Journal of Soil and Water Conservation最新文献

{"title":"Restoring South Asia’s degraded soils and ecosystems for peace and prosperity","authors":"Rattan Lal","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.0327A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.0327A","url":null,"abstract":"S outh Asia (SA), a subcontinent, is the world's most densely populated region. It consists of nine countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka (figure 1). Myanmar and Tibet are also sometimes included in the SA region but won’t be included in this article. SA is a region with common geography, history, culture, language, and religions. The SA region has the world’s highest mountain ecosystem, the Himalayas, also called the Third Pole (Chaudhary et al. 2023). It also faces serious challenges of ecological degradation, which transcend beyond political boundaries and jeopardize global peace and political stability. Important among these issues are climate change, food and nutrition insecurity, soil degradation/pollution along with extinct/endangered and peak soils, water scarcity, and eutrophication, which exacerbate the flood-drought syndrome. The latter is aggravated by denudation of the landscape, excessive grazing, and deforestation of ecologically sensitive ecoregions. Additionally, pollution of air quality is aggravated by in-field burning of crop residues and attendant emission of soot and greenhouse gases, which create positive feedbacks to global warming. Ecological degradation in SA, a complex issue, is driven by a wide range of interacting factors, including rapid population growth, urbanization, industrialization, rapid deforestation, economic growth, poverty, and a high dependence on natural resources (Sultana et al. 2022; EFSAS 2021; Chaudhary et al. 2023; Ajmal 2023). These degradation processes perpetuate the threats of undernutrition and malnutrition as well as decline in human health and well-being to a large proportion of the population. They also increase risks of political instability, civil strife, soil/climate refugees, and war among nations of the SA region (figure 2). Indeed, soil and ecological degradation is the common enemy of Rattan Lal is a distinguished university professor of soil science and is director of the CFAES Rattan Lal Center for Carbon Management and Sequestration, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Received March 27, 2023. all countries in SA, and they must cooperate, work together, and effectively address this menace. Thus, the objective of this article is to describe the common and hideous enemy of SA: soil and ecological degradation with its cascading adverse effects leading to human suffering; poverty; environmental pollution; global warming; political instability at local, regional, and global levels; and hostilities among neighboring countries. The specific hypothesis of the article is that restoring degraded soils and the polluted environment is critical to achieving human well-being and accomplishing lasting peace and harmony in SA.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"57 1","pages":"97A - 102A"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75351146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change impacts on soil, water, and biodiversity conservation","authors":"J. Steiner, Xiaomao Lin, N. Cavallaro, G. Basso, G. Sassenrath","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.0208A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.0208A","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of the atmosphere on climate, particularly the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, have been studied and related to Earth’s temperature by physical and climate scientists since the 1800s (Fourier 1824; Arrhenius 1896). However, as industrialization rapidly increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, agriculturalists and conservationists were largely unaware of the link between fossil fuel emissions and warming in the atmosphere. Now, it is increasingly clear that the pace of climate change has been more rapid and societal impacts more severe than scientists projected.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"37 1","pages":"27A - 32A"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88338581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns and associations between dominant crop productions and water quality in an irrigated watershed","authors":"S.K. Nouwakpo, D.L. Bjorneberg, C.W. Rogers","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00176","url":null,"abstract":"Irrigation consumes the largest share of freshwater resources, but is a necessary practice to boost agricultural output to meet increasing global demand for food and fiber. Irrigation not only impacts water quantity but can also degrade water quality. Research efforts have explored various aspects of irrigation efficiency and irrigated crop productivity, but few studies have examined how different crops collectively modulate water utilization and water quality at the watershed scale. The objective of this study was to determine how the fractions of evapotranspiration (fET) water ascribed to major crops impact water quantity and quality in irrigation return flow. In this study, long-term water quantity and quality monitoring data, collected as part of the Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP), combined with crop and evapotranspiration (ET) modeling products, were used to build relationships between water quantity and quality metrics and fET associated with major crops during the first 15 years of the CEAP Twin Falls irrigation project. Results suggest that subwatershed size and subsurface flow contribution in regional drainage tunnels influenced the observed hydrologic patterns and led to two distinct groups. Subwatersheds in group 1 were large, typically included subsurface drain tunnels, and had high return flow volumes and low sediment concentration, while those in group 2 were smaller in size, had low return flow volumes, and high sediment concentration. