Journal of Optical Communications and Networking最新文献

{"title":"Intelligent learning-based routing algorithm for optical network-on-chips","authors":"Zhouping Huang;Fang Xu;Yiyuan Xie;Ye Su;Zhuang Chen;Xiao Jiang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.543042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.543042","url":null,"abstract":"Optical network-on-chips (ONoCs) play a vital role in interconnecting chip cores. Currently, transmission loss is the major limiting factor that affects the size of interconnect networks. As such, reducing the transmission loss is very important for optimizing the operating efficiency and size of ONoCs. Despite already significant progress on transmission loss reduction, further work is still needed to enhance the performance of ONoCs. In this paper, we propose an intelligent deep Q-network (DQN)-based routing algorithm, for arriving at a low-loss optimal route. More specifically, we combine the power loss model with DQN, where the transmitted data packet is regarded as an agent. Through continuous interaction with the environment and iterative trial, the agent can learn a near-optimal routing strategy. Numerical results show that our proposed routing algorithm has better performance and lower online computational latency compared to the traditional routing algorithm. Additionally, with an increasing network size, the advantages of DQN-based approach will become more significant.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 4","pages":"285-293"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fully softwarized 10G-EPON by low-latency function chaining in container environments","authors":"Takahiro Suzuki;Sang-Yuep Kim;Jun-ichi Kani;Tomoaki Yoshida","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.532796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.532796","url":null,"abstract":"In order to realize flexible optical access systems supporting various services in access networks, including passive optical networks (PONs), through agile development, network function virtualization (NFV) is being expanded from upper-layer management and control functions to physical-layer (PHY) functions. We have already demonstrated the real-time software implementation of 10G-EPON PHY on a general-purpose server with graphic processing units (GPUs). However, to realize desirable microservice architectures where functions are independently developed in each environment, function chaining with conventional inter-container communication schemes, such as transmission control protocol (TCP), incurs significant latency that hinders real-time physical-layer processing. In addition, no study has introduced the chaining of software-based PHY functions and upper-layer functions. The 64b/66b control functions are also problematic due to the serial processing, which adds control symbols to each frame that is input. This paper proposes low-latency function chaining in container environments along with parallelized 64b/66b implementation by separating bit shift operations of 2-bit header addition for fully softwarized 10G-EPON. In our inter-container transfer proposal, a shared data region is made available to the appropriate application when a processing completion notification flag is set in inter-container shared memory. A fully containerized optical line terminal (OLT) and optical network units (ONUs) are implemented and connected; throughput and round-trip latency are evaluated using standard Ethernet frames. Evaluation results show that our function chaining method offers low latency independent of transfer size and that our parallelized 64b/66b implementation method is 19 times faster than the conventional approach. Our containerized PON platform achieves round-trip latency of approximately 1 ms and theoretical 10G-EPON throughput performance of 8.7 Gb/s.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 4","pages":"275-284"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enabling extended access aggregation with light-trees and point-to-multipoint coherent transceivers","authors":"P. Soumplis;K. Christodoulopoulos;P. Kokkinos;A. Napoli;M. Hosseini;K. Yiannopoulos;E. Varvarigos","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.542492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.542492","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, traffic from the access nodes is aggregated in metro-aggregation hubs over rings or horseshoes in a fixed configuration using multiple optical point-to-point (P2P) transceivers. However, this static setup limits dynamic scalability and often leads to inefficient resource usage and high costs, especially under increasing and varying traffic conditions. Coherent optical point-to-multipoint (P2MP) transceivers offer a promising solution for aggregation at this network level. These transceivers allow a single (aggregation) node to communicate with multiple (access) nodes simultaneously via digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM) technology. Additionally, their long-distance transmission capabilities enable the placement of the P2MP transceiver root deeper in the hierarchy. In this paper, we propose an extended access aggregation architecture that incorporates modified reconfigurable optical add–drop multiplexers (ROADMs) to support both traditional P2P and P2MP connections. This architecture allows the creation of light-trees to enable P2MP communication and hence to boost transmission flexibility and multiplexing gains. We propose a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to determine the optimal placement of P2MP transceivers and the establishment of light-trees, considering physical layer impairments (PLIs) and the required quality of transmission (QoT) for the connections. To tackle the high algorithm complexity, we also introduce a best-fit decreasing heuristic to efficiently exploit the trade-off between execution time and performance. Our simulation experiments using real network topologies showcase that our proposed architecture can greatly enhance multiplexing gains while considering the operational costs tied to network expansions and upgrades.