Journal of Soil and Water Conservation最新文献

{"title":"A framework to estimate climate mitigation potential for US cropland using publicly available data","authors":"J. Moore, D. Manter, M. Bowman, M. Hunter, E. Bruner, S. McClelland","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00132","url":null,"abstract":"The US agricultural sector is proposed as one opportunity to contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions—reductions that are needed to limit atmospheric warming to be more in line with the US Nationally Determined Contribution to the Paris Agreement. Improved management of agricultural soils can both mitigate GHG emissions and increase carbon (C) sequestration, but disagreement exists regarding what levels of adoption are possible and to what extent they may mitigate net GHG emissions. In this paper, we provide a framework for setting reasonable, short-term conservation practice adoption targets and quantifying the associated net emissions reductions. Our framework was constructed using USDA-based publicly available inventory data and mitigation potentials from the COMET-Planner tool scaled to nine farm resource regions. The framework includes 2017 levels of conservation practice adoption and two 10-year growth scenarios: business-as-usual (BAU) and accelerated adoption rates. We evaluated six cropland management practices and practices associated with Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) establishment. Based on existing (2017) census data, we estimated that 134.2 million tonnes (Mt) carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) per year have been or continue to be reduced through the adoption of conservation management practices on a cumulative total of 133.5 million hectares (Mha) of cropland. Under the BAU scenario, we estimated an additional 6.2 Mha y−1 of adoption could result in a reduction potential of 48.7 Mt CO2e y−1. Under the accelerated scenario, we estimated an additional 13.1 Mha y−1 of adoption could result in a reduction potential of 118.5 Mt of CO2e y−1 over the next 10 years. This framework highlights three key outcomes: (1) agriculture has had a substantial impact on GHG mitigation through existing/historical adoption of six cropland management practices and conversion of lands to the CRP; (2) these shifts in adoption provide an important baseline to make future projections of changes in practice adoption given regional trends and the resulting GHG mitigation potentials; and (3) disaggregating national estimates to the farm resource region level can help to inform and prioritize programs and policies consistent with existing climate goals. Estimates reported here reflect the current state of national modeling efforts and agricultural inventory sources. As new data such as the pending 2022 Ag Census report and model enhancements are made, the framework we outline here can be used to revise and update the estimates to improve accuracy and applicability.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"28 1","pages":"193 - 206"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79270016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managed aquifer recharge using a borrow pit in connection with the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in northeastern Arkansas","authors":"D. Leslie, M. Reba, J. Czarnecki","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00021","url":null,"abstract":"The Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer (MRVAA) is one of the overexploited aquifers in the United States. Agriculture in Arkansas relies significantly on the MRVAA for irrigation, due to its accessibility and high yield. Increased irrigation demand since the early 1900s with continued expansion and inequitable recharge contributions resulted in groundwater decline. Overdraft of the MRVAA in Arkansas has resulted in the designation of critical groundwater areas. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) methods intentionally replenish stressed groundwater resources. A MAR case study was conducted to determine whether infiltration basins, as repurposed borrow pits, could be used to enhance groundwater decline in critical groundwater areas of northeast Arkansas. This rehabilitation would be a practical solution to alleviate groundwater decline as well as economically feasible as land would not need to be taken out of production. In 2015, the Arkansas Department of Transportation contracted sand excavation of fallow land owned by a collaborating producer. This borrow pit would serve as a test case to measure infiltration rates into the MRVAA using nearby surface water as the recharge source. Initial soil core analyses revealed soil properties within the confining clay layer of red-brown clay and silty clay soils (0 to 3.7 m deep) with sand below. Excavation completed to a depth of ~6 m exposed the uppermost-unsaturated section of the alluvial aquifer, consisting of well-sorted medium grain size sand. The borrow pit floor was ~27 m above the existing water table, and it was hypothesized that this exposed unsaturated aquifer section would provide a natural filter and an avenue for increased water storage underground. Sediment samples were collected from the pit floor and sidewall pre- and postexperiment to characterize particle size, textural class, and organic matter. Submersible pressure transducers were installed within the pit and in a nearby irrigation well to monitor water level changes. Meteorological data were collected on-site to measure the water budget components of precipitation and evaporation. Water level declines and infiltration were evident throughout the experiment. An initial infiltration rate of 192 mm d−1 was measured in February of 2016 that decreased until March, with steady state rates of 4.43 to 136 mm d−1 that varied until June. An overall integrated infiltration rate of 36.4 mm d−1 was calculated from the water budget. Total subsurface storage increased by 9.3 ML from February to June of 2016, and a two-dimensional simulation predicted a maximum groundwater mounding of 2.6 m during the experiment. Additionally, 14 borrow pits that had not been repurposed were identified in the area using remote sensing. Results of this study demonstrate that a relatively inexpensive MAR strategy could be implemented using former borrow pits repurposed as infiltration basins to alleviate groundwater decline in a critical groundwater area of northe","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"40 1","pages":"44 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87328913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The soil microbiome unveils strong imprints of artificial erosion