Journal of Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Patterns in Cortical Development: Age, Puberty, and Individual Variability from 9 to 13 Years of Age.","authors":"Katherine L Bottenhorn, Jordan D Corbett, Hedyeh Ahmadi, Megan M Herting","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1002-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1002-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human and nonhuman primate studies suggest that timing and tempo of cortical development varies neuroanatomically along a sensorimotor-to-association (S-A) axis. Prior human studies have reported a principal S-A axis across various modalities but largely rely on cross-sectional samples with wide age ranges. Here, we investigate developmental changes and individual variability therein along the S-A axis between the ages of 9-13 years using a large, longitudinal sample (<i>N</i> = 2,487-3,747; 46-50% female) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study). This work assesses multiple aspects of neurodevelopment indexed by changes in cortical thickness, cortical microarchitecture, and resting-state low-frequency oscillations. First, we evaluated S-A organization in age-related changes and then computed individual-level S-A alignment in brain changes and assessing differences therein due to age, sex, and puberty. Age-related brain changes aligned linearly and quadratically with the S-A axis. Yet, these patterns of cortical development were overshadowed by considerable individual variability in S-A alignment. Even within individuals, there was little correspondence between S-A patterning across the different aspects of neurodevelopment investigated (i.e., cortical morphology, microarchitecture, function). Some of the individual variation in developmental patterning of cortical morphology and microarchitecture was explained by age, sex, and pubertal development. Altogether, this work contextualizes prior findings that regional age differences do progress along an S-A axis at a group level while highlighting broad variation in developmental change between individuals and between aspects of cortical development, in part due to sex and puberty.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12424964/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144823114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational Properties of the Prefrontal Cortex.","authors":"Nandakumar S Narayanan,James M Hyman,Jeremy Seamans,Erin L Rich","doi":"10.1523/jneurosci.1093-25.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1093-25.2025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145031957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cholinergic dynamics in the septo-hippocampal system provide phasic multiplexed signals for spatial novelty and correlate with behavioral states.","authors":"Fatemeh Farokhi Moghadam, Blanca E Gutierrez Guzman, Xihui Zheng, Mina Parsa, Lojy M Hozyen, Holger Dannenberg","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0133-25.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0133-25.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the hippocampal formation, cholinergic modulation from the medial septum/diagonal band of Broca (MSDB) is known to correlate with the speed of an animal's movements at sub-second timescales and also supports spatial memory formation. Yet, the extent to which sub-second cholinergic dynamics, if at all, align with transient behavioral and cognitive states supporting the encoding of novel spatial information remains unknown. In this study, we used fiber photometry to record the temporal dynamics in the population activity of septo-hippocampal cholinergic neurons at sub-second resolution during a hippocampus-dependent object location memory task using ChAT-Cre mice of both sexes. Using a linear mixed-effects model, we quantified the extent to which cholinergic dynamics were explained by changes in movement speed, behavioral states such as locomotion, grooming, and rearing, and hippocampus-dependent cognitive states such as recognizing a novel location of a familiar object. The data show that cholinergic dynamics contain a multiplexed code of fast and slow signals i) coding for the logarithm of movement speed at sub-second timescales, ii) providing a phasic spatial novelty signal during the brief periods of exploring a novel object location, and iii) coding for recency of environmental change at a seconds-long timescale. Furthermore, behavioral event-related phasic cholinergic activity demonstrates that fast cholinergic transients correlate with a switch in cognitive and behavioral states. These findings enhance understanding of the mechanisms by which cholinergic modulation contributes to the coding of movement speed and encoding of novel spatial information.