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that spring and summer irrigation return flow volumes normalized by subwatershed area increased as a function of fET of potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i>) in group 1 (regression coefficients [coef.] = 4.42 in spring and 1.54 in summer) but were inversely associated with small grains in the fall (coef. = −1.67 and −0.60 in groups 1 and 2). Spring sediment concentration had negative regression coefficients with fET of sugar beet (<i>Beta vulgaris</i>) (coef. = −911.00) and alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i>) + pasture crops (coef. = −424.85) in group 2. When statistically significant, a negative association was found between phosphorus (P) load per return flow volume and fET of alfalfa + pasture (coef. = −0.68 to −1.07), corn (<i>Zea mays</i>) (coef. = −0.64 to −0.89), dry beans (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>) (coef. = −1.25 to −1.87), and sugar beet (coef. = −1.54 to −2.83) across aggregation periods and subwatershed groups. Nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>-N) load per return flow volume was negatively associated with potato and corn fET in group 1 especially during the spring (coef. = −31.13 for potato and −9.60 for corn) and fall (coef. = −14.54 for potato and −4.43 for corn) months but positively associated with dry beans (coef. = 4.87) over the irrigation season. While direct cause and effect were not established with this analysis, results from this study provide valuable information about various crop production systems that may impact observed hydrologi","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135711768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A vision for integrated, collaborative solutions to critical water and food challenges","authors":"E. Elias, T. Tsegaye, C. Hapeman, K. Mankin, P. Kleinman, M. Cosh, D. Peck, A. Coffin, David Archer, J. Alfieri, Martha Anderson, C. Baffaut, John M. Baker, R. Bingner, D. Bjorneberg, R. Bryant, Feng Gao, Suduan Gao, P. Heilman, K. Knipper, W. Kustas, A. Leytem, Martin Locke, Gregory McCarty, A. McElrone, G. Moglen, D. Moriasi, S. O'Shaughnessy, M. Reba, P. Rice, Noah Silber-Coats, Dong Wang, Michael White, J. Dobrowolski","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.1220A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.1220A","url":null,"abstract":"Emile Elias, Teferi Tsegaye, Cathleen Hapeman, Kyle Mankin, Peter Kleinman, Michael H. Cosh, Dannele Peck, Alisa Coffin, David Archer, Joseph Alfieri, Martha Anderson, Claire Baffaut, John M. Baker, Ronald Bingner, David Bjorneberg, Ray B. Bryant, Feng Gao, Suduan Gao, Philip Heilman, Kyle Knipper, William Kustas, April Leytem, Martin Locke, Gregory McCarty, Andrew J. McElrone, Glenn E. Moglen, Daniel Moriasi, Susan O'Shaughnessy, Michele L. Reba, Pamela Rice, Noah Silber-Coats, Dong Wang, Michael White, and James Dobrowolski A vision for integrated, collaborative solutions to critical water and food challenges","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"39 1","pages":"63A - 68A"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86209777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compost amendment to enhance carbon sequestration in rangelands","authors":"S. Kutos, E. Stricker, A. Cooper, R. Ryals, J. Creque, M. Machmuller, M. Kroegar, W. Silver","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00072","url":null,"abstract":"Rangelands contain 20% of global soil carbon (C). Past management of rangelands has resulted in significant losses of soil C, threatening the long-term productivity and sustainability of these ecosystems. Compost amendments have been proposed as a means to increase soil C sequestration while providing important cobenefits to rangeland ecosystems and land managers. Here, we review the literature on the effects of compost amendments on soil and plant characteristics and rates of soil C storage. We extracted values related to biological, physical, and chemical responses to compost applications in rangelands in eight countries and on five continents. Studies reported both short (<1 y) and long-term (>12 y) effects with compost types derived from green waste, food waste, manure, and biosolids. Generally, we found that compost amendments improved aboveground production by >40%, and belowground C content by 50%. Further benefits of compost additions included increasing aggregate stability (~42%), water retention (~18%), nutrient availability (~37% and 126% for nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P], respectively), as well as generally reducing erosion but with high variability. We found little to no effect of compost amendments on plant diversity and very few studies investigated effects on soil microbial community and function. Both field and modeling studies demonstrated that the changes in soil C from compost amendments can result in long-term C storage. Overall, results suggest that compost amendments may contribute to rangeland resilience to climate change with the additional benefit of climate mitigation via soil C sequestration.