International Journal of Civil Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating Nonlinear Plastic Dilatation Behaviors of Sandstone Using Stress-Dilatancy Models","authors":"Su-Hua Zhou, Zhi-Wen Xu, Shuai-kang Zhou, Yu Ning, Hong-Jie Chen, Jiu-chang Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s40999-024-01008-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-024-01008-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sandstones exhibit a complex, stress-dependent behavior characterized by nonlinearity and inelasticity. This study delves into the mechanical properties of sandstone through two distinct triaxial compression experiments: monotonic and cyclic tests, under confining pressures ranging from 0 to 20 MPa. Based on plastic strain analysis, two stress-dilatancy models were developed to describe nonlinear plastic dilatation behaviors. The introduction of the “plastic dilatancy line” concept, derived from comparing plastic dilatancy stresses with crack damage strengths, marks a significant advancement in understanding sandstone’s inelastic models. It was found that the plastic flow directions are not perpendicular to the yield surfaces marked by the characteristic strengths. This indicated that the non-associated flow rule is suitable to describe the macroscopic plastic deformations of sandstone. Furthermore, it was identified confining pressure as the dominant influence on sandstone failure, with cyclic loading modes playing a secondary role. An increase in confining pressure shifts the macroscopic failure modes from splitting-tension to mixed shear-tension, and ultimately to shear failure. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analyses indicated that loading–unloading (L–U) cycles induce more significant mineral grain fragmentation compared to monotonic testing, thereby markedly decreasing sandstone’s failure strength due to accumulated damage from grain-crushing. Additionally, the dip angles of dominant fractures in samples subjected to cyclic tests are typically smaller than that in monotonic tests. This investigation not only sheds light on the complex mechanical behaviors of sandstones but also provides a vital theoretical and practical framework for future research in this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":50331,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141513849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IRI Data Used in Optimum Pavement Rehabilitation Models for Developing Countries: Palestine as a Case Study","authors":"Khaled A. Abaza, Nizar A. Assi","doi":"10.1007/s40999-024-00998-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-024-00998-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper investigates the potential use of the International Roughness Index (IRI) in generating optimal rehabilitation plans at the network-level. The IRI data used in the study was obtained using the portable vehicle-mounted IRIMETER-2 profilometer, which is a product of Englo LLC, Tallinn, Estonia. An optimum rehabilitation model is proposed to minimize the average IRI value at the network-level subject to variable and budget constraints. The model mainly focuses on using major rehabilitation strategies that can produce a major improvement in pavement condition. An alternate maximization model that can use other pavement condition indicators, such as the present serviceability index (PSI) and pavement condition index (PCI), is also presented. The PSI and PCI can be estimated from the IRI using correlation models. The proposed optimum models are linear in form and can easily be solved using the proposed cost-effectiveness ratio. The sample results presented for a 27.1-km suburban highway indicate the reliability of using the IRI data to generate optimal rehabilitation plans. A statistical uncertainty analysis of IRI measurements produced a mild impact on optimal solutions derived using ten independent IRI tests and 99% confidence level. The uncertainty analysis has also indicated that the use of a single IRI test provides results that are statistically indifferent from those obtained using ten IRI tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":50331,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141502308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyclic Loading Test of Phase Change Material (PCM)-Infilled Buckling-Restrained Brace","authors":"Jaehoon Bae, Young K. Ju, Jintak Oh","doi":"10.1007/s40999-024-00986-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-024-00986-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Buckling restrained braces (BRBs) enhance energy dissipation and ductility considerably by preventing the buckling of steel braces under cyclic loads during earthquakes and, thus, the strength degradation caused by buckling. This paper introduces and discusses the development of BRBs made with an elastomer known as phase change material (PCM), which has superior ductility and faster-filling properties than commonly used mortar while being approximately 50% lighter. BRBs filled with PCM have high ductility and good energy dissipation. To verify the seismic performance of the PCM BRB, axial brace tests and subframe tests were conducted. Using PCM as the filler in the axial tests ensured a stable tension and compression ratio (below 1.5), as recommended by the AISC provisions, and the core material fully withstood axial loads for six cycles beyond 1.5delta_bm. Global buckling occurred after 2.0delta_bm under compression, at which point the experiment was terminated.</p>","PeriodicalId":50331,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141502305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monotonic and Cyclic Behaviors of Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete Beams","authors":"Anh-Tuan Le, Vui Van Cao","doi":"10.1007/s40999-024-00997-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-024-00997-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study experimentally investigated the behavior of reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) beams under monotonic and cyclic loadings to identify the advantages and shortcomings of RAC in reinforced concrete beams. Five RAC specimens and one normal aggregate concrete (NAC) specimen were tested to failure. The concrete compositions of RAC and NAC were similar; however, the coarse aggregate of RAC was recycled coarse aggregate, while that of NAC was normal stone coarse aggregate. Results indicated similarities in the failure modes of RAC and NAC beams. Compared with NAC beams, the yield and ultimate load-carrying capacities of RAC beams were only 2.6% and 8.9% lower, respectively. The cyclic loading effect negligibly induced strength degradation but decreased ductility by 9.1%. However, the yield deflection and yield stiffness of RAC