Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Description of Solvent-Extractable Chemicals in Thermal Receipts and Toxicological Assessment of Bisphenol S and Diphenyl Sulfone","authors":"Tasnia Sharin, Lucas J. Leinen, David Schreiber, Vaille A. Swenson, Sarah A. Emsley, E. Jamie Trammell, Patrick Videau, Doug Crump, Michael O. Gaylor","doi":"10.1007/s00128-024-03871-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-024-03871-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Research on thermal receipts has previously focused on the toxic effects of dermal exposure from the most publicized developers (e.g., bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS)), while no studies have reported on the other solvent-extractable compounds therein. Diphenyl sulfone (DPS) is a sensitizer added to thermal receipts, but little is known about DPS concentrations in receipts or potential toxicity. Here, we quantified BPA, BPS, and DPS concentrations and tentatively identified the solvent-extractable compounds of thermal receipts collected from three South Dakota (USA) cities during 2016–2017. An immortalized chicken hepatic cell line, cultured as 3D spheroids, was used to screen effects of DPS, BPS, and 17ß estradiol (E2; 0.1–1000 µM) on cell viability and gene expression changes. These chemicals elicited limited cytotoxicity with LC50 values ranging from 113 to 143 µM, and induced dysregulation in genes associated with lipid and bile acid homeostasis. Taken together, this study generated novel information on solvent-extractable chemicals from thermal receipts and toxicity data for DPS.</p>","PeriodicalId":501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coastal Mussel (Mytilus spp.) Soft Tissues as Bioindicators of Methylmercury: Exploring the Relationship Between Condition Index and Methylmercury Concentrations","authors":"Josie Rogers, Molly A. Bradford, Nelson J. O’Driscoll","doi":"10.1007/s00128-024-03888-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-024-03888-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigated total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in coastal mussels (<i>Mytilus</i> spp.) sampled from the Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy and evaluated the relationship with condition index (CI). THg concentrations were low in sediment (mean THg = 5.15 ± 2.11 ng/g dw; <i>n</i> = 6) and soft tissues (mean THg = 62.3 ± 13.7 ng/g; mean MeHg = 13.2 ± 6.3 ng/g; <i>n</i> = 57). The THg in tissues had no significant relationship with CI (R_s= -0.205, <i>p</i> = 0.126). MeHg in tissues were significantly and negatively correlated with condition index (R_s = -0.361, <i>p</i> = 0.006) indicating that healthier mussels (higher CI) have lower mercury content possibly due to elimination strategies or growth dilution.</p>","PeriodicalId":501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal and Spatial Comparison of Mercury Bioaccumulation in the Lower Trophic Levels of a Post-glacial Lake Food Web","authors":"Brian C. Reeves, Caitlin C. Slife, Gordon Paterson","doi":"10.1007/s00128-024-03870-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-024-03870-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Total mercury (Hg) concentrations and carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) stable isotopes were quantified among aquatic invertebrate and sediment samples collected from Keuka Lake in New York’s Finger Lakes region to evaluate temporal and spatial variability in Hg bioaccumulation and trophic ecology among these lower trophic levels. Hg concentrations ranged from 6.3 to 158.8 ng/g (dry wt) across dreissenid mussel, zooplankton, and juvenile (&lt; 10 mm) and adult (≥ 10 mm) mysid shrimp (<i>Mysis diluviana</i>) samples. Hg concentrations were higher in samples collected from the western basin in 2015 relative to those for samples collected from this basin in 2022 (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). While no specific mechanisms could be identified to explain this difference, higher δ¹⁵N values for zooplankton collected in 2015 support conclusions regarding the role of zooplankton trophic status on Hg concentrations in these populations. Spatial patterns in Hg concentrations were of generally low variability among samples collected from the lake’s east, west and south basins in 2022. Trophic positions as inferred by δ¹⁵N were represented by adult mysids &gt; juvenile mysids &gt; large zooplankton (≥ 500 µm) &gt; dreissenid mussels ≥ small zooplankton (64–500 µm). Differences were evident among the regression slopes describing the relationships between sample Hg concentrations and δ¹⁵N values across the lake’s three basins (<i>p</i> = 0.028). However, this was primarily attributed to high δ¹⁵N values measured in dreissenid mussels collected from the south basin in 2022. Biota sediment accumulation factors ranged from 0.2 to 2.3 and were highest for adult <i>M. diluviana</i> but mysid δ¹³C values generally supported a pelagic pathway of Hg exposure relative to benthic sediments. Overall, these results provide additional support regarding the contributions of lower trophic levels to Hg biomagnification in aquatic food-webs.