International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking最新文献

{"title":"Deeper dive into interoperability and its implications for LunaNet communications and navigation services","authors":"James Schier,&nbsp;Coralí Roura,&nbsp;Phillip E. Paulsen,&nbsp;Karl Vaden,&nbsp;Jennifer Rock,&nbsp;Charles J. Sheehe,&nbsp;Angela Peura,&nbsp;Marc Seibert,&nbsp;Erica Lieb Weir","doi":"10.1002/sat.1531","DOIUrl":"10.1002/sat.1531","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Artemis program being developed by the United States' (US) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is advancing capabilities to return humans to the Moon and establish an initial base camp and associated infrastructure with extensive contributions from international and commercial partners. In planning for cislunar exploration and science missions, space agencies are collaborating to enable communications, networking, and Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) systems—called LunaNet—to exchange information and provide services to cislunar spacecraft and space systems, thus helping each other to achieve their shared goals. To achieve commonality and lower cost for mutual benefit, the strategy of interoperability is being adopted to help fit all the pieces together and function smoothly. Facilitating interoperability should benefit lunar missions by providing the ability to operate in a collaborative environment similar to the terrestrial Internet. Interoperability allows them to share information, navigate safely despite increasing radio frequency congestion, and follow common processes and procedures for effective joint operations. Unlike prior government-dominated efforts, this ecosystem is expected to include and benefit for-profit (commercial) businesses, non-profit organizations, and academic institutions as active stakeholders. Ultimately, the goal is to enable a cislunar ecosystem of service providers and users to contribute to and/or utilize infrastructure and capabilities to achieve mission objectives that span the full range of human endeavors while supporting a variety of business models. This approach enables a Systems of Systems (SoS), such as a Network of Networks, to be sustainable in the context of the LunaNet ecosystem as systems evolve over time in technologies, standards, components, and user applications. This paper reports on the results of an effort to help frame the development of the international LunaNet architecture by providing a canonical definition of interoperability broad enough to meet these needs, examining architectural and operational implications of the definition, and exploring interoperability strategies and tactics to deploy and evolve the services proposed for cislunar exploration and science missions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"44 3","pages":"216-237"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"5G-NR GNSS Independent Time and Frequency Synchronization in NTN Scenarios","authors":"Philippe Delbeke,&nbsp;Dieter Duyck","doi":"10.1002/sat.1535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1535","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In recent years, we observed a growing interest to re-use the terrestrial 5G-NR waveform over satellite or non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). The 5G-NR radio waveform is based on multi-carrier orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) modulation while existing satellite waveforms like DVB-S2X and DVB-RCS are based on square root raised cosine (SRRC) pulse-shaped single carrier transmissions. Next to some clear advantages of OFDM for multi-channel transmissions, there are some drawbacks. A critical disadvantage is the higher sensitive of the OFDM waveform to time and frequency misalignment of the terminal. Terminal misalignment in time or frequency will result in non-orthogonality of the different subcarriers and cause intersymbol interference (ISI) and intercarrier interference (ICI). 5G-NR thus requires tighter time and frequency synchronization than existing satellite waveforms. The 5G-NR standardization body (3GPP) has put forward the use of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and satellite orbit information to pre-compensate the mobility effects. The aim of the present solution is to avoid the GNSS information and satellite orbit data dependency for reliable communication. This paper will first review the critical synchronization accuracy needs and the Doppler requirements for 5G-NR NTNs. Next, we explore different time and frequency tracking options highlighting their shortcomings, and finally, we propose a novel solution based on higher order closed loop tracking.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"44 3","pages":"313-327"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148074403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DVB Standard Support of NGSO Systems","authors":"Avraham Freedman,&nbsp;Lars Erup,&nbsp;Fernando Díaz Canales,&nbsp;David Peilow,&nbsp;Peter Nayler,&nbsp;Vittoria Mignone,&nbsp;Kimmo Kaario,&nbsp;Tuomas Huikko,&nbsp;Verneri Rönty","doi":"10.1002/sat.1568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1568","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The DVB project has been active in maintaining and adapting its specifications to the requirements of modern satellite communications systems. The physical layer specifications, which include DVB-S2X for the forward link and DVB-RCS2 for the return link, have been recently updated to support beam hopping over the forward link and signaling within a VSAT system, including some support of nongeostationary orbit (NGSO) satellites. Last year, the DVB Commercial Module issued a new set of requirements for further support of NGSO by the DVB-RCS2 standard. The requirements call for support and analysis of operation within an NGSO system and extending the capabilities of the return link to support higher capacity and enable more symmetric traffic. The DVB Technical Module (satellite working group, TM-S) has produced an enhancement of the specifications and performed a set of analyses to answer the commercial requirements. In the paper, the new features described above will be introduced, as well as the analyses and discussions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"44 3","pages":"262-274"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148085524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A decade of EHF scientific research: Unveiling insights from Alphasat Q/V-band satellite communication experiments","authors":"Tommaso Rossi,&nbsp;Mauro De Sanctis,&nbsp;Ernestina Cianca,&nbsp;Giuseppe Codispoti,&nbsp;Giorgia Parca,&nbsp;Marina Ruggieri","doi":"10.1002/sat.1532","DOIUrl":"10.1002/sat.1532","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In 2008, the Italian Space Agency (ASI) consolidated its position on research and experiments regarding extremely high frequency (EHF) satellite communication through the proposal to the European Space Agency (ESA) of hosting a Q/V-band experimental payload on board the Alphasat geostationary satellite. The latter large platform, launched in 2013, thus hosted the so-called TDP#5 (Technology Demonstration Payload), aimed at performing the first Q/V-band telecommunication and propagation experimental campaigns. Thanks to the precious contribution given to the definition of the overall mission and the scientific objectives, the payload was then renamed in memory of Professor Aldo Paraboni, pioneer of scientific research on EHF satellite propagation.</p>\u0000 <p>Since 2014, a large number of satellite communication scientific experiments have been conducted by the University of Rome Tor Vergata, principal investigator for the ASI telecommunication campaign. Due to the excellent scientific results and the high reliability of the system, the experimental campaign is still ongoing. The main objective of the proposed telecommunication experiments is to demonstrate the feasibility of broadband satellite communications in Q/V band, optimizing and assessing, over-the-air, the performance of the indispensable adaptive transmission techniques. Moreover, the application of innovative paradigms related to software-defined networking (SDN) and network functions virtualization (NFV) has been investigated in the framework of satellite systems exploiting beyond Ka-band frequencies.</p>\u0000 <p>The goal that drives this experimental activity is to provide to the academic community, manufacturers, and service providers useful tools to cope with Q/V-band links for future satellite communication systems. The use of EHF links contributes to the reduction of RF front end and thus minimization of orbital junk; moreover, high throughput links in conjunction with software-driven architectures enable a high level of system reconfigurability that is one of the pillars for a sustainable use of space.</p>\u0000 <p>The paper presents the main results of the last 10 years of Q/V-band experiments, as well as the plans and perspectives for future scientific and operational activities in a sustainable space framework.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"44 3","pages":"238-251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141782116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Location-Assisted Graph-Based User Scheduling in Multi-User MIMO LEO NTN Systems","authors":"Bilal Ahmad,&nbsp;Daniel Gaetano Riviello,&nbsp;Bruno De Filippo,&nbsp;Alessandro Guidotti,&nbsp;Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli","doi":"10.1002/sat.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper addresses user clustering and scheduling for multi-user MIMO low Earth orbit nonterrestrial network systems in full frequency reuse. Since the number of on-ground user terminals is usually much higher than the number of on-board LEO satellite antennas, user scheduling becomes a fundamental task. We accomplish user scheduling by grouping users into clusters. Users within the same cluster are served by the satellite at the same time by means of space division multiplexing via location-based feed space digital beamforming. Each cluster is then assigned to a distinct time slot and served by means of time division multiplexing. Given the full frequency reuse nature of the system, we design user scheduling algorithms with the goal of maximizing the average per-user throughput while minimizing the co-channel interference and preserving fairness among users. To this aim, we propose in this paper (a) a distance-based iterative graph-based scheduler based on the maximum clique approach and (b) a distance-based implementation of the multiple antenna downlink orthogonal user clustering algorithm. For both these schedulers, the great circle distance between the users is employed as a dissimilarity metric to compute the user adjacency matrix, avoiding the need for the transmission of downlink pilots for channel state information estimation. To further validate our analysis, the proposed approaches are compared with (a) channel state information-based graph and maximum clique approach and (b) original multiple antenna downlink orthogonal user clustering algorithm. Extensive simulations assess the achievable per-user throughput and signal-to-noise plus interference ratio achieved by the proposed schedulers, highlighting the impact that the distance-based metric has on the system performance. This study provides valuable insights into the effective use of user scheduling algorithms.