IET Systems BiologyPub Date : 2021-04-01Epub Date: 2021-02-14DOI: 10.1049/syb2.12012
Mohammad Reza Ahmadpour, Hamid Ghadiri, Saeed Reza Hajian
{"title":"Model predictive control optimisation using the metaheuristic optimisation for blood pressure control.","authors":"Mohammad Reza Ahmadpour, Hamid Ghadiri, Saeed Reza Hajian","doi":"10.1049/syb2.12012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/syb2.12012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given the importance of high blood pressure, it is important to control and maintain a constant blood pressure level in the normal state. The main aim of this article is to design a model predictive controller with a genetic algorithm (GA) for the regulation of arterial blood pressure. The present study is an applied cross-sectional study. In order to do this research, studies related to designing mathematical models for blood pressure regulation and mechanical models for heart muscle and pressure sensors are investigated. Then, a model predictive controller with GA is designed for blood pressure control. All control and design operations are performed in the MATLAB software. According to the viscoelasticity of blood, transducer, and injection set, we can assume the mechanical model as Mass, Spring, and Damper. Initially, the patient's blood pressure is lower than normal, and after controlling, the patient's blood pressure returned to normal. By using a GA-based model predictive control (MPC), mathematical validation, and mechanical model, the patient's blood pressure can be adjusted and maintained. The simulation result shows that the GA-based MPC offers acceptable response and speed of operation and the proposed controller can achieve good tracking and disturbance rejection.</p>","PeriodicalId":50379,"journal":{"name":"IET Systems Biology","volume":"15 2","pages":"41-52"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8675817/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25373382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sheraz Ahmad Babar, Iftikhar Ahmad, Iqra Shafeeq Mughal
{"title":"Sliding-mode-based controllers for automation of blood glucose concentration for type 1 diabetes.","authors":"Sheraz Ahmad Babar, Iftikhar Ahmad, Iqra Shafeeq Mughal","doi":"10.1049/syb2.12015","DOIUrl":"10.1049/syb2.12015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Destruction of β-cells in pancreas causes deficiency in insulin production that leads to diabetes in the human body. To cope with this problem, insulin is either taken orally during the day or injected into the patient's body using artificial pancreas (AP) during sleeping hours. Some mathematical models indicate that AP uses control algorithms to regulate blood glucose concentration (BGC). The extended Bergman minimal model (EBMM) incorporates, as a state variable, the disturbance in insulin level during medication due to either meal intake or burning sugar by engaging in physical exercise. In this research work, EBMM and proposed finite time robust controllers are used, including the sliding mode controller (SMC), backstepping SMC (BSMC) and supertwisting SMC (second-order SMC or SOSMC) for automatic stabilisation of BGC in type 1 diabetic patients. The proposed SOSMC diminishes the chattering phenomenon which appears in the conventional SMC. The proposed BSMC is a recursive technique which becomes robust by the addition of the SMC. Lyapunov theory has been used to prove the asymptotic stability of the proposed controllers. Simulations have been carried out in MATLAB/Simulink for the comparative study of the proposed controllers under varying data of six different type 1 diabetic patients available in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":50379,"journal":{"name":"IET Systems Biology","volume":"15 2","pages":"72-82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8675841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25528517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimal control methods for drug delivery in cancerous tumour by anti-angiogenic therapy and chemotherapy.","authors":"Pariya Khalili, Sareh Zolatash, Ramin Vatankhah, Sajjad Taghvaei","doi":"10.1049/syb2.12010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/syb2.12010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are numerous mathematical models simulating the behaviour of cancer by considering variety of states in different treatment strategies, such as chemotherapy. Among the models, one is developed which is able to consider the blood vessel-production (angiogenesis) in the vicinity of the tumour and the effect of anti-angiogenic therapy. In the mentioned-model, normal cells, cancer cells, endothelial cells, chemotherapy and anti-angiogenic agents are taking into account as state variables, and the rate of injection of the last two are considered as control inputs. Since controlling the cancerous tumour growth is a challenging matter for patient's life, the time schedule design of drug injection is very significant. Two optimal control strategies, an open-loop (calculus of variations) and a closed-loop (state-dependent Riccati equation), are applied on the system in order to find an optimal time scheduling for each drug injection. By defining a proper cost function, an optimal control signal is designed for each one. Both obtained control inputs have reasonable answers, and the system is controlled eventually, but by comparing them, it is concluded that both methods have their own benefits which will be discussed in details in the conclusion section.