WIREs Climate Change最新文献

{"title":"Compound Climate Events and Cascading Impacts in the IPCC AR6 : Analysis of Gaps and Avenues for the AR7","authors":"Virginie K. E. Duvat","doi":"10.1002/wcc.70046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.70046","url":null,"abstract":"Compound weather and climate events and risks (CE) and their cascading impacts (CI) have emerged as new key risks to human societies and ecosystems and have therefore become a major focus of climate research. Here, we review the coverage of CE and CI in the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Working Group I (WGI) and Working Group II (WGII) reports to inform priorities for their treatment in the <jats:styled-content>7th</jats:styled-content> IPCC cycle. We analyze the use of the terms <jats:italic>compound</jats:italic> ( <jats:italic>ing</jats:italic> ) ( <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 422) and <jats:italic>cascade</jats:italic> ( <jats:italic>ing</jats:italic> ) ( <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 216), considering five variables: conceptual landscape, CE type, system, geography, and time horizon. The results reveal a strong conceptual and narrative disconnect between the two IPCC reports, with a separate treatment of CE and CI, and a limited bridging of CE and CI with climate change adaptation; six new types of emerging CE; the prevalence of compound flooding, compound droughts, and compound heat/heatwaves/droughts and/or wildfires. The most heavily cited regions are Oceania and Africa for CE and the Arctic for CI, whereas the most cited archetypes are coastal and urban areas. Post‐AR6 literature provides conceptual and methodological frameworks to help overcome the limitations of the AR6's treatment of CE and CI over the 7 <jats:styled-content>th</jats:styled-content> IPCC cycle. These include a conceptual framework, models for cause‐effect‐response process chain analysis across systems, borders and timescales, and grounded storyline and pathway approaches. The outlines of the AR7 offer powerful opportunities to fill the AR6 conceptual, topical, and risk narrative gaps, by identifying CE and CI and their links with adaptation as key cross‐cutting areas. This article is categorized under: <jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item> Climate, History, Society, Culture &gt; Ideas and Knowledge </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Integrated Assessment of Climate Change &gt; Integrated Assessment by Expert Panels </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Trans‐disciplinary Perspectives &gt; Regional Reviews </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":501019,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Climate Change","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147448036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unpacking Political Contestations in Tracking Climate Change Adaptation","authors":"Emilie Broek, Aarti Gupta, Robbert Biesbroek","doi":"10.1002/wcc.70048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.70048","url":null,"abstract":"The need to adapt to current and future climate impacts and the importance of tracking progress across time‐scales and locations has long been called for. Yet designing and implementing tracking frameworks for climate change adaptation (CCA) remains a challenge for various conceptual, empirical, and methodological reasons. Part of the challenge also lies in the politically contested nature of CCA tracking, which is important to understand but often overlooked, as tracking tends to be framed as a scientific and objective process. To address this gap, we review 47 peer‐reviewed articles found to discuss aspects of political contestations of tracking CCA. Through a thematic analysis, we interpretatively identify and theorize three areas of political contestations underpinning CCA tracking: (1) underlying assumptions and motives to track; (2) design of tracking metrics; and (3) the use and consequences of metrics. Our analysis reveals that although political contestations may not always be explicitly mentioned in peer‐reviewed literature, they are recognized, even as they receive limited empirical examination. We conclude with critically drawing out implications of these political contestations and discussing how tracking CCA can reinforce or contest what is included and supported within CCA policy through its performative impacts on authority, recognition, responsibility, and participation. These insights provide a comprehensive overview of the politically contested nature of CCA tracking and offer practical insights on these contestations and their real‐world implications. This article is categorized under: <jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item> Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change &gt; Institutions for Adaptation </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":501019,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Climate Change","volume":"212 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147448035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Shocks and the Poor: A Review of the Literature","authors":"Margaret Triyana, Andy Weicheng Jiang, Yurui Hu, Shah Naoaj","doi":"10.1002/wcc.70039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.70039","url":null,"abstract":"There is a rapidly growing literature on the link between climate change and poverty. This study reviews the existing literature on whether the poor are more exposed to climate shocks and whether they are more adversely affected. We find that 67% of our analyzed samples show that the poor are more exposed to climate shocks than the rest of the population, and 88% find that the poor are more adversely affected by climate shocks than the rest of the population. Income and human capital losses tend to be concentrated among the poor. These results are similar at the global and low‐ and middle‐income settings. These findings highlight the potential long‐term risk of a climate change‐induced poverty trap and the need for targeted interventions to protect the poor from the adverse effects of climate shocks. This article is categorized under: <jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item> Climate Economics &gt; Economics and Climate Change </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":501019,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Climate Change","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Rapid Progress of Climate Change Requires Effective Concepts for Protecting People Indoors","authors":"Tunga Salthammer, Lidia Morawska","doi":"10.1002/wcc.