beams were 22.9% higher and 30% lower than those of NAC beams, revealing their shortcomings. The above results emphasized the potential use of RAC in structural members by addressing the high deformation characteristic of RAC (e.g., modifying the concrete composition to increase the compressive strength of RAC). The nonlinear analytical method of NAC beams, in which the fiber model and the finite element method were finally combined, can be used for RAC beam analysis with acceptable accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":50331,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141502306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Failure Mechanism and PTFE Strength Reduction of Double-Layer Orthogonal Cable-Membrane Connections","authors":"Guojun Sun, Xu Zhu, Xiushu Qu, Hao Tan","doi":"10.1007/s40999-024-00987-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-024-00987-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties and PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) coated membrane strength reduction coefficients of the original cable-membrane connection of a double-layer orthogonal cable-membrane structure. First, two kinds of membrane connections applicable to the double-layer orthogonal cable-membrane structure were introduced. Subsequently, considering the influence of the membrane configuration, 36 loading specimens were designed to carry out tensile experiments on the cable-membrane connection. By examining the experimental results, the failure mechanism of the connections was revealed. The connection failure loads at different membrane angles and configurations were tested, and the corresponding load—displacement curves were obtained. Furthermore, the factors affecting the connection mechanical properties were analysed, and the relationship between membrane stress and strain was deduced. Finally, the membrane strength reduction coefficient corresponding to the proposed connections was calculated, and the suggested value was given to provide a basis for designers applying the connection. The results show that the mechanical properties of the connection are affected by a variety of factors, including the membrane angle, membrane configuration, connection method, and material properties. The reduction factors of the different connections are as follows: the clamping connection factor is 0.35, the biting connection membrane with long ridges and short ridges is 0.25, and the biting connection without reinforcement membranes is 0.2.</p>","PeriodicalId":50331,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140925997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural Characterization of Alluvial Sand Containing Cohesive Soil Lumps During Loading and Inundating","authors":"Abhik Paul, Pradipta Chakrabortty","doi":"10.1007/s40999-024-00974-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-024-00974-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cohesive soil, as soil lumps within the sand matrix of the Gangetic alluvial plain, exerts a significant influence on the dynamic properties of sand deposits, as extensively documented in prior research. This study aimed to describe the intricacies of microstructural changes and re-distribution of pore sizes resulting from the effects of loading and wetting. To gain a comprehensive understanding, microstructural characterization of Indo-Gangetic alluvial soil was performed using two advanced analytical techniques, mercury intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The collapse behavior of Sone river sand samples mixed with varying proportions of soil lumps was studied using a series of oedometer test. A decrease in the collapse potential (CP) trend was observed with each increase in the sand percentage. The CPs were estimated as 16.39% and 10.07% for alluvial sand containing 70% and 40% collapsible lumps, respectively. The micrographs and differentiation in pore morphology were used to describe the microstructural evolution of lump-sand mixture due to saturation and loading. This study highlights the pivotal role played by the collapsible soil lumps within the sand matrix. Initially, these lumps possess an open structure, characterized by cementation bonds that interconnect clay-coated silts and sand aggregates. However, these cemented bonds are susceptible to disintegration under the influences of loading and wetting, ultimately triggering collapse in the soil matrix. After the collapse, soil particle re-arrangement occurs, and the initial open structure in soil lumps transforms into a dense structure. Microstructural change is dependent on stress levels. With increasing stress levels, higher inter-aggregate pores or macro-pores evolve into small sized intra-aggregate pores or micro-pores. This study contributes to the literature by providing both qualitative and quantitative insights into soil collapse and valuable guidelines for comprehending the intricate microstructural alterations that occur within alluvial sand containing these unique lumps.</p>","PeriodicalId":50331,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140942206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiscale Study on the Axial Compression Performance of PET FRP–Concrete–Steel Double-Skin Tubular Stub Columns","authors":"Jinliang Liu, Jinbo Du, Shansong Gao, Hongguang Wang","doi":"10.1007/s40999-024-00954-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-024-00954-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, the aim is to discuss the applicability of polyethylene terephthalate fiber-reinforced polymer (PET FRP) in DSTC structures. PET FRP can improve the strength and stability of structures by providing constraints for concrete. Herein, experimental and response surface analyses of the axial compressive properties of PET FRP–concrete–steel double-skin tubular stub columns (DSTCs) based on 26 DSTC specimens subjected to axial compression testing are presented. The height of each DSTC specimen is 600 mm, the outer diameter is between 305 and 315 mm, and the thickness of the added concrete is 43 mm. The main parameters are the number of layers on the PET FRP, the compressive strength of the concrete, and the thicknesses of the steel tubes. The experimental results show that the ultimate load and ultimate axial strain can be significantly increased by increasing the number of PET FRP layers, reaching 27.34% and 28.79%, respectively. When the compressive strength of the concrete increases from C30 to C40, the ultimate load and ultimate axial strain values of the DSTCs increase by 12.54% and 8.99%, respectively. In addition, as the thickness of the steel tube increases from 6 to 8 mm, the ultimate load and ultimate axial strain increase by 34.95% and 118.90%, respectively. These results indicate that the introduction of PET FRP