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"49 1","pages":"163 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90231058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart control of agricultural water wells in western Iran: Application of the Q-methodology","authors":"S. Gholamrezai, H. Azadi, F. Karamian, E. Khosravi, S. M. Moghaddam, I. Goli, J. Scheffran","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00066","url":null,"abstract":"Smart meters have been promoted around the world as a way to support smart farming, sustainable water resource management, and increased crop productivity. Despite this promotion, farmers, particularly small-scale farmers, are not widely adopting smart meter installation. Therefore, this study employed Q-methodology to examine farmers’ perceptions from Islamabad-e-Gharb township (Kermanshah Province, Iran) toward smart meter installation on agricultural water wells. This research is a semiqualitative study, and for this reason, 21 participants were selected through a purposeful sampling method. Based on the results of Q-factor analysis, farmers’ perceptions toward the installation of the meter were categorized as three heuristic patterns including the utility of smart meter installation (variance = 34%, eigenvalue = 7.08), social and cultural inefficiency of installing smart meters (variance = 32%, eigenvalue = 6.74), and reducing income from agriculture (variance = 4.15%, eigenvalue = 19.76). Installing a smart meter (21: +4), and, indeed, pricing irrigation water are considered as management solutions for sustainable water resources management (2: +3). This number (21: +4) means, for example, people with this item (21) in the first group should pay attention to the water conservation implementation plans. Most farmers had the same opinion regarding the items such as the high cost of providing smart meters and the compulsory change from traditional to mechanized irrigation. Therefore, farmers have a common perception of the sustainable management of water resources and role of smart meters. Despite water scarcity, farmers feel they have no right to demand more water as it would mean less water for others, which would be against the principles of sustainable water management. Identifying these different perceptions can directly affect policy-making in the area of smart meter agricultural water wells. It could create policies for each one, thereby, increasing the impact of extension and reducing costs.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"33 1","pages":"58 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90302028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in feed additives with the potential to mitigate enteric methane emissions from ruminant livestock","authors":"L. Kelly, E. Kebreab","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00070","url":null,"abstract":"Livestock production represents a significant (14.5%) source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A large share of the emissions from livestock production is due to enteric fermentation from ruminants, which produces methane (CH4), a potent GHG. Nevertheless, livestock production remains essential for nutrition, sustainability, and food security globally. In addition to atmospheric effects, CH4 emissions represent a direct loss of dietary energy from the animal. It is, therefore, imperative that solutions are developed and implemented to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions from ruminants. Methane is produced as a result of feed fermentation in the rumen, as carbohydrates are broken down to form energy in the form of volatile fatty acids, and carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) are produced as byproducts. Carbon dioxide and H2 are then utilized by methanogenic archaea to form CH4 via the hydrogenotrophic pathway. One proposed solution for mitigating enteric CH4 emissions are feed additives. Feed additives have the potential to decrease CH4 emissions while sustaining animal production parameters, the latter a necessary condition for incorporation as a regular part of the diet. To decrease CH4 emissions, feed additives can either directly or indirectly inhibit methanogenic archaea. Additives that directly inhibit methanogenesis include 3-nitrooxypropanol (3NOP) and halogenated CH4 analogs that naturally occur in some species of macroalgae. These additives work by interfering with the enzyme that catalyzes the final step of the methanogenesis pathway. Both 3NOP and halogenated CH4 analogs show great potential, demonstrating up to a 76% and 98% reduction in CH4 yield (g kg−1 dry matter intake), respectively. Nitrates (NO3−), ionophores, plant secondary compounds, and direct fed microbials are all feed additives that indirectly inhibit methanogenesis by altering the rumen environment, primarily through the reduction in substrate availability for methanogenic archaea. These additives, however, show more variability in their CH4 reduction potential (with the exception of NO3−) due to inconsistencies in composition. In order to present the most promising and immediate solutions to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions it is necessary to focus on recent advancements as feed additive research is rapidly evolving. Thus, this analysis aims to review feed additives with the potential to reduce enteric CH4 emissions that have been studied in vivo from 2018 to 2022.