</p>","PeriodicalId":501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DNA Damage in Bat Blood Leukocytes Using a Chromatin Dispersion Test (CDT): Biomarker of Environmental Genotoxicity","authors":"Elva I. Cortés-Gutiérrez, Juan P. Ceyca-Contreras, Emma P. Gómez-Ruiz, Evelyn Rios, Catalina García-Vielma, Juan A. García-Salas","doi":"10.1007/s00128-024-03885-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-024-03885-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Environmental pollutants produce adverse effects on organisms and ecosystems. Biomonitoring and biomarkers offer a reasonable approach to make these assessments. Induced genetic changes can be using as a biomarker in organisms that react to a given compound in the ecosystem. Monitoring environmental genotoxicity necessitates the choice of model animals known as “sentinels or biological monitors” and the suitability of validated tests for DNA damage evaluation. We aimed to estimate the DNA damage produced by thermal stress in the leukocytes of the Mexican free-tailed bat (<i>Tadarida brasiliensis</i>). The DNA damage in bat leukocytes exposed to different temperatures (35 °C, 45 °C, and 55 °C) was evaluated by the adapted chromatin dispersion test (CDT) and the results were confirmed by the alkaline comet test. The CDT permitted a clear representation of leukocytes with fragmented DNA and of nonfragmented DNA. In addition, we detected nuclear anomalies in relation to cell death cellular swelling, nuclear fragmentation, and chromatin lysis. The alkaline comet assay revealed that the halos of diffuse chromatin include fragmented DNA. The assay of the method employing the CDT is well established, precise, and cost-effective for the routine quantitative analysis of DNA damage on the effect of the leukocytes of bats exposed to thermal stress. This could also apply as a sensitive screening tool for the evaluation of genotoxicity in environmental protection programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community Structure and Water Quality Assessment of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Hongze Lake","authors":"Lixiao Ni, Lin Zhou, Amar Ali Adam Hamad, Chu Xu, Wenlu Sang, Cunhao Du, Yun Nie, Haoyue Li, Jiahui Shi, Shiyin Li","doi":"10.1007/s00128-024-03877-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-024-03877-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigated the species, density, biomass and physicochemical factors of benthic macroinvertebrates in Hongze Lake from 2016 to 2020. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to analyze the relationship between physicochemical parameters and the community structure of macroinvertebrates. Macroinvertebrate-based indices were used to evaluate the water quality conditions in Hongze Lake. The results showed that a total of 50 benthic species (10 annelids, 21 arthropods and 19 mollusks) were collected. The community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates varied in time and space. The dominant species were <i>Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (L.hoffmeisteri), Corbicula fluminea (C.fluminea)</i>, <i>Nephtys oligobranchia (N.oligobranchia).</i> In 2016, arthropods such as <i>Grandidierella sp.