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The birth of StatPhys: The 1949 Florence conference at the juncture of post-WWII reconstruction of national and international physics 统计物理学的诞生二战后国家和国际物理学重建关头的 1949 年佛罗伦萨会议
arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: arxiv-2404.12156
Roberto Lalli, Paolo Politi
{"title":"The birth of StatPhys: The 1949 Florence conference at the juncture of post-WWII reconstruction of national and international physics","authors":"Roberto Lalli, Paolo Politi","doi":"arxiv-2404.12156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.12156","url":null,"abstract":"In spring 1949 about 70 physicists from eight countries met in Florence to\u0000discuss recent trends in statistical mechanics. This scientific gathering,\u0000co-organized by the Commission on Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics of\u0000the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and the Italian\u0000Physical Society (SIF), initiated a tradition of IUPAP-sponsored international\u0000conferences on statistical mechanics that lasts to this day. In 1977, when this\u0000conference series took the name of StatPhys, the foundational role of the\u0000Florence conference was recognized by retrospectively naming it StatPhys1. This\u0000paper examines the dual scientific and social significance of the conference,\u0000situating it in the broader contexts of the post-World War II reconstruction in\u0000Italian physics and of the revitalization of the international science\u0000organization. Through an analysis of IUPAP archives and Italian records, we\u0000illustrate how the event's success hinged on the aligned objectives of its\u0000organizers. Internationally, it was instrumental in defining the scientific and\u0000organizational foundations for the activities of IUPAP commissions during a\u0000critical phase of IUPAP's history, when the Union was resurging on the\u0000international stage post-interwar period inactivity. Nationally, the conference\u0000served as a cornerstone in SIF's strategy to re-establish Italian physics'\u0000international stature and to aid the domestic revitalization of physics through\u0000the internationalization of its activities, notably of its flagship journal,\u0000textit{Il Nuovo Cimento}. This analysis not only sheds light on the\u0000conference's impact but also informs recent discussions in the history of\u0000science about the multiple roles of international scientific conferences.","PeriodicalId":501042,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140626349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The quantum gravity seeds for laws of nature 自然法则的量子引力种子
arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: arxiv-2404.12248
Vincent Lam, Daniele Oriti
{"title":"The quantum gravity seeds for laws of nature","authors":"Vincent Lam, Daniele Oriti","doi":"arxiv-2404.12248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.12248","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss the challenges that the standard (Humean and non-Humean) accounts\u0000of laws face within the framework of quantum gravity where space and time may\u0000not be fundamental. This paper identifies core (meta)physical features that cut\u0000across a number of quantum gravity approaches and formalisms and that provide\u0000seeds for articulating updated conceptions that could account for QG laws not\u0000involving any spatio-temporal notions. To this aim, we will in particular\u0000highlight the constitutive roles of quantum entanglement, quantum transition\u0000amplitudes and quantum causal histories. These features also stress the\u0000fruitful overlap between quantum gravity and quantum information theory.","PeriodicalId":501042,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140626287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The emergence of spacetime: what role for functionalism? 时空的出现：功能主义的作用是什么？
arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: arxiv-2404.11386
Emilia Margoni, Daniele Oriti
{"title":"The emergence of spacetime: what role for functionalism?","authors":"Emilia Margoni, Daniele Oriti","doi":"arxiv-2404.11386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.11386","url":null,"abstract":"Among the various attempts to formulate a theory of quantum gravity, a class\u0000of approaches suggests that spacetime, as modeled by general relativity, is\u0000destined to fade away. A major issue becomes then to identify which structures\u0000may inhabit the more fundamental, non-spatiotemporal environment, as well as to\u0000explain the relationship with the higher-level spatiotemporal physics.\u0000Recently, it has been suggested that a certain understanding of functionalism\u0000is the proper tool to suitably account for the recovery of spacetime. Here the\u0000viability and usefulness of such a conceptual strategy is explored, by looking\u0000at the various levels of spacetime emergence a theory of quantum gravity is\u0000expected to deal with. Our conclusion will be that, while its viability is\u0000clear also in a quantum gravity context, the import of spacetime functionalism\u0000remains rather unsettled.","PeriodicalId":501042,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics","volume":"175 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140613553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gauge theory is about the geometry of internal spaces 量子理论与内部空间的几何有关
arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: arxiv-2404.10461
Henrique Gomes
{"title":"Gauge theory is about the geometry of internal spaces","authors":"Henrique Gomes","doi":"arxiv-2404.10461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.10461","url":null,"abstract":"In general relativity, the strong equivalence principle is underpinned by a\u0000geometrical interpretation of fields on spacetime: all fields and bodies probe\u0000the same geometry. This geometric interpretation implies that the parallel\u0000transport of all spacetime tensors and spinors is dictated by a single affine\u0000connection. Can something similar be said about gauge theory? Agreed, in gauge\u0000theory different symmetry groups rule the interactions of different types of\u0000charges, so we cannot expect to find the same kind of universality found in the\u0000gravitational case. Nonetheless, the parallel transport of all the fields that\u0000are charged under the same symmetry group is dictated by a single 'gauge\u0000connection', and they all transform jointly under a gauge transformation. Is\u0000this kind of 'restricted universality' as geometrically underpinned as in\u0000general relativity? Here I argue that it is. The key difference is that the\u0000gauge geometry concerns 'internal', as opposed to 'external', spaces. The gauge\u0000symmetry of the standard model is thus understood as merely the automorphism\u0000group of an internal geometric structure -- $C^3otimes C^2otimes C^1$ endowed\u0000with an orientation and canonical inner product -- in the same way as spacetime\u0000symmetries (such as Poincare transformations), are understood as the\u0000automorphism group of an external geometric structure (respectively, a\u0000Minkowski metric). And the Ehresmann connection can then be understood as\u0000determining parallelism for this internal geometry.","PeriodicalId":501042,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics","volume":"232 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140613550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Black Hole Idealization Paradox 黑洞理想化悖论
arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: arxiv-2404.10028
Dominic Ryder
{"title":"The Black Hole Idealization Paradox","authors":"Dominic Ryder","doi":"arxiv-2404.10028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.10028","url":null,"abstract":"Stephen Hawking's derivation of Hawking radiation relied on one particular\u0000spacetime model, that of a star collapsing into a black hole which then remains\u0000in existence forever. He then argued that Hawking radiation implies this model\u0000should be thrown away in favour of a different model, that of an evaporating\u0000black hole. This aspect of Hawking's argument is an example of an idealization\u0000that is pervasive in the literature on black hole thermodynamics, but which has\u0000not yet been widely discussed by philosophers. The aim of this paper is to\u0000clarify the nature of Hawking's idealization, and to show a sense in which it\u0000leads to a paradox. After identifying this idealization paradox in classic\u0000derivations of Hawking radiation, I go on to show how various research\u0000programmes in black hole thermodynamics can be viewed as possible resolutions\u0000to the paradox. I give an initial analysis of the prospects for success of\u0000these various resolutions, and show how they shed light on both the\u0000philosophical foundations of both Hawking radiation on the nature of\u0000idealizations in physics.","PeriodicalId":501042,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140613473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Founding the First Chemistry Laboratory in Russia: Mikhail Lomonosov's Project 创建俄罗斯第一个化学实验室：米哈伊尔-罗蒙诺索夫的项目
arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: arxiv-2404.08779
Robert P. Crease, Vladimir Shiltsev
{"title":"Founding the First Chemistry Laboratory in Russia: Mikhail Lomonosov's Project","authors":"Robert P. Crease, Vladimir Shiltsev","doi":"arxiv-2404.08779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.08779","url":null,"abstract":"This article, the third in a series about the Russian scientist Mikhail\u0000Lomonosov (1711-1765), covers the first decade of his research at the St.\u0000Petersburg Academy of Sciences, from his return from an educational his trip\u0000abroad in 1741, to the mid-1750s. Lomonosov's major focus was on the\u0000establishment of the first Russian laboratory used to introduce modern\u0000experimental chemistry and physics methods both to original research and\u0000education. The lab supported studies of the physics of colors, chemistry and\u0000physics of glasses and training of the Academy students. This article describes\u0000how Lomonosov, first an Adjunct Professor and then as a young Professor, fought\u0000to create the chemistry lab, and then to establish a broad program of\u0000experiments and tests there. The construction of laboratories to be used not\u0000just for research but also education only became widespread in the early 19th\u0000century, but Lomonosov's laboratory had a significant impact on the early\u0000development of the Academy and on Russian science.","PeriodicalId":501042,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140571328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Swedish Beams -- The Story of Particle Accelerators in Sweden 瑞典光束--瑞典粒子加速器的故事
arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: arxiv-2404.07088
Volker Ziemann
