30 and 120°. First, two data-mining models of Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) were utilized for modelling. Then, the data-mining models were developed using the Pelican Optimization Algorithm (POA) to enhance the discharge coefficient predictions of basic models. By evaluating these models, it was found that the optimization (POA) performed on GPR was effective and caused a reduction in the prediction error of the weir discharge coefficient. The parameters of α, p_d/B, L/R_c, P/h₁, L/b, and F₁ were identified as effective parameters on the weir discharge coefficient. Due to data normalization, the range of all data was set between 0 and 1. In this study, the best model was the GPR-POA model with RMSE = 0.0486, R² = 0.9388, and KGE = 0.9533. The GPR and LSTM models were ranked after the GPR-POA model. By evaluating the results of different combinations in modeling, it was determined that P/h₁ and p_d/B ratios had a greater effect in providing correct results. Unlike three parameters of L/b, Fr, and L/R, three parameters of α, p_d/B, and P/h₁ had a great impact on the accuracy of the model, so without these parameters, the model accuracy decreased significantly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 102924"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143906239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on vibration characteristics and reduction measures of natural gas loop","authors":"Jiaxing Lu ,&nbsp;Yangjun Zhou ,&nbsp;Yong Gong ,&nbsp;Yilong Qiu ,&nbsp;Xiaobing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102930","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102930","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To study the flow-induced vibration phenomena and corresponding mitigation measures in pipelines within a medium-low pressure loop test facility, this paper experimentally and numerically investigates the flow characteristics and vibration behavior under different operating conditions. The reliability of the numerical simulation method was validated through experiments. By applying Fourier transform analysis to pressure pulsation and vibration signals at monitoring points, the root cause of pipeline vibration was identified. The results indicate that under specific operating conditions, resonance between natural gas pressure pulsations and pipeline vibration frequency is the primary cause of excessive vibration. Additionally, the header structure induces vortex formation in the gas flow, generating low-frequency pressure pulsations. A vibration suppression method involving the installation of support restraints was proposed, effectively reducing vibration at pipeline metering points to below 5 mm/s, meeting calibration requirements. Further optimization of restraint placement achieved displacement reductions of 30 %–70 % across varying pressures and flow rates. This study provides theoretical insights and practical engineering references for understanding and mitigating pipeline vibrations under medium-low pressure conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 102930"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A conductivity-based sensor for the measurement of liquid film thickness and surface wetting in structured packing columns","authors":"Tural Mamedov ,&nbsp;Eckhard Schleicher ,&nbsp;Felipe D.A. Dias ,&nbsp;Markus Schubert ,&nbsp;Thomas Ehlert ,&nbsp;Eugeny Y. Kenig ,&nbsp;Uwe Hampel","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102929","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102929","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work introduces a sensor designed to study the wetting performance, i.e. non-wetted, partially wetted, and fully wetted channels, in a structured packing column along with their corresponding film thicknesses on the packing sheets. A numerical approach was followed to optimize the shape of the sensor electrodes in order to achieve both sufficient dynamic range for film thickness measurements and high spatial resolution. For this purpose, COMSOL Multiphysics® was used to simulate the potential field distribution in liquid films of different thicknesses. The sensor was fabricated as a thin and flexible printed circuit board (PCB) strip, making it easy to bond it to the surface of the packing sheets. Performance measurements were conducted by forming static liquid films with defined thicknesses on a sensor in a single-strip experimental setup, and the data obtained from these measurements were then used to calibrate the sensor and to validate the numerical model. The sensor detects wetted and non-wetted areas based on the electrical conductivity of the liquid phase and can measure liquid films with thicknesses of up to 1.7 mm. Subsequently, it was bonded to the corrugated sheets of Mellapak 250Y® to study the wetting performance in a packed column and to measure local film thicknesses. The liquid flow distribution and average film thickness were investigated for both an upright vertical column and a tilted column, and then compared to determine the impact of inclination on wetting performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 102929"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143917463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on the temperature correction in RoR method for the calibration of gas