International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking最新文献

{"title":"Featured Cover","authors":"Davide Orsucci,&nbsp;Philipp Kleinpaß,&nbsp;Jaspar Meister,&nbsp;Innocenzo De Marco,&nbsp;Stefanie Häusler,&nbsp;Thomas Strang,&nbsp;Nino Walenta,&nbsp;Florian Moll","doi":"10.1002/sat.1566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1566","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cover image is based on the article <i>Assessment of Practical Satellite Quantum Key Distribution Architectures for Current and Near-Future Missions</i> by Davide Orsucci et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1544.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sat.1566","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Update on the German and Australasian Optical Ground Station Networks","authors":"Nicholas J. Rattenbury,&nbsp;Joseph Ashby,&nbsp;Francis Bennet,&nbsp;Marcus Birch,&nbsp;John E. Cater,&nbsp;Kate Ferguson,&nbsp;Dirk Giggenbach,&nbsp;Ken Grant,&nbsp;Andreas Knopp,&nbsp;Marcus T. Knopp,&nbsp;Ed Kruzins,&nbsp;Andrew Lambert,&nbsp;Kerry Mudge,&nbsp;Catherine Qualtrough,&nbsp;Samuele Raffa,&nbsp;Jonas Rittershofer,&nbsp;Mikhael T. Sayat,&nbsp;Sascha Schediwy,&nbsp;Robert T. Schwarz,&nbsp;Matthew Sellars,&nbsp;Oliver Thearle,&nbsp;Tony Travouillon,&nbsp;Kevin Walker,&nbsp;Shane Walsh,&nbsp;Stephen Weddell","doi":"10.1002/sat.1564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1564","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Networks of ground stations designed to transmit and receive at visible and infra-red wavelengths through the atmosphere offer an opportunity to provide on-demand, high-bandwidth, secure communications with spacecraft in Earth orbit and beyond. This work describes the operation and activities of current free space optical communications (FSOC) ground stations in Germany and Australasia. In Germany, FSOC facilities are located at the Oberpfaffenhofen campus of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the Laser-Bodenstation in Trauen (Responsive Space Cluster Competence Center, DLR), and the Research Center Space of the University of the Bundeswehr Munich in Neubiberg. The DLR also operates a ground station in Almería, Spain, as part of the European Optical Nucleus Network (EONN). The Australasian Optical Ground Station Network (AOGSN) is a proposed network of 0.5–0.7 m class optical telescopes located across Australia and New Zealand. The development and progress for each node of the AOGSN is reported, along with optimization of future site locations based on cloud cover analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"43 3","pages":"147-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sat.1564","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143889136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistics of Received Power Time Series for Optical LEO Satellite Uplinks","authors":"Andrea Carrillo-Flores,&nbsp;Dirk Giggenbach,&nbsp;Marcus T. Knopp","doi":"10.1002/sat.1554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1554","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In free-space optical satellite communications, a transmitted optical signal is perturbed by pointing inaccuracies and through the atmosphere's index-of-refraction turbulence. This leads to signal fluctuations and power fading when detected by a receiver. Knowledge of these signal instability statistics is advantageous for the design of robust ground- and space-based optical communication systems. For example, the development of optimized automatic repeat request (ARQ) and forward error correction (FEC) protocols to compensate these losses is facilitated. The channel characteristics of a ground-to-satellite (uplink) and satellite-to-ground (downlink) transmission change with the elevation angle of the link direction, and consequently, the signal fluctuations and power fading also vary. In this work, numerical time series of received power are generated for uplink scenarios to low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites for different satellite elevations. The time series are generated for two experimental scenarios, considering the effects of a gamma-gamma and lognormal-distributed atmospheric scintillation and the use of transmitter diversity. The generated series of power are compared with analytical results and measurements in terms of the run of statistical parameters, and the results are contrasted. The results can be used for link-budget design, for communications standardization, and for the analysis and design of fading mitigation techniques that prevent signal fading and data loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"43 3","pages":"251-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sat.1554","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143889039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Practical Satellite Quantum Key Distribution Architectures for Current and Near-Future Missions","authors":"Davide Orsucci,&nbsp;Philipp Kleinpaß,&nbsp;Jaspar Meister,&nbsp;Innocenzo De Marco,&nbsp;Stefanie Häusler,&nbsp;Thomas Strang,&nbsp;Nino Walenta,&nbsp;Florian Moll","doi":"10.1002/sat.1544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1544","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows the generation of cryptographic keys beyond the computational hardness paradigm and is befitting for secure data transmission requiring long-term security. The communication distance of fiber-based QKD, however, is limited to a few hundred kilometers due to the exponential scaling of signal attenuation. Satellite QKD (SatQKD) can instead leverage free-space optical links to establish long-range connections and enable global-scale QKD. In this work, we review the manifold of design choices that concur to form the set of possible SatQKD architectures. These include the choice of the QKD protocol and its physical implementation, but also the satellite orbit, the optical link direction, and whether or not to use trusted-node relays. The possible SatQKD architectures are then evaluated in terms of key generation throughput, latency and maximum reachable communication distance, but also system-level security and implementation complexity. Given the technical challenges of realizing SatQKD systems, it is paramount, for near-future satellite missions, to adhere to the simplest possible architecture that still allows to deliver the QKD service. We thus identify as advisable options the use of low-Earth orbit satellites as trusted nodes for prepare-and-measure discrete-variable QKD downlinks with weak laser pulses. The decoy-state version of BB84 is found to be the most promising QKD protocols due to the maturity of the security proofs, the high key generation rate, and low system complexity. These findings are confirmed by the multitude of current and planned SatQKD missions that are adopting these architectural choices.