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"126 1","pages":"111 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87750322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving profitability and livelihood security of marginal farmers in Kandi area of Jammu","authors":"M. Gupta, S. Kour, R. Bharat","doi":"10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00014.0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00014.0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79744744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of water quality of the Brahmaputra river in India for irrigation purpose","authors":"P. Ray, Susmita Sarmah, K. K. Mourya, R. K. Jena, G. Sharma, S. Hota, R. Sharma, Bachaspati Das, S. Ray","doi":"10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00006.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00006.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89914788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plowing: Dust storms, Conservation Agriculture, and need for a “Soil Health Act”","authors":"Don Reicosky, David Brandt, Randall Reeder, Rattan Lal, David R. Montgomery","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.0619A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.0619A","url":null,"abstract":"T he dust storm tragedy on I-55 in central Illinois on May 1, 2023, a reminder of the Dust Bowl era of the 1930s, necessitates urgent policy intervention to replace plow tillage with Conservation Agriculture (CA) involving no-tillage with crop biomass mulch, cover cropping, and complex crop rotations. System-based CA has co-benefits including control of soil erosion by wind (dust storm) and water, low risks of nonpoint source pollution including algal bloom, adaptation and mitigation of climate change, reduced incidence of drought-flood syndrome, sustained productivity, high farm income, and improved soil health. The current farm bill already contains a Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, and Growing Climate Solutions Act that can all be complemented and more effective with a healthy soil. The forthcoming farm bill should have provision to reward farmers for ecosystem services at a nominal rate, e.g., US$50 ac–1 yr–1 (~US$123.46 ha–1 y–1), through a proposed “Soil Health Act” to further CA as a solution to climate change and other environmental issues. Restoring soil health through CA is a win-win option and a major contribution to mitigating future climate extremes and food security. Ninety years after the Dust Bowl we should not need reminding that agriculture’s job is to feed people without degrading the environment, not create chaotic catastrophic events due to poor utilization and resource management. Unfortunately, the recent I-55 dust storm catastrophe in central Illinois, United States, in May of 2023 did just that and caused the loss of 8 lives, hospitalization of 37 others, loss or damage to 72 vehicles, and triggered associated environmental degradation (figure 1). This disaster was caused by low April rainfall—roughly half of normal amounts—and high winds that blew across freshly tilled fields and lofted Don Reicosky is a retired soil scientist for USDA Agricultural Research Service, North Central Soil Conservation Research Laboratory, Morris, Minnesota, and adjunct professor in the Soil Science Department, University of Minnesota. Randall Reeder is a retired agricultural engineer for Ohio State University, serves as executive director of the Ohio No-till Council, and coordinates programs for the Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference in Ada, Ohio. Rattan Lal is a distinguished professor of soil science at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. David R. Montgomery is a professor of earth and space sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. David Brandt, known as the “Godfather of Soil Health,” was a conservation farmer from Carroll, Ohio, who was recognized internationally as a leader in no-till, cover crops, soil health, and regenerative agriculture. Received June 19, 2023. loosened topsoil into the air. The tragedy captures one of the more visible unintended consequences of frequent intensive tillage when farmers plow in the fall, and till again one or two times before spring planting. Less visible consequenc","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"78 1","pages":"105A - 108A"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85628543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}