International Journal of Medical Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Genomic and phenotypic comparison of two Salmonella Typhimurium strains responsible for consecutive salmonellosis outbreaks in New Zealand","authors":"Samuel J. Bloomfield ,&nbsp;Jackie Benschop ,&nbsp;Anne C. Midwinter ,&nbsp;Patrick J. Biggs ,&nbsp;Jonathan C. Marshall ,&nbsp;David T.S. Hayman ,&nbsp;Philip E. Carter ,&nbsp;Marian Price-Carter ,&nbsp;Leah Toombs-Ruane ,&nbsp;Holly Gray ,&nbsp;Sara Burgess ,&nbsp;Nigel P. French","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Salmonella enterica</em> serovar Typhimurium DT160 was the predominant cause of notified human salmonellosis cases in New Zealand from 2000 to 2010, before it was superseded by another <em>S.</em> Typhimurium strain, DT56 variant (DT56v). Whole genome sequencing and phenotypic testing were used to compare 109 DT160 isolates with eight DT56v isolates from New Zealand animal and human sources. Phylogenetic analysis provided evidence that DT160 and DT56v strains were distantly related with an estimated date of common ancestor between 1769 and 1821. The strains replicated at different rates but had similar antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Both strains were resistant to the phage expressed from the chromosome of the other strain, which may have contributed to the emergence of DT56v. DT160 contained the pSLT virulence plasmid, and the <em>sseJ</em> and <em>sseK2</em> genes that may have contributed to the higher reported prevalence compared to DT56v. A linear pBSSB1-family plasmid was also found in one of the DT56v isolates, but there was no evidence that this plasmid affected bacterial replication or antimicrobial susceptibility. One of the DT56v isolates was also sequenced using long-read technology and found to contain an uncommon chromosome arrangement for a Typhimurium isolate. This study demonstrates how comparative genomics and phenotypic testing can help identify strain-specific elements and factors that may have influenced the emergence and supersession of bacterial strains of public health importance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50312,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"311 7","pages":"Article 151534"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151534","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39449003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"hns mRNA downregulates the expression of galU and attenuates the motility of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi","authors":"Xin Zhao ,&nbsp;Fanfan Yang ,&nbsp;Yurou Wang ,&nbsp;Ying Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recently, multiple bifunctional RNAs have been discovered, which can both be translated into proteins and play regulatory roles. <em>hns</em> encodes the global gene silencing factor H-NS, which is widespread in Gram-negative bacteria. This study reported that <em>hns</em> mRNA of <em>Salmonella enterica</em> serovar Typhi (<em>S</em>. Typhi) was a bifunctional RNA that could act as an antisense RNA downregulating the expression of <em>galU</em>, the coding gene of uridine triphosphate-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, and attenuating bacterial motility. <em>galU</em>, which is located at the opposite strand of <em>hns</em>, was identified to have a long 3′-untranslated region that overlapped with <em>hns</em> and could be processed to produce short RNA fragments. The overexpression of <em>hns</em> mRNA inhibited the expression of <em>galU</em>. The deletion of <em>galU</em> attenuated the motility of <em>S.</em> Typhi, while the complementation of <em>galU</em> nearly restored the phenotype. Overexpressing <em>hns</em> mRNA in the wild-type strain of <em>S.</em> Typhi inhibited the motility and the expression of flagellar genes, while overexpressing <em>hns</em> mRNA in the <em>galU</em>-deletion mutant did not influence bacterial motility. In conclusion, <em>hns</em> mRNA has been identified to be a new bifunctional RNA that attenuates the motility of <em>S.</em> Typhi by downregulating the expression of <em>galU</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50312,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"311 6","pages":"Article 151525"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151525","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39270606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae enolase-like membrane protein interacts with human plasminogen","authors":"Paweł Serek ,&nbsp;Łukasz Lewandowski ,&nbsp;Bartłomiej Dudek ,&nbsp;Jadwiga Pietkiewicz ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Jermakow ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Kapczyńska ,&nbsp;Eva Krzyżewska ,&nbsp;Iwona Bednarz-Misa","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Many models assessing the risk of sepsis utilize the knowledge of the constituents of the plasminogen system, as it is proven that some species of bacteria can activate plasminogen, as a result of interactions with bacterial outer membrane proteins. However, much is yet to be discovered about this interaction since there is little information regarding some bacterial species. This study is aimed to check if <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em>, one of the major factors of nosocomial pneumonia and a factor for severe sepsis, has the ability to bind to human plasminogen. The strain used in this study, PCM 2713, acted as a typical representative of the species. With use of various methods, including: electron microscopy, 2-dimensional electrophoresis, immunoblotting and peptide fragmentation fingerprinting, it is shown that <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> binds to human plasminogen, among others, due to plasminogen-bacterial enolase-like protein interaction, occurring on the outer membrane of the bacterium. Moreover, the study reveals, that other proteins, such as: phosphoglucomutase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase act as putative plasminogen-binding factors. These information may virtually act as a foundation for future studies investigating: the: pathogenicity of <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> and means for prevention from the outcomes of <em>Klebsiella</em>-derived sepsis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50312,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"311 6","pages":"Article 151518"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151518","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39164617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systemic bacterial infections affect dendritic cell development and function","authors":"Kristin Bieber ,&nbsp;Manina Günter ,&nbsp;Karina A. Pasquevich ,&nbsp;Stella E. Autenrieth","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical in host defense against infection. DC depletion is an early event in the course of sepsis that may impair the host defense mechanisms. Here, we addressed whether DC depletion and dysfunction are pathogen-independent, mediated via pattern recognition receptors, and are due to impaired DC development upon systemic infection with the Gram-negative bacterium <em>Escherichia coli</em> and the Gram-positive pathogen <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>.</p><p>Infection with <em>E. coli</em> and <em>S. aureus</em> led to reduced numbers of splenic DC subsets and of DC progenitors in the bone marrow (BM) with this effect persisting significantly longer in mice infected with <em>S. aureus</em> than with <em>E. coli</em>. The reduction of DC subsets and their progenitors was mainly TLR-independent as was the infection-induced monopoiesis. Moreover, <em>de novo</em> DC development was impaired in mice infected with <em>S. aureus</em>, and BM cells from <em>E. coli</em> or <em>S. aureus</em> infected mice favored macrophage differentiation <em>in vitro</em>. As a consequence of reduced DC numbers and their reduced expression of MHC II less CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, especially Th1 and IFN-γ producing CD8⁺ T cells, could be detected in <em>S. aureus</em> compared to <em>E. coli</em> infected mice. These differences are reflected in the rapid killing of <em>E. coli</em> as opposed to an increase in bacterial load in <em>S. aureus.</em></p><p>In summary, our study supports the idea that systemic bacterial infections generally affect the number and development of DCs and thereby the T cell responses, but the magnitude is pathogen-dependent.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50312,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"311 6","pages":"Article 151517"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151517","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39161428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hemolytic activity and biofilm-formation among clinical isolates of group B streptococcus causing acute urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria","authors":"Devika Desai ,&nbsp;Kelvin G.K. Goh ,&nbsp;Matthew J. Sullivan ,&nbsp;Debasish Chattopadhyay ,&nbsp;Glen C. Ulett","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em>, also known as group B Streptococcus, is an aetiological agent of urinary tract infection (UTI) in adults, including cystitis, pyelonephritis and asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU). Whereas ABU-causing <em>S. agalactiae</em> (ABSA) have been shown to grow and achieve higher culture denstity in human urine compared to uropathogenic <em>S. agalactiae</em> (UPSA) other phenotypic distinctions between <em>S. agalactiae</em> isolated from different forms of UTI are not known. Here, we define the hemolytic activities and biofilm-formation of a collection of clinical isolates of UPSA, ABSA and recurrent <em>S. agalactiae</em> bacteriuria (rSAB) strains to explore these phenotypes in the context of clinical history of isolates. A total of 61 UPSA, 184 ABSA, and 47 rSAB isolates were analyzed for relative hemolytic activity by spot assay on blood agar, which was validated using a erythrocyte lysis suspension assay. Biofilm formation was determined by microtiter plate assay with Lysogeny and Todd-Hewitt broths supplemented with 1% glucose to induce biofilm formation. We also used multiplex PCR to analyze isolates for the presence of genes encoding adhesive pili, which contribute to biofilm formation. Comparing the hemolytic activities of 292 isolates showed, surprisingly, that ABSA strains were significantly more likely to be highly hemolytic compared to other strains. In contrast, there were no differences between the relative abilities of strains from the different clinical history groups to form biofilms. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a propensity of <em>S. agalactiae</em> causing ABU to be highly hemolytic but no link between clinical history of UTI strains and ability to form biofilm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50312,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"311 6","pages":"Article 151520"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151520","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39193805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among dental health care workers in Northern Germany (StaphDent study)","authors":"Nadine Lerche ,&nbsp;Silva Holtfreter ,&nbsp;Birgit Walther ,&nbsp;Torsten Semmler ,&nbsp;Fawaz Al’Sholui ,&nbsp;Stephanie J. Dancer ,&nbsp;Georg Daeschlein ,&nbsp;Nils-Olaf Hübner ,&nbsp;Barbara M. Bröker ,&nbsp;Roald Papke ,&nbsp;Thomas Kohlmann ,&nbsp;Romy Baguhl ,&nbsp;Ulrike Seifert ,&nbsp;Axel Kramer","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA) can colonize dental patients and students, however, studies on the prevalence of MRSA and methicillin-susceptible <em>S. aureus</em> (MSSA) among dental health care workers (DHCW) including use of personal protective equipment (PPE) are scarce. We conducted an observational study (StaphDent study) to (I) determine the prevalence of MRSA and MSSA colonization in DHCW in the region of Mecklenburg Western-Pomerania, Germany, (II) resolve the <em>S. aureus</em> population structure to gain hints on possible transmission events between co-workers, and (III) clarify use of PPE. Nasal swabs were obtained from dentists (n = 149), dental assistants (n = 297) and other dental practice staff (n = 38). Clonal relatedness of MSSA isolates was investigated using <em>spa</em> typing and, in some cases, whole genome sequencing (WGS). PPE use was assessed by questionnaire. While 22.3% (108/485) of the participants were colonized with MSSA, MRSA was not detected. MSSA prevalence was not associated with size of dental practices, gender, age, or duration of employment. The identified 61 <em>spa</em> types grouped into 17 clonal complexes and four sequence types. Most <em>spa</em> types (n = 47) were identified only once. In ten dental practices one <em>spa</em> type occurred twice. WGS data analysis confirmed a close clonal relationship for 4/10 isolate pairs. PPE was regularly used by most dentists and assistants. To conclude, the failure to recover MRSA from DHCW reflects the low MRSA prevalence in this region. Widespread PPE use suggests adherence to routine hygiene protocols. Compared to other regional HCW MRSA rates the consequent usage of PPE seems to be protective.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50312,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"311 6","pages":"Article 151524"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151524","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39296241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenicity and genomic features of vapN-harboring Rhodococcus equi isolated from human patients","authors":"Yasunori Suzuki ,&nbsp;Hiroaki Kubota ,&nbsp;Hiroo Madarame ,&nbsp;Fumiaki Takase ,&nbsp;Kei Takahashi ,&nbsp;Yukako Sasaki ,&nbsp;Tsutomu Kakuda ,&nbsp;Shinji Takai","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Rhodococcus equi</em> is a saprophytic soil bacterium and intracellular pathogen that causes refractory suppurative pneumonia in foals and has emerged as a pathogenic cause of zoonotic disease. Several studies have reported human infections caused by <em>R</em>. <em>equi</em> harboring a recently described third type of virulence plasmid, the ruminant-associated pVAPN, which carries the <em>vapN</em> virulence determinant. Herein, we analyzed pathogenicity and genomic features of nine <em>vapN</em>-harboring <em>R</em>. <em>equi</em> isolated from human patients with and without HIV/AIDS. Four of these strains showed significant VapN production and proliferation in cultured macrophages. These strains were lethally pathogenic after inoculation with 1.0 × 10⁸ CFU in mice and reproduced a necrotizing granulomatous inflammation in the liver and spleen similar to that observed in humans. Additionally, we determined entire genome sequences of all nine strains. Lengths of sequences were 5.0–5.3 Mbp, and GC contents were 68.7 %–68.8 %. All strains harbored a 120- or 125-kbp linear plasmid carrying <em>vapN</em> (Type I or Type II pVAPN) classified on the basis of differences in the distal sequences on the 3′ side. Interestingly, VapN production differed significantly among strains harboring nearly identical types of pVAPN with variation limited to several SNPs and short base pair indels. The pVAPN sequences possessed by the VapN-producing strains did not retain any common genetic characteristics, and more detailed analyses, including chromosomal genes, are needed to further elucidate the VapN expression mechanism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50312,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"311 6","pages":"Article 