{"title":"Swedish Beams -- The Story of Particle Accelerators in Sweden","authors":"Volker Ziemann","doi":"arxiv-2404.07088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.07088","url":null,"abstract":"Even though many of the experiments leading to the standard model of particle\u0000physics were done at large accelerator laboratories in the US and at CERN[1]\u0000many exciting developments happened in smaller national facilities all over the\u0000world. In this report we highlight the history of accelerator facilities in\u0000Sweden which was home to the highest-energy cyclotron in Europe for some time\u0000in the early 1950s. [1] For a brief history of this story see: V. Ziemann, Beams -- the Story of\u0000Particle Accelerators and the Science they Discover, Copernicus books, Springer\u00002024.","PeriodicalId":501042,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140571337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Implications of computer science theory for the simulation hypothesis 计算机科学理论对模拟假设的影响
arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: arxiv-2404.16050
David H. Wolpert
{"title":"Implications of computer science theory for the simulation hypothesis","authors":"David H. Wolpert","doi":"arxiv-2404.16050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.16050","url":null,"abstract":"The simulation hypothesis has recently excited renewed interest, especially\u0000in the physics and philosophy communities. However, the hypothesis specifically\u0000concerns {computers} that simulate physical universes, which means that to\u0000properly investigate it we need to couple computer science theory with physics.\u0000Here I do this by exploiting the physical Church-Turing thesis. This allows me\u0000to introduce a preliminary investigation of some of the computer science\u0000theoretic aspects of the simulation hypothesis. In particular, building on\u0000Kleene's second recursion theorem, I prove that it is mathematically possible\u0000for us to be in a simulation that is being run on a computer textit{by us}. In\u0000such a case, there would be two identical instances of us; the question of\u0000which of those is ``really us'' is meaningless. I also show how Rice's theorem\u0000provides some interesting impossibility results concerning simulation and\u0000self-simulation; briefly describe the philosophical implications of fully\u0000homomorphic encryption for (self-)simulation; briefly investigate the graphical\u0000structure of universes simulating universes simulating universes, among other\u0000issues. I end by describing some of the possible avenues for future research\u0000that this preliminary investigation reveals.","PeriodicalId":501042,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140799982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
E. Amaldi, C. Dilworth, G.P.S. Occhialini on F.G. Houtermans E.Amaldi、C. Dilworth、G.P.S. Occhialini 和 F.G. Houtermans
arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: arxiv-2404.05376
Pasquale Tucci
{"title":"E. Amaldi, C. Dilworth, G.P.S. Occhialini on F.G. Houtermans","authors":"Pasquale Tucci","doi":"arxiv-2404.05376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.05376","url":null,"abstract":"In the Occhialini-Dilworth Archives of the University of Milan are preserved\u0000four typescripts by E. Amaldi, dealing with F.G. Houtermans, German physicist,\u0000who fled to the USSR to escape the Nazis. During a Stalinist purge he was\u0000arrested. The typescripts were sent to the two Milanese physicists so that they\u0000might give a judgement. G.S. Occhialini and C. Dilworth, in fact, had\u0000personally met Houtermans in 1934 and in 1950. The scenario is that of the role\u0000of nuclear physicists during the WW2. The exchange of letters between Amaldi\u0000and the two Milanese physicists will be analysed in order to identify possible\u0000influences on Amaldi. I will highlight Dilworth's contribution, which found\u0000room in a chapter of Amaldi's biography of Houtermans.","PeriodicalId":501042,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140571332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Richard Kirwan a [United] Irish Men of Science in Europe 理查德-柯万--[联合]欧洲的爱尔兰科学界人士
arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: arxiv-2404.02560
R. Folk
{"title":"Richard Kirwan a [United] Irish Men of Science in Europe","authors":"R. Folk","doi":"arxiv-2404.02560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.02560","url":null,"abstract":"The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries have long been considered\u0000as a formative period for modern Irish political traditions such as\u0000nationalism, republicanism and unionism. For Europe it was the time of a turn\u0000over in science moving from observation to experiment and from speculation to\u0000fact. Richard Kirwan was a well known natural philosopher in Europe and a\u0000respected man of science in his time. Throughout all the wars, he was connected\u0000with his colleagues in a network reaching across Europe and even to America.\u0000Using a few examples, this article is intended to provide an insight how the\u0000network worked in a time that was marked by political conflicts and\u0000revolutionary events in both science and social life.","PeriodicalId":501042,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140571276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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