</p>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"44 3","pages":"275-287"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sat.70006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148065179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Scalable, High-Performance, Standards-Based Approach to Linear Precoding for the Multi Spot Beam Satellite User Downlink","authors":"Daniel Delaruelle,&nbsp;Arthur Dupuy,&nbsp;Johannes Wonterghem,&nbsp;Yves Deweerdt,&nbsp;Dieter Duyck","doi":"10.1002/sat.1536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1536","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Linear precoding is a means to increase the throughput of the multi spot beam satellite user (forward) downlink by facilitating aggressive frequency reuse compared to a 4-color reuse scheme. We propose a new way to apply the DVB-S2X standard in the context of precoding. The approach sidesteps the need to align physical layer frames of simultaneous users on jointly precoded carriers. Hence, physical layer frames can be scheduled more freely by per carrier independent adaptive coding and modulation processes. By introducing the concepts of superframe virtual carrier (SFVC) and dedicated estimation SFVC (ESFVC), a carrier can still be shared by multiple users. In the legacy use of DVB-S2X for precoding there are syntax elements (non-precoded pilots) that have dual use: for channel matrix estimation and as demodulation reference for precoded data symbols. We will demonstrate an adverse effect of this legacy approach and provide a remedy. We further sidestep the need for pre-calibration of differential delays between jointly precoded carriers of large bandwidth in the satellite and gateway RF paths. This is achieved by providing, while staying entirely within the syntax rules of the DVB-S2X standard, a large non-precoded field, eventually aligned and quasi-orthogonal among carriers, however already suitable for estimating the channel matrix and differential time delays even in the presence of initial delay differences exceeding one symbol period. The latter is not the case for methods described in the DVB-S2X standard's guideline. Finally, we describe how to organize aggressive frequency reuse over large areas served by overlapping spot beams in a scalable way, sticking to small precoding domains and decentralized processing. This contrasts with the concept of a centralized gateway presented elsewhere and sidesteps the need for fine time/frequency alignment of jointly precoded carrier feeds from different RF gateways.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"44 3","pages":"328-337"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148074246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Estimation of Attenuation in Q/V Band Systems With a Kalman-Based Scintillation Filter","authors":"Justin Cano,&nbsp;Julien Queyrel,&nbsp;Laurent Castanet,&nbsp;Michel Bousquet","doi":"10.1002/sat.1565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1565","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents the design and implementation of a scintillation filter by Kalman-colored algorithm (SciFi), which is used to remove tropospheric scintillation in Q/V band total attenuation time series. In contrast to the classical methods using low-pass filters, the SciFi algorithm allows to estimate both the attenuation, its slope and a confidence interval. Moreover, the linear observer structure of the Kalman filter allows real-time operation. Therefore, the states and uncertainties estimated by SciFi can be used as input for fade mitigation techniques (FMT) such as adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) or site diversity (SD). In this article, a method to tune the estimator based on ITU-R recommendations is proposed. Finally, some time-series and statistical results of filtering on Alphasat experimental data are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"44 3","pages":"252-261"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148067835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced Fade Mitigation Techniques for Q/V Band SATCOM Systems","authors":"Marianna Biscarini,&nbsp;Arijit De,&nbsp;Lorenzo Luini,&nbsp;Carlo Riva,&nbsp;Antonio Martellucci,&nbsp;Roberto Nebuloni","doi":"10.1002/sat.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Adaptive fade mitigation techniques, such as smart gateway diversity (SGD), are essential in addressing atmospheric fading affecting the operation of high throughput and very high throughput satellite systems at Ka-band and beyond. Specifically, the Q/V-band, offering up to 5 GHz of available spectrum, is very attractive for future high data rate services, but it is especially susceptible to atmospheric attenuation, with rain posing a significant challenge. This paper presents a simulation model for the design and performance assessment of a Q/V-band SATCOM (satellite communication) system. The model consists of two primary modules: (1) a physical model of the propagation channel, which integrates numerical weather predictions (NWPs) with a radiopropagation simulator and a temporal downscaling module; (2) a system simulator that operates SGD alongside traditional fade mitigation techniques, that is, uplink power control (ULPC) for the uplink and adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) for the downlink. The latency of SGD emerges as a critical parameter that constrains system performance (e.g., carrier to noise plus interference ratio and data rate) when compared to an ideal system capable of real-time traffic switching. This study explores the impact of varying SGD latency times on the performance of a Q/V-band SATCOM system, providing insights into system behavior under realistic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"44 3","pages":"288-296"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sat.