Journal of Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Mef2c Controls Postnatal Callosal Axon Targeting by Regulating Sensitivity to Ephrin Repulsion.","authors":"Sriram Sudarsanam, Luis E Guzman-Clavel, Nyle Dar, Jakub Ziak, Naseer Shahid, Xinyu O Jin, Alex L Kolodkin","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0201-25.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0201-25.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intracortical circuits, including long-range callosal projections, are crucial for information processing. The development of neuronal connectivity in the cerebral cortex is contingent on ordered emergence of neuronal classes followed by the formation of class-specific axon projections. However, the genetic determinants of intracortical axon targeting are still unclear. We find that the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2-c (Mef2c) directs the development of somatosensory cortical (S1) Layer 4 and 5 identity in murine postmitotic pyramidal neurons during embryogenesis. During postnatal development, <i>Mef2c</i> expression shifts to Layer 2/3 callosal projection neurons (L2/3 CPNs). At this later developmental stage, we identify a novel function for <i>Mef2c</i> in contralateral homotopic domain targeting by S1-L2/3 CPN axons. We employ functional manipulation of EphrinA-EphA signaling in <i>Mef2c</i> mutant CPNs and demonstrate that Mef2c represses <i>EphA</i>6 to desensitize S1-L2/3 CPN axons to EphrinA5 repulsion at their contralateral targets. Our work uncovers dual roles for <i>Mef2c</i> in cortical development: regulation of laminar subtype specification during embryogenesis and axon targeting in postnatal callosal neurons.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12096051/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144006285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neocortical and Hippocampal Theta Oscillations Track Audiovisual Integration and Replay of Speech Memories.","authors":"Emmanuel Biau, Danying Wang, Hyojin Park, Ole Jensen, Simon Hanslmayr","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1797-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1797-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\"Are you talkin' to me?!\" If you ever watched the masterpiece \"Taxi Driver\" directed by Martin Scorsese, you certainly recall the monologue during which Travis Bickle rehearses an imaginary confrontation in front of a mirror. While remembering this scene, you recollect a myriad of speech features across visual and auditory senses with a smooth sensation of unified memory. The aim of this study was to investigate how the fine-grained synchrony between coinciding visual and auditory features impacts brain oscillations when forming multisensory speech memories. We developed a memory task presenting participants with short synchronous or asynchronous movie clips focused on the face of speakers in real interviews, all the while undergoing magnetoencephalography recording. In the synchronous condition, the natural alignment between visual and auditory onsets was kept intact. In the asynchronous condition, auditory onsets were delayed to present lip movements and speech sounds in antiphase specifically with respect to the theta oscillation synchronizing them in the original movie. Our results first showed that theta oscillations in the neocortex and hippocampus were modulated by the level of synchrony between lip movements and syllables during audiovisual speech perception. Second, theta asynchrony between the lip movements and auditory envelope during audiovisual speech perception reduced the accuracy of subsequent theta oscillation reinstatement during memory recollection. We conclude that neural theta oscillations play a pivotal role in both audiovisual integration and memory replay of speech.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12096043/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144102940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Directed Neural Network Dynamics in Sensorimotor Integration: Divergent Roles of Frontal Theta Band Activity Depending on Age.","authors":"Adriana Böttcher,Saskia Wilken,Markus Raab,Sven Hoffmann,Christian Beste","doi":"10.1523/jneurosci.0427-25.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0427-25.2025","url":null,"abstract":"Sensorimotor integration processes are crucial for daily-life activities, such as grasping objects or driving a car. Theta band activity (TBA) in distributed brain networks is likely essential to perform sensorimotor integration successfully. Directed communication in these brain networks is shaped by brain maturation during adolescence. This study investigates how age-related effects attributable to brain maturation influence directed communication in a theta-associated sensorimotor integration network. We conducted an EEG study with a continuous pursuit-tracking task performed by an adult group (n = 41) and an adolescent group (n = 30), each including both sexes. Both groups show elevated theta-band activity during higher sensorimotor demands. Yet, the adult group outperformed the adolescent group, particularly during higher demands. Further analyses revealed that this is likely due to enhanced directed connectivity between frontal areas and the ventral processing stream in adults, which likely enables effective integration of visual and motor information. Adolescents rely on frontal TBA signaling surprise and prediction error, with no input from ventral stream areas. This might cause lower performance during higher demands. Across age, TBA appears to serve distinct functions during sensorimotor