arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society最新文献_第9页

Geographical Isolation as a Driver of Political Violence in African Cities 地理隔离是非洲城市政治暴力的驱动因素

arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: arxiv-2408.03755

Rafael Prieto-Curiel, Ronaldo Menezes

引用次数: 0

A universal framework for inclusive 15-minute cities 15 分钟包容性城市通用框架

arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: arxiv-2408.03794

Matteo Bruno, Hygor Piaget Monteiro Melo, Bruno Campanelli, Vittorio Loreto

{"title":"A universal framework for inclusive 15-minute cities","authors":"Matteo Bruno, Hygor Piaget Monteiro Melo, Bruno Campanelli, Vittorio Loreto","doi":"arxiv-2408.03794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2408.03794","url":null,"abstract":"Proximity-based cities have attracted much attention in recent years. The\u000015-minute city, in particular, heralded a new vision for cities where essential\u0000services must be easily accessible. Despite its undoubted merit in stimulating\u0000discussion on new organisations of cities, the 15-minute city cannot be\u0000applicable everywhere, and its very definition raises a few concerns. Here, we\u0000tackle the feasibility and practicability of the '15-minute city' model in many\u0000cities worldwide. We provide a worldwide quantification of how close cities are\u0000to the ideal of the 15-minute city. To this end, we measure the accessibility\u0000times to resources and services, and we reveal strong heterogeneity of\u0000accessibility within and across cities, with a significant role played by local\u0000population densities. We provide an online platform\u0000(href{whatif.sonycsl.it/15mincity}{whatif.sonycsl.it/15mincity}) to access and\u0000visualise accessibility scores for virtually all cities worldwide. The\u0000heterogeneity of accessibility within cities is one of the sources of\u0000inequality. We thus simulate how much a better redistribution of resources and\u0000services could heal inequity by keeping the same resources and services or by\u0000allowing for virtually infinite resources. We highlight pronounced\u0000discrepancies among cities in the minimum number of additional services needed\u0000to comply with the 15-minute city concept. We conclude that the proximity-based\u0000paradigm must be generalised to work on a wide range of local population\u0000densities. Finally, socio-economic and cultural factors should be included to\u0000shift from time-based to value-based cities.","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Measuring interconnectedness of infectious diseases in funded and unfunded research: a temporal network analysis on bibliometric data 1995-2022 衡量资助和未资助研究中传染病的相互关联性：对 1995-2022 年文献计量数据的时间网络分析

arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: arxiv-2408.03140

Anbang Du, Michael Head, Markus Brede

{"title":"Measuring interconnectedness of infectious diseases in funded and unfunded research: a temporal network analysis on bibliometric data 1995-2022","authors":"Anbang Du, Michael Head, Markus Brede","doi":"arxiv-2408.03140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2408.03140","url":null,"abstract":"Despite substantial investments in infectious disease research over the past\u0000decades, the field continues to struggle with inadequate long-term investment\u0000strategies and resource disparities, which highlights the critical need for a\u0000better understanding of funding and research landscapes to support\u0000evidence-based policymaking. Our study presents a novel perspective on the\u0000interconnectedness of evolving infectious disease knowledge. Through\u0000identifying publications based on funded and unfunded research, the analysis of\u0000temporal network of infectious disease associations reveals (i) growing\u0000compartmentalisation of funded research, i.e., it focuses on the groups of\u0000infectious diseases with readily established connections, and (ii) the growth\u0000in global integration in unfunded research, i.e., it tends to be more widely\u0000exploratory and links distant diseases. Moreover, we find that in both funded\u0000and unfunded research prominent diseases like HIV, malaria and tuberculosis\u0000have strong bridging effects facilitating global integration, while diphtheria,\u0000tetanus, and pertussis are characterised with strong local connectivity between\u0000themselves. We also find that although coronavirus has seen a surge in\u0000publications since COVID-19, its systemic impact on the interconnectedness of\u0000infectious disease knowledge remains relatively low. Our work highlights the\u0000importance of considering the interconnectedness of infectious diseases in\u0000health policy making and has potential to contribute to more efficient health\u0000resource allocation.","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141945874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Structural evolution of international crop trade networks 国际作物贸易网络的结构演变

arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: arxiv-2408.02986

Yin-Ting Zhang, Wei-Xing Zhou

{"title":"Structural evolution of international crop trade networks","authors":"Yin-Ting Zhang, Wei-Xing Zhou","doi":"arxiv-2408.02986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2408.02986","url":null,"abstract":"Food security is a critical issue closely linked to human being. With the\u0000increasing demand for food, international trade has become the main access to\u0000supplementing domestic food shortages, which not only alleviates local food\u0000shocks, but also exposes economies to global food crises. In this paper, we\u0000construct four temporal international crop trade networks (iCTNs) based on\u0000trade values of maize, rice, soybean and wheat, and describe the structural\u0000evolution of different iCTNs from{ {1993}} to 2018. We find that the size of\u0000all the four iCTNs expanded from{ {1993}} to 2018 with more participants and\u0000larger trade values. Our results show that the iCTNs not only become tighter\u0000according to the increasing in network density and clustering coefficient, but\u0000also get more similar. We also find that the iCTNs are not always\u0000disassortative, unlike the world cereal trade networks and other international\u0000commodity trade networks. The degree assortative coefficients depend on degree\u0000directions and crop types. The analysis about assortativity also indicates that\u0000economies with high out-degrees tend to connect with economies with low\u0000in-degrees and low out-degrees. Additionally, we compare the structure of the\u0000four iCTNs to enhance our understanding of the international food trade system.\u0000Although the overall evolutionary patterns of different iCTNs are similar, some\u0000crops exhibit idiosyncratic trade patterns. It highlights the need to consider\u0000different crop networks' idiosyncratic features while making food policies. Our\u0000findings about the dynamics of the iCTNs play an important role in\u0000understanding vulnerabilities in the global food system.","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141945873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Transit Rider Heat Stress in Atlanta, GA under Current and Future Climate Scenarios 当前和未来气候情景下佐治亚州亚特兰大市公交乘客的热应激反应

arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: arxiv-2408.03457

Huiying Fan, Geyu Lyu, Hongyu Lu, Angshuman Guin, Randall Guensler

{"title":"Transit Rider Heat Stress in Atlanta, GA under Current and Future Climate Scenarios","authors":"Huiying Fan, Geyu Lyu, Hongyu Lu, Angshuman Guin, Randall Guensler","doi":"arxiv-2408.03457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2408.03457","url":null,"abstract":"Transit is a crucial mode of transportation, especially in urban areas and\u0000for urban and rural disadvantaged communities. Because extreme temperatures\u0000often pose threats to the elderly, members of the disability community, and\u0000other vulnerable populations, this study seeks to understand the level of\u0000influence that extreme temperatures may have on transit users across different\u0000demographic groups. In this case study for Atlanta, GA, heat stress is\u0000predicted for 2019 transit riders (using transit rider activity survey data)\u0000and for three future climate scenarios, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585, into the\u0000year 2100. The HeatPath Analyzer and TransitSim 4.0 models were applied to\u0000predict cumulative heat exposure and trip-level risk for 35,999 trip\u0000equivalents for an average Atlanta area weekday in the summer of 2019. The\u0000analyses show that under 2019 weather conditions, 8.33% of summer trips were\u0000estimated to be conducted under extreme heat. With the projected future climate\u0000conditions, the percentage of trips under extreme heat risk grows steadily. By\u00002100, 37.1%, 56.1%, and 76.4% are projected to be under extreme heat risk for\u0000scenarios SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585, respectively. Under current weather\u0000conditions, Atlanta transit riders that own no vehicles and transit riders that\u0000are African American are disproportionately influenced by extreme heat. The\u0000disparity between these two groups and other groups of transit riders becomes\u0000wider as climate change continues to exacerbate. The findings of the study\u0000highlight an urgent need to implement heat mitigation and adaptation strategies\u0000in urban transit networks.","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141969457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identifying influential node groups in networks with core-periphery structure 在具有核心-外围结构的网络中识别有影响力的节点群

arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: arxiv-2408.02370

Gyuho Bae, Philip A. Knight, Young-Ho Eom

{"title":"Identifying influential node groups in networks with core-periphery structure","authors":"Gyuho Bae, Philip A. Knight, Young-Ho Eom","doi":"arxiv-2408.02370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2408.02370","url":null,"abstract":"Identifying influential spreaders is a crucial problem for practical\u0000applications in network science. The core-periphery(C-P) structure, common in\u0000many real-world networks, comprises a densely interconnected group of\u0000nodes(core) and the rest of the sparsely connected nodes subordinated to the\u0000core(periphery). Core nodes are expected to be more influential than periphery\u0000nodes generally, but recent studies suggest that this is not the case in some\u0000networks. In this work, we look for mesostructural conditions that arise when\u0000core nodes are significantly more influential than periphery nodes. In\u0000particular, we investigate the roles of the internal and external connectivity\u0000of cores in their relative influence. We observe that the internal and external\u0000connectivity of cores are broadly distributed, and the relative influence of\u0000the cores is also broadly distributed in real-world networks. Our key finding\u0000is that the internal connectivity of cores is positively correlated with their\u0000relative influence, whereas the relative influence increases up to a certain\u0000value of the external connectivity and decreases thereafter. Finally, results\u0000from the model-generated networks clarify the observations from the real-world\u0000networks. Our findings provide a structural condition for influential cores in\u0000networks and shed light on why some cores are influential and others are not.","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141945876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gender differences in collaboration and career progression in physics 物理学合作与职业发展中的性别差异

arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: arxiv-2408.02482

Mingrong She, Jan Bachmann, Fariba Karimi, Leto Peel

{"title":"Gender differences in collaboration and career progression in physics","authors":"Mingrong She, Jan Bachmann, Fariba Karimi, Leto Peel","doi":"arxiv-2408.02482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2408.02482","url":null,"abstract":"We examine gender differences in collaboration networks and academic career\u0000progression in physics. We use the likelihood and time to become a principal\u0000investigator (PI) and the length of an author's career to measure career\u0000progression. Utilising logistic regression and accelerated failure time models,\u0000we examine whether the effect of collaboration behaviour varies by gender. We\u0000find that, controlling for the number of publications, the relationship between\u0000collaborative behaviour and career progression is almost the same for men and\u0000women. Specifically, we find that those who eventually reach principal\u0000investigator (PI) status, tend to have published with more unique\u0000collaborators. In contrast, publishing repeatedly with the same highly\u0000interconnected collaborators and/or larger number of coauthors per publication\u0000is characteristic of shorter career lengths and those that do not attain PI\u0000status. We observe that the tie strength is stronger for women than men, and\u0000women tend to collaborate in more tightly connected and larger groups than men.\u0000Finally, we observe that women are less likely to attain the status of PI\u0000throughout their careers and have a lower survival probability compared to men,\u0000which calls for policies to close this crucial gap.","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141969458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Inferring firm-level supply chain networks with realistic systemic risk from industry sector-level data 从行业部门级数据推断具有现实系统性风险的企业级供应链网络

arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: arxiv-2408.02467

Massimiliano Fessina, Giulio Cimini, Tiziano Squartini, Pablo Astudillo-Estévez, Stefan Thurner, Diego Garlaschelli

{"title":"Inferring firm-level supply chain networks with realistic systemic risk from industry sector-level data","authors":"Massimiliano Fessina, Giulio Cimini, Tiziano Squartini, Pablo Astudillo-Estévez, Stefan Thurner, Diego Garlaschelli","doi":"arxiv-2408.02467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2408.02467","url":null,"abstract":"Production networks constitute the backbone of every economic system. They\u0000are inherently fragile as several recent crises clearly highlighted. Estimating\u0000the system-wide consequences of local disruptions (systemic risk) requires\u0000detailed information on the supply chain networks (SCN) at the firm-level, as\u0000systemic risk is associated with specific mesoscopic patterns. However, such\u0000information is usually not available and realistic estimates must be inferred\u0000from available sector-level data such as input-output tables and firm-level\u0000aggregate output data. Here we explore the ability of several maximum-entropy\u0000algorithms to infer realizations of SCNs characterized by a realistic level of\u0000systemic risk. We are in the unique position to test them against the actual\u0000Ecuadorian production network at the firm-level. Concretely, we compare various\u0000properties, including the Economic Systemic Risk Index, of the Ecuadorian\u0000production network with those from four inference models. We find that the most\u0000realistic systemic risk content at the firm-level is retrieved by the model\u0000that incorporates information about firm-specific input disaggregated by\u0000sector, indicating the importance of correctly accounting for firms'\u0000heterogeneous input profiles across sectors. Our results clearly demonstrate\u0000the minimal amount of empirical information at the sector level that is\u0000necessary to statistically generate synthetic SCNs that encode realistic\u0000firm-specific systemic risk.","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141945875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evolutionary dynamics in stochastic nonlinear public goods games 随机非线性公共产品博弈中的进化动力学

arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society Pub Date : 2024-08-04 DOI: arxiv-2408.02042

Wenqiang Zhu, Xin Wang, Chaoqian Wang, Longzhao Liu, Jiaxin Hu, Zhiming Zheng, Shaoting Tang, Hongwei Zheng, Jin Dong

{"title":"Evolutionary dynamics in stochastic nonlinear public goods games","authors":"Wenqiang Zhu, Xin Wang, Chaoqian Wang, Longzhao Liu, Jiaxin Hu, Zhiming Zheng, Shaoting Tang, Hongwei Zheng, Jin Dong","doi":"arxiv-2408.02042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2408.02042","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the evolution of cooperation in multiplayer games is of vital\u0000significance for natural and social systems. An important challenge is that\u0000group interactions often leads to nonlinear synergistic effects. However,\u0000previous models mainly focus on deterministic nonlinearity where the arise of\u0000synergy or discounting effect is determined by certain conditions, ignoring\u0000uncertainty and stochasticity in real-world systems. Here, we develop a\u0000probabilistic framework to study the cooperative behavior in stochastic\u0000nonlinear public goods games. Through both analytical treatment and Monte Carlo\u0000simulations, we provide comprehensive understanding of social dilemmas with\u0000stochastic nonlinearity in both well-mixed and structured populations. We find\u0000that increasing the degree of nonlinearity makes synergy more advantageous when\u0000competing with discounting, thereby promoting cooperation. Interestingly, we\u0000show that network reciprocity loses effectiveness when the probability of\u0000synergy is small. Moreover, group size exhibits nonlinear effects on group\u0000cooperation regardless of the underlying structure. Our findings thus provide\u0000novel insights into how stochastic nonlinearity influences the emergence of\u0000prosocial behavior.","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141945877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Why distinctiveness centrality is distinctive 特色中心性为何与众不同

arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society Pub Date : 2024-08-04 DOI: arxiv-2408.02076

A. Fronzetti Colladon, M. Naldi

引用次数: 0