arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics最新文献_第10页

The Spectrum of He$^+$ as a Proving Ground for Bohr's Model of the Atom: A Legacy of Williamina Fleming's Astrophysical Discovery 作为玻尔原子模型试验场的 He$^+$ 光谱：威廉姆娜-弗莱明天体物理学发现的遗产

arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: arxiv-2402.14734

Maria McEachern, Bretislav Friedrich

{"title":"The Spectrum of He$^+$ as a Proving Ground for Bohr's Model of the Atom: A Legacy of Williamina Fleming's Astrophysical Discovery","authors":"Maria McEachern, Bretislav Friedrich","doi":"arxiv-2402.14734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2402.14734","url":null,"abstract":"In 1896, Edward Charles Pickering (1846-1919), Director of the Harvard\u0000College Observatory (HCO), reported in a trio of publications the observation\u0000of \"peculiar spectra\" of the southern star $zeta$ Puppis, which he attributed\u0000to an \"element not yet found in other stars or on earth.\" Supported by\u0000laboratory spectra obtained by Alfred Fowler (1868-1940), Niels Bohr\u0000(1885-1962) showed in 1913 that this \"element\" was in fact ionized helium,\u0000He$^+$. Its spectrum has become known as the Pickering Series, even though\u0000Pickering credited Williamina Fleming (1857-1911) for the discovery. Fleming\u0000was one of HCO's \"computers\" and the future Curator of the Astronomical\u0000Photographic Glass Plate Collection. The series of spectral lines associated\u0000with Pickering's name played a unique role on the path to quantum mechanics by\u0000serving as a proving ground for Bohr's model of the atom. Our examination of\u0000the discovery of the Pickering series relied on the records held at the Center\u0000for Astrophysics $vert$ Harvard & Smithsonian (the successor institution to\u0000HCO), especially the Notebooks and Diaries of Williamina Fleming and others as\u0000well as on the Center's Glass Plate Collection. Glimpses of the \"peculiar\u0000sociology\" of a research institution, half of whose staff were women employed\u0000on grossly unequal terms with men, are given in the course of the narrative.","PeriodicalId":501042,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics","volume":"171 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139949911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

C. V. Vishveshwara (Vishu) On The Black Hole Trek C.V. Vishveshwara（维舒）的黑洞之旅

arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-18 DOI: arxiv-2402.11503

Naresh Dadhich, K Rajesh Nayak

引用次数: 0

Making Sense of Gravitational Thermodynamics 理解引力热力学

arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-18 DOI: arxiv-2402.12410

Lorenzo Lorenzetti

{"title":"Making Sense of Gravitational Thermodynamics","authors":"Lorenzo Lorenzetti","doi":"arxiv-2402.12410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2402.12410","url":null,"abstract":"The use of statistical methods to model gravitational systems is crucial to\u0000physics practice, but the extent to which thermodynamics and statistical\u0000mechanics genuinely apply to these systems is a contentious issue. This paper\u0000provides new conceptual foundations for gravitational thermodynamics by\u0000reconsidering the nature of key concepts like equilibrium and advancing a novel\u0000way of understanding thermodynamics. The challenges arise from the peculiar\u0000characteristics of the gravitational potential, leading to non-extensive energy\u0000and entropy, negative heat capacity, and a lack of standard equilibrium. Hence\u0000it has been claimed that only non-equilibrium statistical mechanics is\u0000warranted in this domain, whereas thermodynamics is inapplicable. We argue\u0000instead that equilibrium statistical mechanics applies to self-gravitating\u0000systems at the relevant scale, as they display equilibrium in the form of\u0000metastable quasi-equilibrium states. We then develop a minimal framework for\u0000thermodynamics that can be applied to these systems and beyond. Thermodynamics\u0000applies in the sense that we can devise macroscopic descriptions and\u0000explanations of the behaviour of these systems in terms of coarse-grained\u0000quantities within equilibrium statistical mechanics.","PeriodicalId":501042,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics","volume":"183 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139919924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A review of 70 years with astrometry 天体测量学 70 年回顾

arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-16 DOI: arxiv-2402.10996

Erik Høg

{"title":"A review of 70 years with astrometry","authors":"Erik Høg","doi":"arxiv-2402.10996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2402.10996","url":null,"abstract":"In 1953 I heard of an experiment in 1925 by Bengt Str\"omgren where he\u0000observed transit times with the meridian circle at the Copenhagen University\u0000Observatory measuring the current in a photocell behind slits when a star was\u0000crossing. In 1954 just 22 years old I was given the task as a student to make\u0000first test observations with a new meridian circle of the observatory. I became\u0000fascinated by the instrument and by the importance of astrometry for astronomy.\u0000Work at four meridian circles, two in Denmark, one in Hamburg, one in Lund, and\u0000Pierre Lacroute's vision of space astrometry in France had by 1973 created the\u0000foundation for development of the Hipparcos satellite, and Gaia followed. In\u00002013 I proposed a successor satellite which has gained momentum especially\u0000thanks to the efforts of David Hobbs and it has a good chance to be launched by\u0000ESA about 2045. But 70 years ago, optical astrometry was considered a dying\u0000branch of astronomy, unattractive compared with astrophysics. The following\u0000growth built on the still active interest in astrometry in Europe in those\u0000years and it was supported by ESA, the European Space Agency. This review is\u0000only about astrometry where I was personally involved.","PeriodicalId":501042,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139910081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Same-diff? Conceptual similarities between gauge transformations and diffeomorphisms. Part III: Representational conventions and relationism 相同-差异？轨距变换与差分对映在概念上的相似性。第三部分：表征惯例与关系论

arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: arxiv-2402.09198

Henrique Gomes

{"title":"Same-diff? Conceptual similarities between gauge transformations and diffeomorphisms. Part III: Representational conventions and relationism","authors":"Henrique Gomes","doi":"arxiv-2402.09198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2402.09198","url":null,"abstract":"The following questions are germane to our understanding of gauge-(in)variant\u0000quantities and physical possibility: in which ways are gauge transformations\u0000and spacetime diffeomorphisms similar, and in which are they different?\u0000Sophistication is the most popular attitude towards some of these questions:\u0000roughly, it takes models related by these symmetries to represent the same\u0000physical possibility. In the previous paper in this series, I discussed\u0000obstacles to sophistication and then showed how these obstacles are overcome by\u0000theories that fulfill three Desiderata (i-iii). But this resolution still\u0000leaves open two main worries about sophistication: (a) it allows the\u0000individuation of structure-tokens to remain intractably prolix and thus of\u0000limited use, which is why practising physicists frequently invoke 'relational,\u0000symmetry-invariant observables'; and (b) it leaves us with no formal framework\u0000for expressing counterfactual statements about the world. Here I will show that\u0000a third Desideratum, (iii), answers these worries. The new Desideratum requires\u0000a `relational' understanding emph{of coordinates} (or frames, etc).","PeriodicalId":501042,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139753514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Physics, scientific investigation and society in Argentina, 1920-1930 1920-1930 年阿根廷的物理学、科学调查与社会

arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: arxiv-2402.09593

Alejandro Gangui, Eduardo L. Ortiz

引用次数: 0

The principle of the conservation of energy (Das Princip der Erhaltung der Energie) 能量守恒原理（Das Princip der Erhaltung der Energie）

arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: arxiv-2403.09688

Pascal Marquet, Max Planck

引用次数: 0

The history of the discovery of the physical quantum of action (Zur Geschichte der Auffindung des physikalischen Wirkungsquantums) 物理量子作用的发现史（物理量子作用的发现史）

arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: arxiv-2403.09689

Pascal Marquet, Max Planck

引用次数: 0

About the second law of mechanical heat theory (Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie) 关于机械热学第二定律 (Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie)

arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: arxiv-2403.09686

Pascal Marquet, Max Planck

引用次数: 0

On the equilibrium states of isotropic bodies at different temperatures (Über Gleichgewichtszustände isotroper Körper in verschiedenen Temperaturen) 论各向同性体在不同温度下的平衡状态（论各向同性体在不同温度下的平衡状态）

arXiv - PHYS - History and Philosophy of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: arxiv-2403.09687

Pascal Marquet, Max Planck

引用次数: 0