integration. Age-related processes transform the neural processes underlying complex sensorimotor integration.Significance Statement This study shows how brain development affects tasks like grasping or driving, where vision and movement must work together. The results suggest that adults who performed better in sensorimotor integration yield a stronger information transfer between brain regions that integrate visual and motor information, while adolescents lack an input from such areas. This difference in brain communication could explain why adolescents struggle with more complex tasks, highlighting how brain maturation improves sensorimotor integration.","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144114119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning Modulates Early Encephalographic Responses to Distracting Stimuli: A Combined SSVEP and ERP Study.","authors":"Dock H Duncan, Norman Forschack, Dirk van Moorselaar, Matthias M Müller, Jan Theeuwes","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1973-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1973-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Through experience, humans can learn to suppress locations that frequently contain distracting stimuli. However, the neural mechanism underlying learned suppression remains largely unknown. In this study, we combined steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) with event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the mechanism behind statistically learned spatial suppression. Twenty-four male and female human participants performed a version of the additional singleton search task in which one location contained a distractor stimulus frequently. The search stimuli constantly flickered on-and-off the screen, resulting in steady-state entrainment. Prior to search onset, no differences in the SSVEP response were found, though a post hoc analysis did reveal proactive alpha lateralization. Following search onset, clear evoked differences in both the SSVEP and ERP signals emerged at the suppressed location relative to all other locations. Crucially, the early timing of these evoked modulations suggests that learned distractor suppression occurs at the initial stages of visual processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12096050/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143789092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensorimotor Transformations for Postural Control in the Vermis of the Cerebellum.","authors":"Robyn L Mildren,Kathleen E Cullen","doi":"10.1523/jneurosci.0249-25.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0249-25.2025","url":null,"abstract":"The cerebellar vermis plays an essential role in maintaining posture and balance by integrating sensory inputs from multiple modalities to effectively coordinate movement. By transforming convergent sensory information into precise motor commands, it ensures smooth, adaptive motor control, enabling the body to maintain stability in dynamic environments. This review examines recent findings that investigate the distinct neural computations performed by the anterior vermis and posterior vermis (nodulus/uvula). Specifically, we examine how Purkinje cells in these regions integrate vestibular and proprioceptive signals to convert self-motion information from a head-centered to a body-centered reference frame, which is essential for maintaining precise postural control in response to unexpected movements. Additionally, we consider recent findings showing that, during voluntary self-motion, Purkinje cells in the anterior vermis selectively suppress responses in the vestibulospinal pathway by integrating motor inputs with sensory signals. Given the anterior vermis's role in maintaining balance during voluntary behaviors such as locomotion, its suppression prevents counterproductive stabilizing reflexes, enabling goal-directed movement through space. In contrast, the posterior vermis, encompassing the nodulus and uvula, integrates vestibular inputs from both the otoliths and semicircular canals to maintain equilibrium relative to gravitational forces. We thus hypothesize that Purkinje cells in the nodulus/uvula do not generate suppression signals like those observed in the anterior vermis but instead continuously compute our orientation in space, regardless of whether movement is voluntarily generated or unexpected. If our hypothesis is correct, the nodulus/uvula would effectively provide consistent \"ground truth\" information about self-motion relative to gravity.","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"135 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144114116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence That Respiratory Phase May Modulate Task-Related Neural Representations of Visual Stimuli.","authors":"Lisa Stetza, Lena Hehemann, Christoph Kayser","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2236-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2236-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigate how respiration influences cognition by examining the interaction between respiratory phase and task-related brain activity during two visual categorization tasks. While prior research shows that cognitive performance varies along the respiratory cycle, the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Though some studies have shown that large-scale neural activity reflecting for example changes in the excitation-inhibition balance is comodulated with the respiratory cycle, it remains unclear whether respiration directly shapes the neural signatures reflecting the encoding of task-specific