</p>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"43 3","pages":"164-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sat.1544","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143889041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review and Analysis of Digital Signal Processing Algorithms for Coherent Optical Satellite Links","authors":"Carl Valjus,&nbsp;Raphael Wolf,&nbsp;Juraj Poliak","doi":"10.1002/sat.1553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1553","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coherent optical satellite links enable high-throughput communication and high accuracy ranging to and between satellites. Due to the ever-increasing demand for throughput, wavelength division multiplexing of polarization multiplexed optical signals is being considered as a solution to provide high-speed optical satellite links. Fiber-optic systems solve the implementation scalability problem of these systems by shifting design complexity to integrated circuits, thereby massively reducing the system footprint. As a result of the major advances in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, the implementation scalability of such systems in terrestrial fiber systems has been solved by shifting the system complexity to digital hardware, enabling intradyne reception and complex signal recovery algorithms. While the use of fiber-optic transceivers provides a fast path to high-speed coherent optical satellite links (OSLs), it requires additional mitigation techniques to combat the effects of both the OSL channel and the space environment. To support future satellite networks with Tbit/s optical links, it will be critical to further minimize the size, weight, and power (SWaP), cost and reliability of the transceivers. Thus, the development of custom intradyne optical transceivers for OSLs is emerging as an attractive option as the demand for throughput in satellite networks continues to grow. This would not only enable the use of a more optimized signal processing chain but also enable the use of radiation mitigation techniques optimized for the signal processing architecture and the use of soft-decision forward error correction (FEC) optimized for OSLs. The signal processing of coherent optical satellite receivers can be divided into three key subsystems: timing recovery, carrier synchronization, and equalization. This paper reviews state-of-the-art digital signal processing for optical communication to identify suitable algorithms for timing recovery, carrier frequency and phase compensation, equalization, and polarization demultiplexing with emphasis on high-throughput optical satellite links. Finally, the performance of different digital signal processing algorithms is assessed by numerical simulations considering different optical satellite link scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"43 3","pages":"229-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sat.1553","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special Issue on “Advances in Optical Space Communications”","authors":"Dirk Giggenbach,&nbsp;Ramon Mata Calvo","doi":"10.1002/sat.1551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1551","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Optical space communications has long been considered the most efficient means for transferring information and keeping high-rate connection to various space assets, from Low-Earth Orbit via GEO and Moon towards the planets in our solar system. While technological boundaries prevented its use in the first place after the invention of the laser, initial evaluations of interorbit links for data repatriation in the 2000s proved its advantages (<i>SILEX</i>, <i>OICETS</i>, <i>LCTSX</i>). After that, <i>Space Data High Way</i> has demonstrated operational service provision with the EDRS constellation. Also, in deep space communication scenarios, <i>LLCD</i> and currently <i>Psyche</i> confirmed the advantages of optical communication in reaching the farther spots of our Solar System.</p><p>Nowadays, optical intersatellite links are already the technology of choice for network interconnects in LEO Mega-Constellations. In future, in Very-High-Throughput Satellite Systems (VHTS), the RF-feeder link will be replaced by optical feeders providing several Terabit/s in one beam instead of requiring a multitude of RF ground stations spread over several countries.</p><p>Furthermore, quantum key exchange and network securing by discrete particle states are already in early application phase on ground and in space applications, and finally, the application of deep space optical communications for Planetary Exploration promises not only extreme increase in data throughput but also new sensing and observation opportunities, up to the interplanetary internet as is required for human settling on other planets and asteroids, allowing to finally overcome the frontier of our terrestrial legacy.</p><p>Concluding, we would like to cordially thank all the authors for their excellent contributions and their perseverance during the long reviewing and publication process. We also compliment the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions which helped to further refine the quality of all papers. We trust that the readership will perceive this special issue beneficial and will take it as a reference for future developments in the field of Optical Space Communications and their scientific application.</p><p>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"43 3","pages":"131-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sat.1551","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photonic Integrated Circuits for Optical Satellite Links: A Review of the Technology Status and Space Effects","authors":"Giulio Terrasanta,&nbsp;Marcin Wojciech Ziarko,&nbsp;Nicola Bergamasco,&nbsp;Menno Poot,&nbsp;Juraj Poliak","doi":"10.1002/sat.1552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1552","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Optical satellite communications provide high-data rates with compact and power efficient payloads that can solve the bottlenecks of RF technologies. Photonic integrated circuits have the potential to reduce the cost, size, weight, and power consumption of satellite laser communications terminals, by integrating all the required photonic components on a chip. This can be achieved by leveraging on the mature technology for fiber communications. In this article, the technology status of photonic integrated circuits for optical satellite link is reviewed. Different material platforms are compared, with a focus on high-speed coherent