</p>","PeriodicalId":50379,"journal":{"name":"IET Systems Biology","volume":"15 1","pages":"14-25"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8675840/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38856695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IET Systems BiologyPub Date : 2021-02-01Epub Date: 2020-12-08DOI: 10.1049/syb2.12009
Sujay Saha, Saikat Bandopadhyay, Anupam Ghosh
{"title":"Identifying the degree of genetic interactions using Restricted Boltzmann Machine-A study on colorectal cancer.","authors":"Sujay Saha, Saikat Bandopadhyay, Anupam Ghosh","doi":"10.1049/syb2.12009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/syb2.12009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The phenomenon of two or more genes affecting the expression of each other in various ways in the development of a single character of an organism is known as gene interaction. Gene interaction not only applies to normal human traits but to the diseased samples as well. Thus, an analysis of gene interaction could help us to differentiate between the normal and the diseased samples or between the two/more phases any diseased samples. At the first stage of this work we have used restricted Boltzmann machine model to find such significant interactions present in normal and/or cancer samples of every gene pairs of 20 genes of colorectal cancer data set (GDS4382) along with the weight/degree of those interactions. Later on, we are looking for those interactions present in adenoma and/or carcinoma samples of the same 20 genes of colorectal cancer data set (GDS1777). The weight/degree of those interactions represents how strong/weak an interaction is. At the end we will create a gene regulatory network with the help of those interactions, where the regulatory genes are identified by using Naïve Bayes Classifier. Experimental results are validated biologically by comparing the interactions with NCBI databases.</p>","PeriodicalId":50379,"journal":{"name":"IET Systems Biology","volume":"15 1","pages":"26-39"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1049/syb2.12009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25372554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhi-Guang Huang, Yu Sun, Gang Chen, Yi-Wu Dang, Hui-Ping Lu, Juan He, Ji-Wen Cheng, Mao-Lin He, Sheng-Hua Li
{"title":"MiRNA-145-5p expression and prospective molecular mechanisms in the metastasis of prostate cancer.","authors":"Zhi-Guang Huang, Yu Sun, Gang Chen, Yi-Wu Dang, Hui-Ping Lu, Juan He, Ji-Wen Cheng, Mao-Lin He, Sheng-Hua Li","doi":"10.1049/syb2.12011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/syb2.12011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The clinicopathological implication and prospective molecular mechanisms of miRNA-145-5p in the metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa) stand unclear. Herein, it is found that miRNA-145-5p expression was remarkably reduced in 131 cases of metastatic PCa than 1371 cases of localised ones, as the standardised mean differences (SMD) was -1.26 and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.86, based on miRNA-chip and miRNA-sequencing datasets. The potential targets of miRNA-145-5p in metastatic PCa (n = 414) was achieved from the intersection of miRNA-145-5p transfected metastatic PCa cell line data, differential expression of metastatic PCa upregulated genes and online prediction databases. TOP2A was screened as one of the target hub genes by PPI network analysis, which was adversely related to miRNA-145-5p expression in both metastatic PCa (r = -0.504) and primary PCa (r = -0.281). Gene-chip and RNA-sequencing datasets, as well as IHC performed on clinical PCa samples, showed consistent upregulated expression of TOP2A mRNA and protein in PCa compared with non-PCa. The expression of TOP2A mRNA was also significantly higher in metastatic than localised PCa with the SMD being 1.72 and the AUC of sROC being 0.91. In summary, miRNA-145-5p may participate in PCa metastasis by binding TOP2A and be useful as a biomarker for the detection of metastatic PCa.