external signals. We address this gap by applying single-trial multivariate analyses to EEG data obtained in humans (<i>n</i> = 25, any gender), allowing us to track how respiration relates to the sensory evidence reflected in this neurophysiological signal. Confirming previous studies, our data show that participant's performance varies with the respiratory phase prior and during a trial. Importantly, they suggest that respiration may directly influence the sensory evidence carried by neurophysiological processes emerging ∼300-200 ms prior to participant's responses. Hence, respiration and sensory-cognitive processes are not only highly intertwined but respiration may directly facilitate the representation of behaviorally relevant signals in the brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12096036/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144057124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PVN-NAc shell-VP circuit OT and OTR neurons regulate pair bonding via D2R and D1R.","authors":"Lizi Zhang,Yishan Qu,Lu Li,Yahan Sun,Wei Qian,Jiayu Xiao,Kaizhe Huang,Xiao Han,Haiwei Niu,Luoman Li,Jing Liu,Hui Qiao,Rui Jia,Ting Lian,Zhixiong He,Fadao Tai","doi":"10.1523/jneurosci.2061-24.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2061-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have found that several neurochemicals are involved in formation of pair bonding. However, circuit mechanisms underlying pair bonding, especially how these chemicals interact in this circuit regulate pair bonding, remains unclear. Using male mandarin voles, the present study shows that cohabitation with a partner increased frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current (sEPSC) of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) oxytocin (OT) neurons projecting to nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell. Optogenetic activation of PVN OT neurons projecting to the NAc shell reduced D2 medium spiny neurons (MSNs) activity, but increased activities of D1 MSNs in the NAc shell. Bath application of OT caused a long-term depression (LTD) of evoked excitatory postsynaptic current (eEPSC) in NAc shell D1/D2 MSNs in the no cohabitated male voles. This OT-induced LTD in the NAc shell D1/D2 MSNs was suppressed by 7 days of cohabitation. NAc shell oxytocin receptor (OTR) MSNs projecting to the ventral pallidum (VP) were D1R/D2R positive. Chemogenetic activation or inhibition of OTR MSNs in the NAc shell projecting to the VP facilitated or disrupted the pair bond formation respectively. The facilitatory effects of OTR MSNs activation on pair bond formation could be blocked by D2 antagonist, but not D1 antagonist. These results suggest that OT and OTR neurons in the PVN-NAc shell-VP circuit regulate pair bonding via different activities of D1/D2 MSNs.Significance Statement Pair bond is important for successful reproduction in monogamous species, while the mechanisms by which the neurochemicals interact to regulate formation of pair bonding remain unclear. Using whole cell patch-clamp recordings, we confirmed that cohabitation with opposite sexes alters the synaptic transmission of OT neurons in the PVN and the effects of OT on D1 and D2 MSNs in the NAc. We then unveiled that optogenetic activation of PVN OT neurons influence activities of D1 and D2 MSNs in the NAc shell and manipulation of VP-projecting OTR MSNs in the NAc shell affected pair bonding formation. Our findings identify that OT and dopamine system interact in the PVN-NAc shell-VP neural circuits modulate formation of pair bonding.","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"135 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144114155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Timing of Speech in Brain and Glottis and the Feedback Delay Problem in Motor Control.","authors":"John P Veillette, Jacob Rosen, Daniel Margoliash, Howard C Nusbaum","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2294-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2294-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To learn complex motor skills, an organism must be able to assign sensory feedback events to the actions that caused them. This matching problem would be simple if motor neuron output led to sensory feedback with a fixed, predictable lag. However, nonlinear dynamics in the brain and the body's periphery can decouple the timing of critical events from that of the motor output which caused them. During human speech production, for example, phonation from the glottis (a sound source for speech) begins suddenly when subglottal pressure and laryngeal tension cross a sharp threshold (i.e., a bifurcation). Only if the brain can predict the timing of these discrete peripheral events resulting from motor output, then, would it be possible to match sensory feedback to movements based on temporal coherence. We show that event onsets in the (male and female) human glottal waveform, measured using electroglottography, are reflected in the electroencephalogram during speech production, leading up to the time of the event itself. Conversely, glottal event times can be decoded from the electroencephalogram. After prolonged exposure to delayed auditory feedback, subjects recalibrate their behavioral threshold for detecting temporal auditory-motor mismatches and decoded event times decouple from actual movements. This suggests decoding performance is driven by plastic predictions of peripheral timing, providing a missing component for hindsight credit assignment, in which specific feedback events are associated with the neural activity that gave rise to movements. We discuss parallel findings from the birdsong system suggesting that results may generalize across vocal learning species.