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.70043","url":null,"abstract":"According to the latest forecasts from the United Nations, it is highly likely that we will miss by a wide margin the 1.5°C climate target set in the Paris Agreement in 2015. Rather, this planet has to prepare for a global temperature increase of 2.7°C or higher relative to pre‐industrial times by 2100, which will be associated with increases in the frequency of many types of hazardous weather that affect society. Buildings, in which much of everyday life takes place in industrialized countries, must consequently be designed and equipped to meet future requirements in order to ensure the health of the population in the short and long‐term. Occupied indoor spaces serve not only as living and working environments but are also necessary to protect people, especially vulnerable population groups, from heat stress, microbial contamination, air pollutants, and other threats. The structural and technical possibilities for this exist, but implementation often fails due to lack of insight and administrative hurdles. Although the needs are obvious, this aspect of climate change has not yet been adequately addressed at either the national or sub‐national level. As climate change progresses, a lack of structural measures and inadequate crisis management will inevitably lead to further fatal problems in weather‐related events. It is therefore necessary to place greater emphasis on the importance of the indoor environment in the context of climate change. Key issues for solutions aimed at improving indoor conditions must include thermal comfort, ventilation, and the reduction of air pollutants. This article is categorized under: <jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item> Assessing Impacts of Climate Change &gt; Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Climate and Development &gt; Sustainability and Human Well‐Being </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Policy and Governance &gt; Governing Climate Change in Communities, Cities, and Regions </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":501019,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Climate Change","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives on Social and Justice Issues in Climate Policy – Comparing the Just Transitions, Sustainable Welfare and Eco‐Social Policy Literatures","authors":"Milena Büchs, Vera Trappmann, Gina Moran, Max Koch","doi":"10.1002/wcc.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.70041","url":null,"abstract":"Given that the climate emergency is accelerating, transformative climate action becomes increasingly urgent. Considering social and fairness implications of climate action is critical to avoid widening inequalities and public opposition. The just transitions (JT) and sustainable welfare/eco‐social policy (SW/ESP) literatures both address social and fairness issues related to climate action. However, they have developed largely separately from each other and are not well integrated, limiting the capacity to holistically consider social and fairness issues in climate action. To examine differences and synergies between these two bodies of literature, this paper compares their stances on key themes of capitalism and economic growth, work and welfare, and global justice. While both of these literatures are internally diverse, JT publications tend to focus on justice implications for workers in high carbon sectors, and SW/ESP research examines how welfare systems can support wellbeing for all within planetary boundaries. The JT literature would benefit from a more systematic consideration of post‐capitalist and post‐growth debates, which are more prevalent in the SW/ESP literature, including options for decoupling welfare from work and from economic growth. The JT literature increasingly discusses issues on global justice and decolonization, but the SW/ESP literature has so far largely failed to examine these themes, a gap that it should address. Overall, we argue that each of the literatures can integrate aspects from the other to form a more holistic and transformative approach for addressing social and fairness issues in climate policy. This article is categorized under: <jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item> Climate, History, Society, Culture &gt; Ideas and Knowledge. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":501019,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Climate Change","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Debt Burden to Climate Burden: A Historical Look at Debt and Climate Change","authors":"Preeya Mohan","doi":"10.1002/wcc.