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 4","pages":"249-261"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical access networks to support future 5G and 6G mobile networks [Invited]","authors":"Fabienne Saliou;Philippe Chanclou;Gael Simon;Jeremy Potet;Georges Gaillard;Joseph Zandueta;Dylan Chevalier","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.551629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.551629","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an extended version of the ECOC 2024 invited paper on future converged fixed/mobile access networks in the 6G era. First, we outline the expectations for 6G from the perspective of a European operator, and then explore the potential optical network solutions that will support the future evolution of mobile networks. We identify key factors such as enhanced connectivity, efficiency, and flexibility, which will be enabled by technologies including AI, edge computing, HS-PON/PtP, VHS-PON/PtP, all-photonic networks, extended CTI, Open RAN, and other emerging features.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 7","pages":"C22-C29"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time in-service ODN monitoring based on receiver-side DSP for next-generation PONs","authors":"Vincent Houtsma;Robert Borkowski;Kovendhan Vijayan;Doutje van Veen","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.551606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.551606","url":null,"abstract":"Increased delivery of more premium access services over passive optical networks (PONs) has made in-operation optical distribution network monitoring and fault detection a new requirement from operators. In addition to fiber infrastructure monitoring and fault detection, the newly developed monitoring technology can also be used to turn the PON into an intelligent sensing network. Using a PON as a sensing network can provide a range of new sensing applications, which might also result in new business cases for operators. In this paper, we propose to employ digital signal processing on the receiver side, which has become available in the latest standardized 50G PON, as a platform for enabling monitoring and the use of a PON as a sensing network.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 8","pages":"C127-C135"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interference detection in spectrum-blind multi-user optical spectrum as a service","authors":"Agastya Raj;Daniel C. Kilper;Marco Ruffini","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.551188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.551188","url":null,"abstract":"With the growing demand for high-bandwidth, low-latency applications, optical spectrum as a service (OSaaS) is of interest for flexible bandwidth allocation within elastic optical networks (EONs) and open line systems (OLSs). While OSaaS facilitates transparent connectivity and resource sharing among users, it raises concerns over potential network vulnerabilities due to shared fiber access and inter-channel interference, such as fiber nonlinearity and amplifier-based crosstalk. These challenges are exacerbated in multi-user environments, complicating the identification and localization of service interferences. To reduce system disruptions and system repair costs, it is beneficial to detect and identify such interferences in a timely manner. Addressing these challenges, this paper introduces a machine learning (ML)-based architecture for network operators to detect and attribute interferences to specific OSaaS users while being blind to the users’ internal spectrum details. Our methodology leverages available coarse power measurements and operator channel performance data, bypassing the need for internal user information of wide-band shared spectra. Experimental studies conducted on a 190 km optical line system in the Open Ireland testbed, with three OSaaS users, demonstrate the model’s capability to accurately classify the source of interferences, achieving a classification accuracy of 90.3%.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 8","pages":"C117-C126"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chaotic digital filter-based physical layer security with data-assisted tri-level encryption for heterogeneous access networks","authors":"Jiaxiang He;Roger P. Giddings;Wei Jin;Ming Hao;Jianming Tang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.555584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.555584","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the increasing demand for robust network cybersecurity, future communication technologies must consider security as a mandatory design feature. However, existing physical layer security techniques can be excessively complex and too expensive to support resource-constrained devices in heterogeneous access networks with high connection densities. To address this challenge, a physical layer security technique employing chaotic digital filters (CDFs) with private security keys is proposed and experimentally validated, for the first time, in a 12 Gbit/s intensity modulation and direct detection optical system with a 25 km standard single-mode fiber. Noise-like private security key-based CDFs have security key-dependent changes in amplitude and phase frequency response, with permutation entropies of <tex>$gt 0.99$</tex>, thus achieving data-assisted tri-level encryption by directly distorting the data signals, inducing interferences between data signals, and also intensifying the interferences via illegal detections. As CDFs are digitally integrable and offer features of “security-by-design,” “openness-by-design,” and “dynamic security at the traffic level,” the proposed technique facilitates an open and interoperable security solution with the utmost security for heterogeneous access networks.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"448-458"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10989603","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental evaluation of low-latency features in optical access networks and home gateways","authors":"Minqi Wang;Jeremy Potet;Stephane Le Huerou;Jean-Yves Cloarec;Irene Grosclaude;Frederic Miet;Philippe Chanclou","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.560139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.560139","url":null,"abstract":"With widespread 10 Gbps-capable PON technologies in the access network and Wi-Fi 6E/7 in the home network, final customers can easily enjoy a gigabit experience at home. However, with such enormous bandwidth provided, customers are not always satisfied with their experience, particularly for real-time services, such as VR gaming, cloud gaming, or visio-conferencing, due to network latency issues. In this paper, we focus on optimizing congestion latency that can arise in both home gateway and access networks while keeping an eye on bandwidth-sharing fairness without strictly prioritizing certain traffic. To assess end-to-end performance, our setup includes Internet servers, access/home networks, and customers’ equipment. Transport layer protocols in the TCP/IP model are deployed in both Internet servers and end-user equipment. TCP Prague is implemented to represent time-sensitive services that require a high bitrate, such as VR, and TCP Cubic is used for other common services without low-latency criteria. We create a two-level congestion scenario, configuring different QoS parameters within access equipment and home gateways to compare performance. In our best case, the latency of time-sensitive traffic is at least 10 times lower than other applications and gains more than 30 ms E2E RTT during full congestion scenarios.