</p>","PeriodicalId":50379,"journal":{"name":"IET Systems Biology","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8675798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25321330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identification and analysis of circRNA–miRNA–mRNA regulatory network in hepatocellular carcinoma","authors":"Daxiang Zhou, Ling Dong, Lishan Yang, Qiang Ma, Feng Liu, Yanjie Li, Shu Xiong","doi":"10.1049/iet-syb.2020.0061","DOIUrl":"10.1049/iet-syb.2020.0061","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>This study was to identify important circRNA–miRNA–mRNA (ceRNAs) regulatory mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The circRNA dataset GSE97332 and miRNA dataset GSE57555 were used for analyses. Functional enrichment analysis for miRNA and target gene was conducted using cluster Profiler. Survival analysis was conducted through R package Survival. The ceRNAs and drug–gene interaction networks were constructed. The ceRNAs network contained five miRNAs including hsa-miR-25-3p, hsa-miR-3692-5p, hsa-miR-4270, hsa-miR-331-3p, and hsa-miR-125a-3p. Among the network, hsa-miR-25-3p targeted the most genes, hsa-miR-3692-5p and hsa-miR-4270 were targeted by more circRNAs than other miRNAs, hsa-circ-0034326 and hsa-circ-0011950 interacted with three miRNAs. Furthermore, target genes, including <i>NRAS</i>, <i>ITGA5</i>, <i>SLC7A1</i>, <i>SEC14L2</i>, <i>SLC12A5</i>, and <i>SMAD2</i> were obtained in drug–gene interaction network. Survival analysis showed <i>NRAS</i>, <i>ITGA5</i>, <i>SLC7A1</i>, <i>SEC14L2</i>, <i>SLC12A5</i>, and <i>SMAD2</i> were significantly associated with prognosis of HCC. <i>NRAS</i>, <i>ITGA5</i>, and <i>SMAD2</i> were significantly enriched in proteoglycans in cancer. Moreover, hsa-circ-0034326 and hsa-circ-0011950 might function as ceRNAs to play key roles in HCC. Furthermore, miR-25-3p, miR-3692-5p, and miR-4270 might be significant for HCC development. <i>NRAS</i>, <i>ITGA5</i>, <i>SEC14L2</i>, <i>SLC12A5</i>, and <i>SMAD2</i> might be prognostic factors for HCC patients via proteoglycans in cancer pathway. Taken together, the findings will provide novel insight into pathogenesis, selection of therapeutic targets and prognostic factors for HCC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50379,"journal":{"name":"IET Systems Biology","volume":"14 6","pages":"391-398"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8687197/pdf/SYB2-14-391.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38781494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Petri Net modelling approach for analysing the behaviour of Wnt/ -catenin and Wnt/ Ca2+ signalling pathways in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy","authors":"Nazia Azim, Jamil Ahmad, Nadeem Iqbal, Amnah Siddiqa, Abdul Majid, Javaria Ashraf, Fazal Jalil","doi":"10.1049/iet-syb.2020.0038","DOIUrl":"10.1049/iet-syb.2020.0038","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited heart muscle disease that may result in arrhythmia, heart failure and sudden death. The hallmark pathological findings are progressive myocyte loss and fibro fatty replacement, with a predilection for the right ventricle. This study focuses on the adipose tissue formation in cardiomyocyte by considering the signal transduction pathways including <i>Wnt/</i> <i>-catenin</i> and <i>Wnt/Ca<sup>2+</sup></i> regulation system. These pathways are modelled and analysed using stochastic petri nets (SPN) in order to increase our comprehension of ARVC and in turn its treatment regimen. The <i>Wnt/</i> <i>-catenin</i> model predicts that the dysregulation or absence of <i>Wnt</i> signalling, inhibition of dishevelled and elevation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 along with casein kinase I are key cytotoxic events resulting in apoptosis. Moreover, the <i>Wnt/Ca<sup>2+</sup></i> SPN model demonstrates that the <i>Bcl2</i> gene inhibited by <i>c-Jun N-terminal kinase</i> protein in the event of endoplasmic reticulum stress due to action potential and increased amount of intracellular Ca<sup>2<i>+</i></sup> which recovers the Ca<sup>2<i>+</i></sup> homeostasis by phospholipase C, this event positively regulates the <i>Bcl2</i> to suppress the mitochondrial apoptosis which causes ARVC.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50379,"journal":{"name":"IET Systems Biology","volume":"14 6","pages":"350-367"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8687399/pdf/SYB2-14-350.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38783048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimal minimum variance-entropy control of tumour growth processes based on the Fokker–Planck equation","authors":"Maliheh Sargolzaei, Gholamreza Latif-Shabgahi, Mahdi Afshar","doi":"10.1049/iet-syb.2020.0055","DOIUrl":"10.1049/iet-syb.2020.0055","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>The authors demonstrated an optimal stochastic control algorithm to obtain desirable cancer treatment based on the Gompertz model. Two external forces as two time-dependent functions are presented to manipulate the growth and death rates in the drift term of the Gompertz model. These input signals represent the effect of external treatment agents to decrease tumour growth rate and increase tumour death rate, respectively. Entropy and