significantly improves the overall performance of DSTCs. Increasing the number of PET FRP layers helps to limit the circumferential strain of DSTCs. P6-S8-C40 has the best ultimate load-bearing capacity and ultimate axial strain capacity, which reach 3356.18 kN and 0.1992, respectively. The main purpose of this paper is to study the influences of the PET FRP thickness (in different layers), steel tube thickness, and concrete strength on the properties, damage mode and damage process of DSTCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":50331,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140926055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creep Effect on Time to Corrosion-Induced Cracking of Concrete Cover","authors":"Hassan Baji, Wei Yang, Chun-Qing Li","doi":"10.1007/s40999-024-00976-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-024-00976-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents an innovative method to include creep deformations in the prediction of time to corrosion-induced cover cracking. Using experimental results, creep and cracking criteria used in this method are verified. It is argued in the paper that the cover cracking problem under corrosion is close to a relaxation problem and the conventional creep formulations based on the effective elastic modulus cannot be adopted. It is found in the paper that accurate consideration of creep deformation would lead to about 30–40% longer time to cover cracking when compared to no consideration of creep deformations whilst for the currently practiced methods, the time can be up to 200% longer, which is unconservative in predicting time to cover cracking. Results in this paper open the debate on modelling of creep in the analysis of corrosion-affected structures and serve as an important step towards the accurate prediction of corrosion-induced concrete cracking.</p>","PeriodicalId":50331,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"225 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140942276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calculating Driving Behaviour Score Based on Driving Background","authors":"Navid Nadimi, Esmaeil Sheikh Hosseini Lori, Ashutosh Arun, Morteza Asadamraji","doi":"10.1007/s40999-024-00977-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-024-00977-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Improving driving behaviour can be a fruitful intervention to improve traffic safety. This paper proposes a method to determine a driving behaviour score (DBS) for each driver based on their driving history. For this purpose, a fuzzy inference system (FIS) was used to calculate DBS for every driver between 0 and 1. The input variables for this model are the frequency and severity of previous crashes, near-crash situations, and aberrant driving behaviours. The calculated DBS can then be applied in implementing usage-based insurance schemes. The proposed method is used for a case study in Kerman (Iran). For this purpose, 40 young drivers were recruited in an experiment to record their previous history of crashes, aberrant driving behaviours, as well as surrogate safety measures while driving on a specific route. According to the results, DBQ is a useful indicator to measure a driver's level of safe driving style since it considers the history of crashes, near-crash incidents and dangerous driving behaviours. In this study, DBQ was primarily affected by the frequency of previous crashes. In Iran, drivers with dangerous driving behaviours pay the same insurance premium as those with relatively safer driving habits. Due to the disregard of a complete driving history, the insurance premiums determination process is not fair. According to this paper, usage-based insurance pricing can become fair and dependent upon a driver's behaviour by using DBQ.</p>","PeriodicalId":50331,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140925994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Content and Lifespan Prediction of Nanomaterials in Nano-modified Concrete","authors":"Penglong Zhao, Zheng Si, Lingzhi Huang, Xiaoqi Du, Yanlan He, Yi Ren, Meiwei Ke","doi":"10.1007/s40999-024-00980-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-024-00980-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the advances in infrastructure construction in various countries around the world, extensive requirements have been promoted for the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. In this article, the effects of single and compound additions of nano-SiO₂ (NS) and nano-Fe₂O₃ (NF) on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete were evaluated through different experiments. Moreover, the optimal contents of these additions corresponding to their different properties were explored. The macroscopic test results indicated that the addition of nanomaterials had a perceptible effect on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. The concrete mixed with 1.0% NS and 0.5% NF achieved optimal performance. With this composition, the compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption rate, and chloride ion diffusion coefficient (corrosion resistance) of the 28 days concrete were 52.94 MPa, 7.27 MPa, 4.82%, and 4.52 × 10^–12 m²/s, respectively, which were 21.5%, 23.0%, 29.4%, and 37.2% higher than those of ordinary concrete at the same age. Microscopic observation and elemental analysis of the ITZ (interfacial transition zone) interface in concrete revealed that NS and NF contributed to nucleation. The two components reacted chemically with Ca (OH)₂ grains, resulting in the synergistic effect of the spatial morphology of the hydration products, thus increasing the density of the internal structure of the concrete. To facilitate the application of nanomaterials in engineering, functional relationships between the content of nanomaterials in concrete and the improvements in various properties of concrete were constructed with high accuracy. In addition, the time-dependent correlation coefficients of apparent chloride ion concentration and chloride ion diffusion were introduced based on Fick’s second law, and this model was applied to multiple long-term monitoring experiments to verify its accuracy under various exposure conditions, such as tidal zones, splash zones, and atmospheric zones. The improved Fick model was used to predict the service life of concrete. By taking the splash zone as an example, it was reported that under the same conditions, the expected lives of S2F0, S0F2, and S2F1 increased by 31.8%, 25.7%, and 50.2%, respectively, compared to that of OPC. The research results could provide a reference for the development of high-performance concrete.</p>","PeriodicalId":50331,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"215 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}