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.70042","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research underscores the disproportionate burden of climate change on developing countries, often exacerbated by historical debt. The escalating debt crisis can hinder investments in climate adaptation and mitigation, while climate‐related disasters can further exacerbate debt burdens. By delving into the complex interplay between debt and climate change, this paper explores their historical intersection, examining how these interconnected issues have shaped global inequalities. It delves into the literature on the historical context of debt accumulation in developing countries, the role of international financial institutions, and subsequent efforts to address debt burdens. The concept of “climate debt”—the notion that developed nations bear a responsibility to developing countries for their historical emissions—is critically assessed. The paper further evaluates the potential of debt relief as a mechanism for achieving climate justice, enabling developing countries to redirect financial resources towards climate‐resilient development and address the enduring legacies of colonialism and unequal development. Finally, through case studies of debt relief programs, the paper explores their implications for climate action, focusing on their capacity to contribute to a more equitable and sustainable future. The paper makes a key contribution to a more informed discourse on how debt relief can be used to address climate change, offering practical insights for policymakers and researchers. It provides a crucial foundation for developing strategies that promote climate justice and foster a more equitable and sustainable future. This article is categorized under: <jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item> Climate, Nature, and Ethics &gt; Climate Change and Global Justice </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Integrated Assessment of Climate Change &gt; Assessing Climate Change in the Context of Other Issues </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Climate and Development &gt; Social Justice and the Politics of Development </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":501019,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Climate Change","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146089731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Responsibilities of Business Corporations","authors":"Thierry Ngosso","doi":"10.1002/wcc.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.70040","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is reshaping society's moral expectations of business corporations. Its increasing threat to ecological stability and intergenerational well‐being has propelled corporations, once viewed solely as economic entities, into the forefront of climate‐justice debates. This Advanced Review surveys scholarly developments, mainly from the early 2000s to 2025, on the ethical principles, institutional structures, and practical performance of corporate climate responsibility. Focusing on traditional distributive factors, such as causality and capacity, along with the emerging importance of collaboration, the article examines how the literature addresses corporate responsibility in climate issues. It differentiates between corporations as secondary justice agents or market‐driven actors, whose duties involve mitigation, and primary agents or political actors, tasked with influencing regulations, advocating responsibly, and addressing systemic inequalities. The review clarifies the spectrum of interventions and evaluation metrics while exploring conflicts between profit motives and sustainability. It concludes by outlining a future research agenda at the intersection of political philosophy, business ethics, and climate ethics. This article is categorized under: <jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item> Climate, Nature, and Ethics &gt; Ethics and Climate Change </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Climate, Nature, and Ethics &gt; Climate Change and Human Rights </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Climate, Nature, and Ethics &gt; Climate Change and Global Justice </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":501019,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Climate Change","volume":"395 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146044714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forging Common Paths: A Systematic Review of Co‐Creation and Collaborative Learning in Adaptation Pathways","authors":"Wout Jan‐Willem Sommerauer, Bregje van der Bolt, Saskia Werners, Wouter Julius Smolenaars, Fulco Ludwig","doi":"10.1002/wcc.70038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.70038","url":null,"abstract":"We examine how co‐creation and collaborative learning have been operationalized in climate adaptation pathway development over the past decade using a systematic review of 36 case study papers. While co‐creation and collaborative learning are increasingly recognized as important for effective adaptation planning, it remains unclear how different approaches can support adaptation goals. Our co‐creation analysis identifies three participation clusters: (i) information‐focused participation involving primarily one‐way knowledge extraction through interviews; (ii) researcher‐mediated participation featuring two‐way engagement through workshops, while researchers maintain process control; and (iii) co‐organized participation where stakeholders serve as co‐designers with defined leadership roles throughout the process. For collaborative learning, defined as structured knowledge exchange and capacity building among stakeholders, we distinguish between instrumental learning that emerges incidentally from stakeholder interaction versus process‐integrated learning that is explicitly designed and monitored throughout pathway development. Cases with co‐organized participation consistently aligned with process‐integrated learning, suggesting these approaches can be mutually beneficial. Analysis of reported impacts (including policy implementation, follow‐up research, and capacity building outcomes) reveals that more extensive participation combined with organized learning correlates with a greater likelihood of impacts. This review contributes to the growing body of knowledge on stakeholder engagement in adaptation pathways planning, and while the identified participation