</i> were the dominant species of benthos in Hongze Lake while annelids and mollusks dominated from 2017 to 2020, such as <i>L.hoffmeisteri, N.oligobranchia, C.fluminea</i>. The benthic fauna of Chengzi Lake and Lihewa District were relatively abundant and showed slight variation, while the benthic macroinvertebrates of the Crossing the water area were few and varied greatly. RDA showed that changes in benthic macroinvertebrate structure were significantly correlated with dissolved oxygen (DO), Pondus Hydrogenii (pH) and transparency (SD). The Shannon Wiener, Pielou, and Margalef indices indicate that Hongze Lake is currently in a moderately polluted state. Future studies should focus on the combined effects of various physicochemical indicators and other environmental factors on benthic communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does the Symbiotic Relationship Between Hydra Viridissima and Photoautotrophic Alga Provide an Evolutionary Advantage in Protecting DNA against Damage by the Cytotoxic or Genotoxic Mode of Action of Environmental Stressors?","authors":"Davor Želježić, Goran Kovačević, Ana Matijević, Petra Korać, Katarina Caput Mihalić","doi":"10.1007/s00128-024-03884-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-024-03884-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aim of this paper was to evaluate whether symbiotic cooperation between green hydra (<i>Hydra viridissima</i>) and photoautotrophic alga gives higher resistance of the preservation of DNA integrity compared to brown hydra (<i>Hydra oligactis</i>). Norflurazon concentrations were 0.061 or 0.61 mg/L and UV-B light 254 nm, 0.023mWcm^− 2 applied separately or simultaneously. By alkaline comet assay primary DNA damage was assessed and cytotoxicity by fluorescent staining. Norflurazon at 0.61 mg L^− 1 significantly increased DNA damage in brown hydras compared to the control (6.17 ± 0.6 μm, 5.2 ± 1.7% vs. 2.9 ± 0.2 μm, 1.2 ± 0.2%). Cytotoxicity was significantly elevated, being higher in brown hydras (25.7 ± 3.5% vs. 8.2 ± 0.2%). UV-B irradiation induced significant DNA damage in brown hydras (13.5 ± 1.0 μm, 4.1 ± 1.0%). Simultaneous exposure to UV-B and norflurazon led to a synergistic DNA damaging. The frequency of cytotoxicity and hedgehog nucleoids was more pronounced in brown (78.3 ± 9.4%; 56.4 ± 6.0%) than in green hydras (34.7 ± 2.5%; 24.2 ± 0.6%). Evolutionary established symbiotic cooperation proved to provide resistance against cyto/genotoxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does livestock-Manure-Derived Biochar Suitable for the Stabilization of Cadmium and Zinc in Contaminated Soil?","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s00128-024-03881-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-024-03881-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Both livestock-manure and livestock-manure-derived biochar have been used to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soil. However, direct comparisons of the heavy metal stabilization efficiency of livestock-manure and EQC-manure-biochar (derived from an equal quantity of corresponding livestock-manure) are limited. In the present study, the effect of livestock-manures and EQC-manure-biochars on soil properties and heavy metal bioavailability and leachability were compared using two contrasting soils (Ferralsols and Fluvisols). The results showed that both the livestock-manures and EQC-manure-biochars significantly changed soil pH, available phosphorus, available potassium, alkaline nitrogen and organic matter content (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), but the trends were variable. In Ferralsols, the DTPA-extractable Cd and Zn decreased by -0.38%~5.70% and − 3.79%~9.98% with livestock-manure application and by -7.99%~7.23% and − 5.67%~7.17% with EQC-manure-biochars application. In Fluvisols, the DTPA-extractable Cd and Zn decreased by 13.39%~17.41% and − 45.26%~14.24% with livestock-manure application and by 10.76%~16.90% and − 36.38%~16.37% with EQC-manure-biochar application. Furthermore, the change in TCLP-extractable Cd and Zn in both soils was similar to that of DTPA-extractable Cd and Zn. Notably, the Cd and Zn stabilization efficiency of the EQC-manure-biochars was no better than that of the corresponding livestock-manures. These results suggest that the use of livestock-manure-derived biochar is not cost-effective for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil.</p>","PeriodicalId":501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of Major Inorganic Contaminants in a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon with a Large Dystrophic Crisis","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s00128-024-03886-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-024-03886-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>In August 2021, the Mar Menor, a saltwater lagoon located in the Region of Murcia (Spain), suffered a tragic environmental episode of dystrophic crisis and anoxia. The appearance of numerous dead fish in different areas of the lagoon over the course of days put all the authorities and the population of the area on alert. This paper shows a case study of what happened in the