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 6","pages":"439-447"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metro/access converged all-photonics networks with remote control and management technologies accommodating various types of terminals [Invited]","authors":"Shin Kaneko;Yasutaka Kimura;Kazutaka Hara;Jun-ichi Kani;Tomoaki Yoshida","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.550891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.550891","url":null,"abstract":"Extending dense-wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) metro networks to access areas enables network operators to provide flexibly and reconfigurably end-to-end optical paths across access and metro areas to support emerging use cases with stringent bandwidth and latency requirements. This evolution in optical network architecture will also contribute to addressing social issues related to the global warming crisis by reducing the power consumption of optical/electrical conversion and electrical processing at access/metro boundaries. Active efforts have been made to actualize all-photonics metro/access converged networks (APNs) based on this architecture evolution mainly from the perspective of end-to-end main-signal transmission in the physical layer. This paper discusses the need for studies from a different perspective. To extend APN coverage to access areas outside network operator buildings, technological innovation in optical path control and management is essential especially from the perspective of remote terminal control and management. We overview three main technical challenges: establishing a remote-control channel, managing ports on the access side, and blocking rogue remote terminals. The last technical challenge is raised for the first time in this paper, and an approach for addressing it is proposed. We comprehensively confirm the feasibility of each approach to the three technical challenges through experimental demonstrations using prototypes of an APN access node, defined as a Photonic Gateway (GW), and the APN controller. The Photonic GW prototype employs a 10-gigabit-capable symmetric passive optical network for in-channel control of remote terminals, regardless of the type, and addresses the first technical challenge. The APN controller implements a sequence for the initial terminal-connection method to address the second technical challenge, and a sequence for optical-path setup including a proposed method for detecting and blocking incorrect light to address the third technical challenge. When new 100-Gb/s C-band DWDM digital coherent remote terminals are connected to the Photonic GWs, the period for the APN controller to execute the set of sequences is only 18 s, which is sufficiently short for the process before optical-path establishment. Only when the optical power and emission wavelength of new remote terminals are verified to be correct, an end-to-end optical path passing through two Photonic GW prototypes is established autonomously based on the access-side connectivity between the remote terminal and Photonic GW, which is identified during the initial terminal-connection procedure.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 8","pages":"C105-C116"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10988492","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143908378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic-threshold-based pre-relaying for enhanced key allocation in quantum-secured networks","authors":"Catalina Stan;Dominique Verchere;Juan Jose Vegas Olmos;Idelfonso Tafur Monroy;Simon Rommel","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.544857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.544857","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum key distribution (QKD) is experiencing a rapid increase of interest due to its security advantages in the face of quantum computers. However, typical QKD deployments are point-to-point and limited in terms of distance, which significantly restricts their utilization for end-user applications. To overcome these restrictions, trusted relays are adopted as intermediate nodes to allow the transition to QKD networks (QKDNs), where one of the hallmarks is the key management system. In this work, we investigate different key allocation strategies as a method to enhance the performance of key management systems in QKDN from the perspective of key allocation success rate and key delivery delay. We first describe an upgrade model from classical to QKDN at three distinct network layers—quantum, key management, and service. Then, we propose a novel, to our knowledge, key allocation strategy leveraging the benefits of key storage and relaying as a solution to improve the QKDN performance. To achieve this, our method makes use of end-to-end virtual quantum key pools (VQKPs) implemented between non-adjacent nodes requesting key material. We introduce static and dynamic upper and lower threshold limits at the VQKP level, with the dynamic thresholds adapted according to application demand, to control the key distribution in the network and fill the pools ahead of end-user requests. We demonstrate through simulations that the introduction of thresholds achieves performance enhancement and explain the trade-off between the key allocation success rate and key delivery delay evaluation metrics in comparison with different on-demand key allocation strategies.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 3","pages":"233-248"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143521418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}