<b>Significant statment</b> Acetylcholine is well known as a neuromodulator of cognitive functions and behavior, and computational models suggest an important role in the encoding of new memories. However, whether cholinergic dynamics are fast enough to serve as a spatial novelty signal is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that cholinergic signaling in the septo-hippocampal circuitry of mice exhibits multiple timescales of activity, where fast signals reflect the detection of novel object locations, encode the logarithm of movement speed, and correlate with behavioral state transitions. At longer timescales, cholinergic transients encode recency of environmental change. These findings provide important insights into the mechanisms by which acetylcholine contributes to encoding and retrieval dynamics and the acquisition of spatial memories during exploratory behavior and memory-guided navigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145034454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robustness of Working Memory to Prefrontal Cortex Microstimulation.","authors":"Joana Soldado-Magraner, Yuki Minai, Byron M Yu, Matthew A Smith","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2197-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2197-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Delay period activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) has been linked to the maintenance and control of sensory information in working memory. The stability of working memory-related signals found in such delay period activity is believed to support robust memory-guided behavior during sensory perturbations, such as distractors. Here, we directly probed dlPFC's delay period activity with a diverse set of activity perturbations and measured their consequences on neural activity and behavior. We applied patterned microstimulation to the dlPFC of two male rhesus macaques implanted with multielectrode arrays by electrically stimulating different electrodes in the array while they performed a memory-guided saccade task. We found that the microstimulation perturbations affected spatial working memory-related signals in individual dlPFC neurons. However, task performance remained largely unaffected. These apparently contradictory observations could be understood by examining different dimensions of the dlPFC population activity. In dimensions where working memory-related signals naturally evolved over time, microstimulation impacted neural activity. In contrast, in dimensions containing working memory-related signals that were stable over time, microstimulation minimally impacted neural activity. This dissociation could explain how working memory-related information may be stably maintained in dlPFC despite the activity changes induced by microstimulation. Thus, working memory processes are robust to a variety of activity perturbations in the dlPFC.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12424962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144188408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orbitofrontal-Hippocampal State Coding Dynamics during Reversal Learning.","authors":"Alyssa N Sanchez, Celia F Ford, Zuzanna Z Balewski, Joni D Wallis","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1228-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1228-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To build an understanding of our world, we make inferences about the connections between our actions, experiences, and the environment. This process, state inference, requires an agent to guess the current state of the world given a set of observations. During value-based decision-making, a growing body of evidence implicates the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the hippocampus (HPC) in the process of contextualizing information and identifying links between stimuli, actions, and outcomes. However, the neural mechanisms driving these processes in primates remain unknown. To investigate how OFC and HPC contribute to state inference, we recorded simultaneously from both regions while two male monkeys (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) performed a probabilistic reversal learning task, where reward contingencies could be captured by two task states. Using population-level decoding, we found neural representations of task state in both OFC and HPC that remained stable within each trial but strengthened with learning as monkeys adapted to reversals. Subjects also appeared to use their understanding of task structure to anticipate reversals, evidenced by anticipatory neural representations of the upcoming task state.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12424935/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144235753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trans-synaptic interaction with mGluR6 contributes to ELFN1 presynaptic enrichment in rod photoreceptors.","authors":"Jaeeun Lee,Robyn V McGowan,Melina A Agosto","doi":"10.1523/jneurosci.0785-25.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0785-25.2025","url":null,"abstract":"At the glutamatergic synapses between rod photoreceptors and ON-type bipolar cells, neurotransmitter is detected by the postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR6. This receptor forms trans-synaptic interactions with ELFN1, a presynaptic cell adhesion molecule expressed in rods, and ELFN1 is important for mGluR6 localization at bipolar cell dendritic tips. Here, we show that in mice of either sex lacking mGluR6, the presynaptic localization of ELFN1 is disrupted. In rods of mGluR6 null mice, ELFN1 is still restricted to the axon terminal spherules, but is only partially co-localized with synapses. The ELFN1 localization defect is rescued by expressing mGluR6-EGFP in ON-bipolar cells. In vitro binding experiments demonstrated that the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and LRR C-terminal cap (LRRCT) regions of the ELFN1 extracellular domain are necessary and sufficient for binding to all of the group III mGluRs, including mGluR6. ELFN1-flag expressed in rods of wild-type mice is correctly localized at presynapses, co-localizing with the postsynaptic marker TRPM1 in the outer