flow based on CFD analysis","authors":"Xinlei Zhang ,&nbsp;Lishui Cui ,&nbsp;Chunhui Li ,&nbsp;Peijuan Cao ,&nbsp;Shan Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102928","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102928","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rate-of-rise (RoR) method determines flow by measuring the dynamic changes in gas pressure and temperature within a constant volume chamber during the measurement time. MFV devices based on the RoR method are commonly used to calibrate thermal mass flow controllers (MFCs), which are widely-used in semiconductor manufacturing or environmental monitoring. Starting point of valid data for RoR measurement is preferably after temperature equilibrium has been established. The thermal equilibrium time varies with inlet flow. Additionally, due to the flow work phenomena, the total gas temperature inside the chamber is higher than the temperature measured at the outer wall of the chamber at thermal equilibrium. Therefore, the temperature correction in RoR method and thermal equilibrium time significantly affect the accuracy level of the MFV. Particularly, thermal equilibrium time and convective heat transfer coefficient between the gas and the chamber is difficult to obtain directly.</div><div>We focus on the key parameters in the MFV temperature correction method: convective heat transfer coefficient and thermal equilibrium time. Based on transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations in a nitrogen medium, we have chosen to study pressure, temperature, and convective heat transfer coefficients over time during the RoR measurement process, defined the thermal equilibrium time applicable to actual measurements, and analyzed the influence of each parameter in the temperature correction, especially the mechanisms of the convective heat transfer coefficient and thermal equilibrium time on temperature. Finally, the temperature correction method for MFV which range is 3–3000 sccm N₂ equivalent is proposed based on simulation, which accuracy is lower than 1 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 102928"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convolutional neural networks to characterise particle suspensions from ultrasonic backscatter","authors":"Joseph J. Hartley ,&nbsp;Lee F. Mortimer ,&nbsp;Jeffrey Peakall ,&nbsp;Richard A. Bourne ,&nbsp;Jonathan M. Dodds ,&nbsp;Martyn G. Barnes ,&nbsp;Michael Fairweather ,&nbsp;Timothy N. Hunter","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102926","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102926","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrasonic backscatter has been used extensively across many applications to characterise suspended particles. It is of particular interest in nuclear decommissioning, as it allows online characterisation without the need to sample, or even contact the suspension in some cases. Industrial processes often utilise dynamic changes to suspended particle concentrations and particle size distributions (PSDs), and as such, characterisation of both simultaneously would be advantageous. At present, there is limited scope within existing analytical methods to achieve this, where the concentration or PSD of the target system must be known to calculate the other. Machine learning (ML) is a method that when trained on representative data, can use non-linear multi-variable minimisations to estimate both concentration and PSD simultaneously and, as such, this study aims to demonstrate that an artificial neural network (ANN) and convolutional neural network (CNN) can accomplish this. A training library of nine spherical glass bead suspension systems, comprising of variable median particle size and coefficient of variation, across six concentrations was compiled using a commercial backscatter instrument at 2 and 4 MHz. The hyperparameters of an ANN and CNN were optimised on these acoustic profiles, before being used to predict median particle size, coefficient of variation, and concentration from acoustic profiles at 2 and 4 MHz of two “unknown” suspensions. While neither the ANN or CNN predictions proved to be successful for estimating the coefficient of variation, moderate agreement between predicted and true values were found for median particle size and concentration from the ANN, while the CNN achieved good agreement for median particle size and very good agreement when predicting particle concentration. Consequently, this study was able to successfully determine that a CNN could simultaneously estimate a median particle size and concentration using ultrasonic backscatter data gathered on an “unknown” suspension.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 102926"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to ‘CFD-based flow field study and structural optimization of SAC-type ultrahigh-pressure common rail injection steady-state nozzle’ [Flow Meas. Instrum. 