lagoon in terms of the presence of the most common inorganic pollutants. Measurements of the concentration of nitrogen species, phosphates and main heavy metals were carried out at different sampling sites in the Mar Menor from May 2021 to November 2022. Chemical analyses were carried out for each of the species under study. These analyses provide valuable information about the dystrophic crisis caused by a classic eutrophication process that began with the excessive nutrient input into the Mar Menor. Ion chromatography and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) were used as instrumentation for the quantification of these samples. The species whose values were greatly increased after the tragic episode described above were nitrates. The concentration varied significantly at the different sampling sites throughout the study. On the last sampling date, decreased concentrations of all the species were measured at each of the sampling sites, coinciding with the apparent good state of the lagoon.</p>","PeriodicalId":501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure Assessment of Pesticides in Surface Waters of Ontario, Canada Reveals Low Probability of Exceeding Acute Regulatory Thresholds","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s00128-024-03879-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-024-03879-w","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The objectives of this study were to: (1) characterize the exposure of aquatic ecosystems in Southern Ontario, Canada to pesticides between 2002 and 2016 by constructing environmental exposure distributions (EEDs), including censored data; and (2) predict the probability of exceeding acute regulatory guidelines. Surface water samples were collected over a 15-year period by Environment and Climate Change Canada. The dataset contained 167 compounds, sampled across 114 sites, with a total of 2,213 samples. There were 67,920 total observations of which 55,058 were non-detects (81%), and 12,862 detects (19%). The most commonly detected compound was atrazine, with a maximum concentration of 18,600 ngL^− 1 and ~ 4% chance of exceeding an acute guideline (1,000 ngL^− 1) in rivers and streams. Using Southern Ontario as a case study, this study provides insight into the risk that pesticides pose to aquatic ecosystems and the utility of EEDs that include censored data for the purpose of risk assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioavailability and Toxicity of nano Copper Oxide to Pakchoi (Brassica Campestris L.) as Compared with bulk Copper Oxide and Ionic Copper","authors":"Yuqing Zhang, Helian Li, Yanhua Qiu, Yinghao Liu","doi":"10.1007/s00128-024-03882-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-024-03882-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increasing use of copper oxide nano particles (nCuO) as nano-fertilizers and pesticides have raised concerns over their impact on soil environment and agricultural products. In this study, two nCuO with different shapes, namely spherical nCuO (CuO NPs) and tubular nCuO (CuO NTs), were selected to investigate their bioavailability and toxicity to pakchoi in two soils with different properties. At the meantime, CuO bulk particles (CuO BPs) and Cu(NO₃)₂ were used for comparison. Results showed that all the Cu treatments increased the DTPA extractable (DTPA-Cu) concentrations in GD soil (acidic) more than in HN soil (alkaline). The DTPA-Cu concentrations increased in the order of Cu(NO₃)₂ ≈ CuO NPs &gt; CuO BPs ≈ CuO NTs in GD soil and Cu(NO₃)₂ &gt; CuO NPs &gt; CuO BPs ≈ CuO NTs in HN soil. While for the contents of Cu in the aerial parts of pakchoi, the order is CuO NPs &gt; Cu(NO₃)₂ &gt; CuO NTs ≈ CuO BPs in GD soil and CuO NPs ≈ Cu(NO₃)₂ &gt; CuO BPs ≈ CuO NTs in HN soil. Only CuO NPs reduced pakchoi biomass in GD soil. There are no significant difference among CuO NPs, CuO BPs, and Cu(NO₃)₂ in reducing the chlorophyll contents in pakchoi in HN soil, whereas in GD soil, CuO NPs and CuO BPs led to significantly lower chlorophyll contents in pakchoi compared to Cu(NO₃)₂. Additionally, CuO NPs and Cu(NO₃)₂ increased Mn and Mo in pakchoi leaf in HN soil, while increased Zn in pakchoi leaf in GD soil. These results indicated that CuO NPs showed higher or comparable toxicity and bioavailability to pakchoi compared with Cu(NO₃)₂ depending on soil properties, and nCuO are more easily to be transferred from roots to the aerial parts than CuO BPs and Cu(NO₃)₂.</p>","PeriodicalId":501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}