plexiform layer. Deletion of the LRRCT domain abolished trafficking of ELFN1-flag to rod spherules, whereas deletion of other parts of the ELFN1 extracellular domain did not prevent axonal trafficking or correct presynaptic localization. Our results demonstrate bidirectional mutual regulation of presynaptic enrichment of ELFN1 and postsynaptic enrichment of mGluR6 at photoreceptor synapses.Significance statement Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) play important roles at synapses throughout the central nervous system. The group III mGluRs participate in trans-synaptic interactions with ELFN synaptic adhesion molecules, which regulate synapse formation, mGluR recruitment, and mGluR function. In the retina, mGluR6 detects neurotransmitter at synapses between photoreceptors and depolarizing bipolar cells. Unlike conventional synapses, where postsynaptic ELFN1 interacts with presynaptic mGluRs, ELFN1 is located at presynapses in photoreceptors and interacts with postsynaptic mGluR6. ELFN1 knockout leads to mGluR6 mislocalization. Here, we show that loss of mGluR6 also disrupts ELFN1 localization. These results demonstrate a bidirectional role for the ELFN1-mGluR6 complex in mediating synaptic enrichment of both parties, which may have broad implications for formation and function of excitatory synapses.","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145031959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smg5 enhances oligodendrocyte differentiation via nonsense-mediated mRNA decay of Hnrnpl variant transcripts.","authors":"Min Jiang,Conghui Li,Binghua Xie,Tangliang Li,Zhong-Min Dai,Mengsheng Qiu","doi":"10.1523/jneurosci.0371-25.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0371-25.2025","url":null,"abstract":"Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a conserved RNA surveillance mechanism that degrades transcripts with premature termination codons (PTCs) and finetunes gene expression by targeting RNA transcripts with other NMD inducing features. This study demonstrates that conditional knockout of Smg5, a key NMD component, in oligodendrocyte lineage cells disrupts the degradation of PTC-containing transcripts, including aberrant variants of the RNA-binding protein Hnrnpl The loss of SMG5 in both sexes of mice impaired oligodendrocyte differentiation, reduced myelin gene expression, and led to thinner myelin sheaths and compromised motor function in mice. Mechanistically, HNRNPL was shown to regulate the alternative splicing of myelin-associated genes Mag and Nfasc, and promote oligodendrocyte differentiation. These findings reveal that SMG5-mediated NMD ensures RNA processing fidelity essential for proper oligodendrocyte development and CNS myelination.Significance Statement The deletion of Smg5 in oligodendrocyte lineage cells disrupts terminal differentiation by impairing nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). This NMD deficiency dysregulates Hnrnpl expression, revealing that Smg5-dependent post-transcriptional control of Hnrnpl is essential for oligodendrocyte maturation. Mechanistically, HNRNPL protein promotes the splicing of Mag pre-mRNA, enabling production of the Large-MAG, a critical effector of central nervous system myelin sheath formation. Thus, the Smg5-Hnrnpl-Mag axis constitutes a previously unrecognized regulatory pathway indispensable for CNS myelination.","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145031960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinoid-X-Receptor as a Mediator of Poststroke Recovery by Reversing Age-Associated Phenotypes of Microglia/Hematogenous Macrophages.","authors":"Shun-Ming Ting, Xiurong Zhao, Guanghua Sun, Mercedes Ricote, Jaroslaw Aronowski","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0248-25.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0248-25.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>After stroke, microglia and hematogenous macrophages, together referred to as MΦ, clear dead cells and cellular debris in the infarcted brain through phagocytosis as an essential part of the recovery process. However, the phagocytic capability of MΦ declines with age. Furthermore, aged MΦ become overactivated in response to stroke, enhancing secondary brain injury. In this study, we demonstrated that by reversing the age-related dysfunctions in MΦ through activating the retinoid X receptor (RXR), the recovery after stroke in the aged brain could be improved. Using RNA-sequencing, we compared the transcriptomes between MΦ isolated from the brains of young and aged male mice. We observed higher levels of proinflammatory genes and lower levels of phagocytosis-facilitating genes (<i>Cd206</i> and <i>Cd36</i>) expressed by aged MΦ. Meanwhile, the treatment with RXR agonist bexarotene (BEX) reversed the signature genes of microglia aging in the aged MΦ. With the in vivo phagocytosis model, we showed that BEX enhanced the phagocytic ability of aged MΦ. Using the MCAo stroke model and male and female mice, we established that BEX improved sensorimotor and cognitive recovery after MCAo in a myeloid-RXRα-specific and myeloid-RXRα-dependent manner. In conclusion, we showed that activating RXRα partially restores age-related MΦ dysfunctions and that RXRα deficiency in MΦ limits the therapeutic effect of RXR in improving poststroke recovery in the aged brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12424960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144849522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stereoelectroencephalography reveals neural signatures of multisensory integration in the human superior temporal sulcus during audiovisual speech perception.","authors":"Yue Zhang,John F Magnotti,Xiang Zhang,Zhengjia Wang,Yingjia Yu,Kathryn A Davis,Sameer A Sheth,H Isaac Chen,Daniel Yoshor,Michael S Beauchamp","doi":"10.1523/jneurosci.1037-25.