optical communications. The integration of the photonic chip into a communications payload is discussed, together with possible challenges and opportunities. The impact of the space environment, especially the one of radiation, on the performance of the integrated photonic devices is reviewed and discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"43 3","pages":"210-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sat.1552","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143889054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser Terminals on CubeSats: Developments for Telecommunications and Quantum Links","authors":"Christian Roubal,&nbsp;Till Dolejsky,&nbsp;Benjamin Rödiger,&nbsp;Fabian Rein,&nbsp;Jorge Rosano Nonay,&nbsp;René Rüddenklau,&nbsp;Christos Papadopoulos,&nbsp;Christopher Schmidt,&nbsp;Florian Moll","doi":"10.1002/sat.1545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1545","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Satellite-based laser communication is an emerging technology that is finding its way from research to industry. Compared to radio frequency (RF) systems, it has a more efficient size, weight, and power budget and, furthermore, is license free. The required space laser terminals can be designed in different sizes, depending on the mission needs. Data rate requirements range from CubeSats with Mb/s to large satellites with Gb/s data rates and sometimes even Tb/s. This enables, for example, the use of high-resolution imagers even in CubeSats or mega-constellation networks with high-rate intersatellite links. Space laser terminals are also necessary for satellite-based Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which is increasingly important for the development of future quantum-safe networks. In contrast to classical optical links for data transmission, link budget constraints cannot be overcome by simply amplifying the power, but the end-to-end loss needs to be minimized. This is possible with high antenna gains defined by the transmit and receive optics size. Therefore, the optics size of the laser terminal is one of the most important parameters. Building optical terminals with large apertures for use in space is expensive and requires at least a small satellite platform, increasing the cost of development and launch. The New Space approach using a CubeSat platform is a cost-effective alternative because many components can be selected off-the-shelf. This paper reviews developments of laser communication terminals for CubeSats in space to ground and intersatellite scenarios with applications in quantum communications and telecommunications. The systems are selected with respect to clear space deployment, and their core parameters are compared. Special focus and detailed insight are given for the development OSIRIS4CubeSat (O4C).</p>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"43 3","pages":"133-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sat.1545","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143889040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Load-Balancing Enhancement to Schedule-Aware Bundle Routing","authors":"Jason J. Kamps,&nbsp;Filip Palunčić,&nbsp;B. T. Maharaj","doi":"10.1002/sat.1549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1549","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Delay- and disruption-tolerant networking (DTN) enables communication in networks afflicted by long propagation delays and sporadic connectivity. DTN routing techniques such as schedule-aware bundle routing (SABR) exist to route data bundles in deterministic networks, such as those found in deep-space environments, where node contacts are predictable. This article begins with an overview of DTN architecture and SABR. SABR's method of final route selection (forwarding rules) is closely examined. The article then addresses a limitation of SABR whereby the algorithm may overlook parallel channels, leading to network congestion. To mitigate this, an enhancement is proposed. This enhancement aims to optimize data bundle distribution across candidate routes in networks with parallel channels, thus alleviating congestion and enhancing overall network performance. This is achieved with simple modifications to SABR's forwarding rules to avoid the concentration of data bundles on a minority of node contacts. The enhancement is demonstrated through simulations in a reference scenario implemented in DtnSim.</p>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"43 2","pages":"122-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sat.1549","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Unified Resource Allocation Framework and Impact Evaluation for NGSO Satellite Constellations","authors":"Nils Pachler,&nbsp;Juan Jose Garau-Luis,&nbsp;Edward F. Crawley,&nbsp;Bruce G. Cameron","doi":"10.1002/sat.1547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1547","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The new era of satellite communications will rely on thousands of highly flexible spacecraft capable of autonomously managing constellation resources, such as power or frequency. Previous work has focused on the automation of the individual tasks that compose the resource allocation problem (RAP). However, two aspects remain unaddressed: (1) A unified method that autonomously solves the RAP under nongeosynchronous conditions is still to be developed, and (2) the cost–benefit of using optimization methods remains to be studied. Note that these studies are critical for satellite operators to take appropriate decisions concerning the automation of communications constellations operations. To close this gap, this work proposes an adaptive framework to solve the RAP for high-dimensional nongeosynchronous satellite constellations. The proposed framework uses a divide-and-conquer approach that solves each step of the RAP, leveraging different optimization algorithms at the subproblem level to produce a valid and efficient allocation of resources over long time horizons. When comparing the proposed method against scalable greedy solutions, the former achieves up to four times more constellation capacity and reduces the overall consumed power by up to a factor of 3. The cost–benefit analysis reveals which RAP subproblems should be prioritized depending on the operator's objectives. Studying diverse operational conditions, we find that optimization methods enhance capacity consistently yet might raise power consumption due to trade-offs in the routing algorithms.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50289,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","volume":"43 2","pages":"77-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143438840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}