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148088093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demonstrating End to End Standards Based Beam Hopping With Commercial Equipment Derisking the Physical Layer Challenges","authors":"Dieter Duyck,&nbsp;Dimitrios Christopoulos,&nbsp;Ulrik Bie,&nbsp;Arthur Dupuy,&nbsp;Johannes Wonterghem,&nbsp;Philippe Delbeke,&nbsp;Hugo Cruz Sanchez,&nbsp;Michael Crosnier,&nbsp;Romain Pons,&nbsp;Oriol Vidal,&nbsp;Peter Nayler","doi":"10.1002/sat.1534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1534","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the current high throughput satellite (HTS) systems, beams are continuously illuminated. To allocate bandwidth and avoid adjacent beam interference, spectrum and polarization are divided in disjunct and fixed portions, called FDM. In this paradigm, seamless flexibility to adjust beams to the demand can only be achieved by (1) an advanced and costly processing payload with flexible filter sizes and, in case of beamforming, circuits for all of the beams that are continuously illuminated, (2) make-before-break handovers requiring more expensive modems. Fortunately, there is an alternative providing seamless flexibility to adjust to demand, called beam hopping, where an on-board beam hopper illuminates a number of coverages, denoted cells (e.g., 8 cells), consecutively in time (hence TDM). The flexibility is achieved as the fraction of time by which each cell can be illuminated is configurable. As much less beams are simultaneously illuminated and no make before break (MBB) handover capability is required for the modems, this alternative is cheaper and less complex. The challenges to perform beam hopping are mainly situated at the physical layer, which have been addressed already partly by standardization (DVB-S2X, annex E formats 5, 6 and 7), by proprietary payload implementations with beam hopping and several funded ESA projects. This paper reports work from the ESA Free Hopper projects, which intends to fully validate and derisk an end to end HTS system with standards based beam hopping with commercial equipment from iDirect, Easii-ic (chip based receiver), Airbus (ABFN), and Honeywell (ferrite switches). The paper focuses on the gateway modulator architecture and the “ground only” synchronization mechanism, which is currently implemented and tested. The synchronization time-aligns the waveform with a transparent beam hopping satellite and then remains time aligned (taking into account satellite movement and clock drifts), without requiring a terminal to be collocated with the gateway transmitter.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"44 3","pages":"297-312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148080798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Predictive Routing for Satellite Megaconstellations","authors":"Mike Greenwood,&nbsp;Rob Hunter,&nbsp;Afonso Nunes","doi":"10.1002/sat.70033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Emerging low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite mega-constellations introduce new challenges in traffic engineering due to their scale and highly dynamic topologies. This paper presents dynamic predictive routing (DPR), a machine learning approach that leverages graph neural networks (GNNs) and gradient-free optimization to enhance routing performance in constellations with intersatellite links (ISLs). Unlike traditional heuristics such as Dijkstra or Bellman–Ford, which react to current topology states, DPR anticipates short-term network evolution and proactively redistributes traffic to reduce congestion. Through simulation and emulation, we show that DPR outperforms baseline routing, achieving up to ~9% congestion reduction in highly loaded networks, with scalability to larger constellations. A GPU-optimized path algorithm further accelerates computation, enabling feasibility in resource-constrained environments. The vision at the heart of all mega-constellations is a very wide area network (VWAN) with latency competitive to terrestrial fiber. While routing challenges exist in any mesh network, they are particularly critical in LEO systems, where orbital dynamics, scarce spectrum, and limited gateways intensify performance pressure. As capacity becomes a premium resource, dynamic optimization is essential to extract maximum value from the orbital real estate. An intelligent routing fabric can unlock greater throughput without proportional hardware expansion, support differentiated services, and integrate operational constraints directly into planning and decision-making. In this paper, we describe the training methodology, including live interaction with simulated and emulated networks, and present results showing consistent congestion reduction, modest latency trade-offs, and scalability. Importantly, the alignment of performance gains across simulation and emulation provides a strong basis for operational deployment. Further optimization remains feasible when tailoring DPR to specific network constraints.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"44 3","pages":"338-354"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148095454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}