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1037-25.2025","url":null,"abstract":"Human speech perception is multisensory, integrating auditory information from the talker's voice with visual information from the talker's face. BOLD fMRI studies have implicated the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in processing auditory speech and the superior temporal sulcus (STS) in integrating auditory and visual speech, but as an indirect hemodynamic measure, fMRI is limited in its ability to track the rapid neural computations underlying speech perception. Using stereoelectroencephalograpy (sEEG) electrodes, we directly recorded from the STG and STS in 42 epilepsy patients (25 F, 17 M). Participants identified single words presented in auditory, visual and audiovisual formats with and without added auditory noise. Seeing the talker's face provided a strong perceptual benefit, improving perception of noisy speech in every participant. Neurally, a subpopulation of electrodes concentrated in mid-posterior STG and STS responded to both auditory speech (latency 71 ms) and visual speech (109 ms). Significant multisensory enhancement was observed, especially in the upper bank of the STS: compared with auditory-only speech, the response latency for audiovisual speech was 40% faster and the response amplitude was 18% larger. In contrast, STG showed neither faster nor larger multisensory responses. Surprisingly, STS response latencies for audiovisual speech were significantly faster than those in the STG (50 ms vs. 64 ms), suggesting a parallel pathway model in which the STG plays the primary role in auditory-only speech perception, while the STS takes the lead in audiovisual speech perception. Together with fMRI, sEEG provides converging evidence that STS plays a key role in multisensory integration.Significance Statement One of the most important functions of the human brain is to communicate with others. During conversation, humans take advantage of visual information from the face of the talker as well as auditory information from the voice of the talker. We directly recorded activity from the brains of epilepsy patients implanted with electrodes in the superior temporal sulcus (STS), a key brain region for speech perception. These recordings showed that hearing the voice and seeing the face of the talker evoked larger and faster neural responses in STS than the talker's voice alone. Multisensory enhancement in the STS may be the neural basis for our ability to better understand noisy speech when we can see the face of the talker.","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145031956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Beta Power in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Indexes Human Approach Behavior: A Case Study.","authors":"Nicole R Provenza, Sameer V Rajesh, Gabriel Reyes, Kalman A Katlowitz, Lokesha S Pugalenthi, Raphael A Bechtold, Nabeel Diab, Sandesh Reddy, Anthony K Allam, Ajay D Gandhi, Katherine E Kabotyanski, Kasra A Mansourian, Jonathan H Bentley, Jordan R Altman, Saurabh Hinduja, Nisha Giridharan, Garrett P Banks, Mohammed Hasen, Ben Shofty, Sarah R Heilbronner, Jeffrey F Cohn, David A Borton, Eric A Storch, Jeffrey A Herron, Benjamin Y Hayden, Mary L Phillips, Wayne K Goodman, Sameer A Sheth","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1321-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1321-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral capsule and ventral striatum (VC/VS) is an effective therapy for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (trOCD). DBS initiation often produces acute improvements in mood and energy. These acute behavioral changes, which we refer to as \"approach behaviors,\" include increased social engagement and talkativeness. We investigated the relationship between stimulation amplitude, spectral power in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), and speech rate in one male patient with trOCD implanted with bilateral VC/VS DBS leads and subdural electrodes adjacent to the orbitofrontal cortex and vlPFC. Several times over the first 24 weeks of therapy, we conducted experiments where we recorded data during epochs of high-amplitude or zero-/low-amplitude stimulation. We found that both the speech rate and vlPFC power in a high beta frequency band (31 ± 1.5 Hz, 1/<i>f</i> activity removed) increased during high-amplitude as compared with low-amplitude periods. The speech rate correlated with vlPFC high beta power. These effects were more consistent across time points in the left hemisphere than the right. At Week 24, we performed an experiment where stimulation was held constant, while the patient was asked to speak or remain silent. We showed that the presence or absence of speech was not sufficient to increase the vlPFC high beta power, suggesting stimulation is a key driver of the observed neurobehavioral phenomenon. Our results suggest vlPFC high beta power is a biomarker for approach behaviors associated with VC/VS DBS.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12424958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143076177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}