variance of cancerous cells are simultaneously controlled based on the Gompertz model. They have introduced a constrained optimisation problem whose cost function is the variance of a cancerous cells population. The defined entropy is based on the probability density function of affected cells was used as a constraint for the cost function. Analysing growth and death rates of cancerous cells, it is found that the logarithmic control signal reduces the growth rate, while the hyperbolic tangent–like control function increases the death rate of tumour growth. The two optimal control signals were calculated by converting the constrained optimisation problem into an unconstrained optimisation problem and by using the real–coded genetic algorithm. Mathematical justifications are implemented to elucidate the existence and uniqueness of the solution for the optimal control problem.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50379,"journal":{"name":"IET Systems Biology","volume":"14 6","pages":"368-379"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8687311/pdf/SYB2-14-368.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38783049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multi-bit Boolean model for chemotactic drift of Escherichia coli","authors":"Anuj Deshpande, Sibendu Samanta, Sutharsan Govindarajan, Ritwik Kumar Layek","doi":"10.1049/iet-syb.2020.0060","DOIUrl":"10.1049/iet-syb.2020.0060","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Dynamic biological systems can be modelled to an equivalent modular structure using Boolean networks (BNs) due to their simple construction and relative ease of integration. The chemotaxis network of the bacterium <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i> ) is one of the most investigated biological systems. In this study, the authors developed a multi-bit Boolean approach to model the drifting behaviour of the <i>E. coli</i> chemotaxis system. Their approach, which is slightly different than the conventional BNs, is designed to provide finer resolution to mimic high-level functional behaviour. Using this approach, they simulated the transient and steady-state responses of the chemoreceptor sensory module. Furthermore, they estimated the drift velocity under conditions of the exponential nutrient gradient. Their predictions on chemotactic drifting are in good agreement with the experimental measurements under similar input conditions. Taken together, by simulating chemotactic drifting, they propose that multi-bit Boolean methodology can be used for modelling complex biological networks. Application of the method towards designing bio-inspired systems such as nano-bots is discussed.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50379,"journal":{"name":"IET Systems Biology","volume":"14 6","pages":"343-349"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8687284/pdf/SYB2-14-343.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38783047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Efficient heart disease prediction-based on optimal feature selection using DFCSS and classification by improved Elman-SFO","authors":"Jaishri Wankhede, Magesh Kumar, Palaniappan Sambandam","doi":"10.1049/iet-syb.2020.0041","DOIUrl":"10.1049/iet-syb.2020.0041","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Prediction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a critical challenge in the area of clinical data analysis. In this study, an efficient heart disease prediction is developed based on optimal feature selection. Initially, the data pre-processing process is performed using data cleaning, data transformation, missing values imputation, and data normalisation. Then the decision function-based chaotic salp swarm (DFCSS) algorithm is used to select the optimal features in the feature selection process. Then the chosen attributes are given to the improved Elman neural network (IENN) for data classification. Here, the sailfish optimisation (SFO) algorithm is used to compute the optimal weight value of IENN. The combination of DFCSS–IENN-based SFO (IESFO) algorithm effectively predicts heart disease. The proposed (DFCSS–IESFO) approach is implemented in the Python environment using two different datasets such as the University of California Irvine (UCI) Cleveland heart disease dataset and CVD dataset. The simulation results proved that the proposed scheme achieved a high-classification accuracy of 98.7% for the CVD dataset and 98% for the UCI dataset compared to other classifiers, such as support vector machine, K-nearest neighbour, Elman neural network, Gaussian Naive Bayes, logistic regression, random forest, and decision tree.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50379,"journal":{"name":"IET Systems Biology","volume":"14 6","pages":"380-390"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8687167/pdf/SYB2-14-380.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38783050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}