151519"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151519","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39199648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reverse vaccinology approach for the identifications of potential vaccine candidates against Salmonella","authors":"Jie Li ,&nbsp;Jingxuan Qiu ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Huang ,&nbsp;Tao Liu ,&nbsp;Jing Pan ,&nbsp;Qi Zhang ,&nbsp;Qing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Salmonella</em> is a leading cause of foodborne pathogen which causes intestinal and systemic diseases across the world. Vaccination is the most effective protection against <em>Salmonella</em>, but the identification and design of an effective broad-spectrum vaccine is still a great challenge, because of the multi-serotypes of <em>Salmonella</em>. Reverse vaccinology is a new tool to discovery and design vaccine antigens combining human immunology, structural biology and computational biology with microbial genomics. In this study, reverse vaccinology, an <em>in-silico</em> approach was established to screen appropriate immunogen targets by calculating the immunogenicity score of 583 non-redundant outer membrane and secreted proteins of <em>Salmonella</em>. Herein among 100 proteins identified with top-ranked scores, 15 representative antigens were selected randomly. Applying the sequence conservation test, four proteins (FliK, BcsZ, FhuA and FepA) remained as potential vaccine candidates for <em>in vivo</em> evaluation of immunogenicity and immunoprotection. All four candidates were capable to trigger the immune response and stimulate the production of antiserum in mice. Furthermore, top-ranked proteins including FliK and BcsZ provided wide antigenic coverage among the multi-serotype of <em>Salmonella.</em> The <em>S.</em> Typhimurium LT2 challenge model used in mice immunized with FliK and BcsZ showed a high relative percentage survival (RPS) of 52.74 % and 64.71 % respectively. In conclusion, this study constructed an <em>in-silico</em> pipeline able to successfully pre-screen the vaccine targets characterized by high immunogenicity and protective immunity. We show that reverse vaccinology allowed screening of appropriate broad-spectrum vaccines for <em>Salmonella</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50312,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"311 5","pages":"Article 151508"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151508","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39035722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"K+ and its role in virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii","authors":"Patricia König,&nbsp;Beate Averhoff,&nbsp;Volker Müller","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> is an opportunistic human pathogen that has become a global threat to healthcare institutions worldwide. The success of <em>A. baumannii</em> is based on the rise of multiple antibiotic resistances and its outstanding potential to persist in the human host and under conditions of low water activity in hospital environments. Combating low water activities involves osmoprotective measures such as uptake of compatible solutes and K⁺. To address the role of K⁺ uptake in the physiology of <em>A. baumannii</em> we have identified K⁺ transporter encoding genes in the genome of <em>A. baumannii</em> ATCC 19606. The corresponding genes (<em>kup</em>, <em>trk</em>, <em>kdp</em>) were deleted and the phenotype of the mutants was studied. The triple mutant was defective in K⁺ uptake which resulted in a pronounced growth defect at high osmolarities (300 mM NaCl). Additionally, mannitol and glutamate synthesis were strongly reduced in the mutant. To mimic host conditions and to study its role as an uropathogen, we performed growth studies with the K⁺ transporter deletion mutants in human urine. Both, the double (Δ<em>kup</em>Δ<em>trk</em>) and the triple mutant were significantly impaired in growth. This could be explained by the inability of Δ<em>kup</em>Δ<em>trk</em>Δ<em>kdp</em> to metabolize various amino acids properly. Moreover, the reactive oxygen species resistance of the triple mutant was significantly reduced in comparison to the wild type, making it susceptible to one essential part of the innate immune response. Finally, the triple and the double mutant were strongly impaired in <em>Galleria mellonella</em> killing giving first insights in the importance of K⁺ uptake in virulence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50312,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"311 5","pages":"Article 151516"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151516","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92061204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intestinal microbiota in health and disease – Seeding multidisciplinary research in Germany","authors":"Dirk Haller","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151514","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50312,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"311 5","pages":"Article 151514"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151514","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39079964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}