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12096056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143990403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EEG of the Dancing Brain: Decoding Sensory, Motor, and Social Processes during Dyadic Dance.","authors":"Félix Bigand, Roberta Bianco, Sara F Abalde, Trinh Nguyen, Giacomo Novembre","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2372-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2372-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Real-world social cognition requires processing and adapting to multiple dynamic information streams. Interpreting neural activity in such ecological conditions remains a key challenge for neuroscience. This study leverages advancements in denoising techniques and multivariate modeling to extract interpretable EEG signals from pairs of (male and/or female) participants engaged in spontaneous dyadic dance. Using multivariate temporal response functions (mTRFs), we investigated how music acoustics, self-generated kinematics, other-generated kinematics, and social coordination uniquely contributed to EEG activity. Electromyogram recordings from ocular, face, and neck muscles were also modeled to control for artifacts. The mTRFs effectively disentangled neural signals associated with four processes: (I) auditory tracking of music, (II) control of self-generated movements, (III) visual monitoring of partner movements, and (IV) visual tracking of social coordination. We show that the first three neural signals are driven by event-related potentials: the P50-N100-P200 triggered by acoustic events, the central lateralized movement-related cortical potentials triggered by movement initiation, and the occipital N170 triggered by movement observation. Notably, the (previously unknown) neural marker of social coordination encodes the spatiotemporal alignment between dancers, surpassing the encoding of self- or partner-related kinematics taken alone. This marker emerges when partners can see each other, exhibits a topographical distribution over occipital areas, and is specifically driven by movement observation rather than initiation. Using data-driven kinematic decomposition, we further show that vertical bounce movements best drive observers' EEG activity. These findings highlight the potential of real-world neuroimaging, combined with multivariate modeling, to uncover the mechanisms underlying complex yet natural social behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12096039/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144020015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hippocampal sharp-wave ripples decrease during physical actions including consummatory behavior in immobile rodents.","authors":"Tomomi Sakairi, Masanori Kawabata, Alain Rios, Yutaka Sakai, Yoshikazu Isomura","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0080-25.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0080-25.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hippocampal sharp-wave ripples (SWRs) are intermittent, fast synchronous oscillations that play a pivotal role in memory formation. It has been well-established that SWRs occur during \"consummatory behaviors\", e.g., eating or drinking a reward for correct action. However, most of typical behavioral experiments using freely moving rodents have not rigorously distinguished between the act of eating/drinking (regardless of consummation or consumption) from stopping locomotion (immobility). Therefore, in this study, we investigated the occurrence of SWRs during a reward-seeking action and subsequent consummatory reward licking in constantly immobile rats (male and female) maintained under head fixation and body covering. Immobile rats performed a pedal hold-release action that was rewarded with water every other time (false and true consummation). Unexpectedly, the SWRs remarkably decreased during reward licking as well as pedal release action. Untrained rats also showed a similar SWR decrease during water licking. Conversely, SWRs gradually increased during the pedal hold period, which was enhanced by reward expectation. A cluster of hippocampal neurons responded to cue/pedal release and reward, as previously shown. Some other clusters exhibited spike activity changes similar to the SWR occurrence, i.e., decreasing during the pedal release action and reward licking, and enhanced by reward expectation during pedal hold period. These task event-responsive neurons and SWR-like neurons displayed stronger spiking synchrony with SWRs than task-unrelated neurons. These findings suggest that the hippocampus generates SWRs, which may associate action with outcome, in \"relative immobility\" (action pauses) rather than specific consummation or consumption.<b>Significance Statement</b> To clarify the characteristics of hippocampal sharp-wave ripples (SWRs), we analyzed the SWRs occurring during operant task performance in immobile rats under both head fixation and body covering. First, we found that SWRs decreased when they licked and drank water, conflicting with the theory that SWRs occur in consummatory behavior. Second, hippocampal neurons showed different task-related activities, particularly those that resembled SWR occurrences or conveyed specific signals on task events. Third, these task-related neurons displayed strong synchronous discharges during SWRs in task-engaged periods. These findings may explain the neuronal mechanisms underlying the association between an action and its outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}