100 (2024) 102719]","authors":"Hailong Ji ,&nbsp;Ruichuan Li ,&nbsp;Wentao Yuan ,&nbsp;Yong Zhou ,&nbsp;Ning Guo ,&nbsp;Dongrun Li ,&nbsp;Qingguang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102925","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102925"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144069840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The interpretable model for the discharge coefficient of a contraction flume under free and submerged flows","authors":"Guiying Shen ,&nbsp;Yaojie Chen ,&nbsp;Lixia Sun ,&nbsp;Abbas Parsaie ,&nbsp;Wuyi Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The flow measurement flume effectively solves the problem of sediments being discharged downstream by the water flow, and the existing computational methods make it challenging to reveal the interactions between different hydraulic parameters. In particular, submerged flow increases the complexity of discharge calculation. This study proposes an integrated learning model based on physical characteristics to predict the discharge coefficient of the shrinkage flume. It introduces the SHAP (Shapley Additive exPlanation) theory to explain the model's prediction results and validate the credibility of the model's outputs. The research shows that the XGBoost (eXtreme Gradient Boosting) has stable prediction and generalization ability under free and submerged flows. In free flow conditions, the ratio of upstream water depth to throat width <em>h</em>/<em>W</em> influences the model results most. When the value of <em>h</em>/<em>W</em> gradually increases, the corresponding SHAP value is greater than zero, positively affecting the model prediction. When the value of <em>h</em>/<em>W</em> gradually decreases, the corresponding SHAP value is less than zero, which has a pronounced negative influence on the prediction results. In submerged flow conditions, the ratio of channel width to throat width <em>B</em>/<em>W</em> influences the model results most; when the eigenvalue of <em>B</em>/<em>W</em> increases, the corresponding SHAP value is less than zero and also decreases, which hurts the model prediction value, and when its eigenvalue decreases, the corresponding SHAP value is more than zero, which has a positive effect on the model prediction value. Overall, this study provides a new perspective on understanding the complex discharge process and demonstrates the potential for obtaining scientific insights from the model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 102918"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studies of electrical capacitance tomography image reconstruction based on improved CycleGAN","authors":"Chao Xu,&nbsp;Jiajun Li,&nbsp;Xiangyu Yun,&nbsp;Fengxi Yang,&nbsp;Xin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102927","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102927","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) technology offers significant advantages for the real-time, non-invasive, and visual monitoring of fluids within oil pipelines. Nonetheless, the unique characteristics of the soft field environment present challenges in the ECT image reconstruction process, including issues of non-linearity, under-determinedness, and ill-posedness. These challenges result in notable limitations in conventional reconstruction techniques, such as LBP, Landweber, and Tikhonov regularization, particularly concerning the identification of flow boundaries and the accuracy of reconstructions. To mitigate these challenges, this study introduces an ECT-GAN algorithm, which is based on an enhanced CycleGAN framework, aimed at improving both the quality and robustness of ECT image reconstructions. Building upon the R6K architecture(the generator architecture of resnet_6 blocks and the initial network of Kaiming), ECT-GAN incorporates four significant advancements that further optimize its performance: The integration of Huber loss for the evaluation of model prediction accuracy contributes to an improvement in the robustness of the model while simultaneously diminishing its sensitivity to outliers during the reconstruction process; The Vision Permutator (VIP) attention mechanism enhances the representation of target regions by capturing long-range dependencies along a single spatial dimension while preserving positional information along the other, thereby ensuring better retention of structural details in ECT images, improving flow boundary clarity, and reducing artifacts; The FusedConv convolution module, which optimizes computational efficiency by integrating batch normalization within convolution layers, reducing parameters and inference costs, and the adoption of a Receptive Field Block (RFB) with spatial pyramid pooling to expand the receptive field, thereby improving the capture of multi-scale contextual information. To validate the effectiveness of ECT-GAN, a simulation model was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics, followed by extensive experiments conducted under various flow conditions in both the simulation model and a static experimental system. These experiments aimed to evaluate the algorithm's ability to reconstruct ECT images accurately across different flow regimes, ensuring its reliability in real-world applications. The results confirm that ECT-GAN outperforms conventional methods in ECT image reconstruction, effectively addressing the challenges of underdetermination and nonlinearity in the reconstruction process, demonstrating enhanced imaging accuracy, robustness, and generalization capability in practical ECT systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 102927"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143917462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}