clusters and learning approaches offer systematic guidance for methodology selection, they should be viewed as flexible frameworks rather than prescriptive categories, adaptable to specific contexts and planning objectives. This article is categorized under: <jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item> Integrated Assessment of Climate Change &gt; Participatory Methods of Integrated Assessment </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change &gt; Learning from Cases and Analogies </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Integrated Assessment of Climate Change &gt; Integrated Assessment by Expert Panels </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":501019,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Climate Change","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145908116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"El Niño Southern Oscillation Reconstructions During the Last Millennium","authors":"Mandy B. Freund, Danielle C. Verdon‐Kidd, Kathryn J. Allen, Josephine R. Brown","doi":"10.1002/wcc.70036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.70036","url":null,"abstract":"The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) constitutes the largest single source of interannual climate variability on a global scale, yet our understanding of its characteristics is limited by a focus on the modern instrumental era. To study ENSO characteristics during the pre‐industrial era we rely on reconstructions of ENSO developed from a range of environmental proxies, documentary sources and palaeoclimate model simulations. Here we review the ENSO reconstructions from a range of sources covering the last millennium to assess characteristics of interannual ENSO variability and examine evidence for changes in ENSO characteristics over time. Despite differences in target variables (i.e., ENSO indices, seasonal window) and record durations, several reconstructions show broadly similar patterns, including periods of reduced ENSO variability in the mid 14th century, mid 18th and 19th centuries, whereas high variance periods were common around the early 14th, 15th and 19th century. Climate model simulations also exhibit modulation of ENSO amplitude over time. However, the extent to which this reflects a forced response remains uncertain. Key differences among reconstructions make it challenging to assess the likelihood of changes in ENSO event frequency or diversity. We suggest that ensembles of pre‐instrumental records, similar to climate model projections, may provide a way forward for improving our understanding of past ENSO variability. Future work that carefully selects or develops proxy records in a way that, for example, targets ENSO diversity or teleconnection stability over time will also lead to further progress. This article is categorized under: <jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item> Paleoclimates and Current Trends &gt; Paleoclimate </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Paleoclimates and Current Trends &gt; Modern Climate Change </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Paleoclimates and Current Trends &gt; Climte Forcing </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":501019,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Climate Change","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Intersectionality Into Climate Risk Assessments: Review of Gendered Vulnerability in South Africa","authors":"Leigh Stadler, Songo Benya, Gina Ziervogel, Petra Holden","doi":"10.1002/wcc.70035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.70035","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding how gender inequality intersects with escalating climate change impacts is critical for informing climate adaptation responses that reduce vulnerability and inequality. To better understand gendered vulnerability, we develop and apply an intersectional climate risk framework, based on a systematic literature review of 52 articles. South Africa is used as a case study to apply the framework to understand how climate hazards (such as changing temperatures, droughts, and floods) exacerbate conditions of poverty and poor infrastructure and services, and the impact on women. Economic aspects, such as income and livelihood, most frequently intersected with gender to affect climate vulnerability, followed by levels of education, knowledge, and awareness. Paradoxically, childcare was found to both increase vulnerability in some ways, yet also to decrease vulnerability by motivating women to overcome hardship for their children's sake. Responses to climate impacts indicate that many households are barely coping, while some community‐level efforts appear to reduce vulnerability. Gendered approaches to disaster risk reduction, including gender‐sensitive shelter, early warning systems, and information sharing, are needed. Broader priorities include strengthening women's economic inclusion, for example through urban planning that supports informal trade, and dismantling patriarchal values that underpin gender‐based violence, unequal land ownership, and household labor. Gendered vulnerability is deeply entwined with historical and socioeconomic factors, requiring nuanced, context‐specific approaches beyond binary comparisons to inform equitable climate adaptation responses. This article is categorized under: <jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item> Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change &gt; Learning from Cases and Analogies </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Integrated Assessment of Climate Change &gt; Methods of Integrated Assessment of Climate Change </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":501019,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Climate Change","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145771191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}