after 27 years","authors":"N. Lupwayi, F. Larney, H. Janzen, E. Smith, R. Petri","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00045","url":null,"abstract":"Soil erosion is a severe and widespread form of land degradation worldwide, and is being exacerbated by effects of climate change, such as increased storm frequency and intensity. It is important to study the impact of soil erosion on the soil microbiome because soil microbes are crucial drivers of many important soil biological processes in agriculture. In 2016 and 2017, we sampled a simulated soil erosion field trial established in 1990 to investigate the effects of different depths of topsoil removal and restorative soil amendments on soil pH, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and the activities of enzymes that mediate C, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) cycling, plus the diversity and composition of soil prokaryotic (bacteria and archaea) and fungal communities. The one-time (1990) treatments consisted of a split-plot combination of three depths of topsoil removal (0, 10, and 20 cm) as main plots, and three restorative soil amendments (check, topsoil, and cattle manure) as subplots. Soil pH was higher in the eroded treatments than the noneroded treatment, but the opposite was observed for MBC and the activities of β-glucosidase (C cycling) and N-acetyl-β-glucosinidase (C and N cycling). The restorative amendments did not affect soil pH, MBC, or enzyme activities. The relative abundances of the archaea Thaumarchaeota was higher in noneroded treatments than in eroded treatments, but the reverse was observed for the bacteria Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia. For fungi, the relative abundance of Basidiomycota was lower in eroded treatments than in the noneroded treatment, but the opposite was true for Mortierellomycota. The β-diversity analyses also showed different prokaryotic and fungal community structures between eroded and noneroded treatments, but the restorative amendment effects were less distinct. Therefore, soil erosion and excavation can have lasting imprints on the soil microbiome, particularly negative imprints on total microbial biomass and its C and N cycling potential, while imprints of restorative measures such as manure or topsoil amendment were not as strong. A single desurfacing event has effects that last for decades, and our efforts to reverse them are largely ineffective when applied only once.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"38 1","pages":"16 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81550040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework toolbox in a Southern Piedmont landscape of the United States","authors":"Z. Respess, R. Austin, L. Gatiboni, D. Osmond","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2022.00138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2022.00138","url":null,"abstract":"The Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework (ACPF) is a geospatial decision support tool that was developed and is used in many areas of the Midwest of the United States to help with the prioritization and placement of conservation practices within agricultural watersheds. We evaluated the utility and extensibility of ACPF in two US Geological Survey 12-digit scale hydrologic units in the Southern Piedmont of North Carolina. The Southern Piedmont consists of less row crop agriculture and more pasture systems than the Midwest and has generally lower pollutant loads. Also, agricultural fields are comparatively smaller, irregularly shaped, and more sparsely distributed. For this study, local conservation experts were interviewed about conservation practices and their appropriate locations in the landscape. Interviewees demonstrated an extensive working knowledge of the land and producers on over 90% of the farmland. Many of the conservation practices identified by the local experts were “soil health” practices, such as cover crops or nutrient management, and are assumed in use before running ACPF. Results revealed that many of the conservation practices output by ACPF were not identified by the local experts in the Southern Piedmont watersheds due to their limited use in pasture conservation, conservation priorities, and landscape characteristics. Row crop agriculture was sparsely distributed in each study watershed and comprised less than 2% of the total catchment area. Contour buffer strips and grassed waterways were the conservation practices most identified by ACPF and were sited in 75% of cropped fields. A greater number of crop-related conservation practices (48 versus 15) were identified by ACPF than by local experts; however 80% of the conservation practices identified by the experts were outside the scope of ACPF and were mainly nutrient management or soil health practices. To evaluate ACPF for broader utility in the Southern Piedmont, alternative interpretations for existing outputs were considered: (1) ACPF “proxies” were identified to compare locally accepted practices with ACPF outputs that perform a similar function (e.g., strip cropping rather than contour buffer strips) and, (2) placing locally used conservation practices (e.g., exclusion fencing) based on existing ACPF data layers (hydrologically enforced flow paths). Alternative uses and interpretations surrounding ACPF outputs and data layers may provide opportunities for conservation planning outside the scope and intended use of ACPF in the Southern Piedmont.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"37 1","pages":"441 - 449"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75125864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil erodibility after the removal of wood chip mulch: A wind tunnel experiment","authors":"Y. Zheng, X. Sun, S. Li, W. Zhou, Z. Fan, T. Du, B. Qu","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2022.00125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2022.00125","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous field studies have investigated the effects of mulching on soil wind erosion. However, little is known about the changes in soil erodibility after removing the mulch layer. In this paper, we measured the physicochemical properties and aggregate characteristics of soil from an urban park after removing the mulch layer and estimated wind-erodible materials emission by wind tunnel experiments. Wood chips at 4,500 g m−2 (mulch thickness of 5 cm, R5), 6,300 g m−2 (mulch thickness of 7 cm, R7), and 8,100 g m−2 (mulch thickness of 9 cm, R9) were used for mulching an area in Yuanmingyuan Park from October of 2019 to the end of February of 2021. The following four treatments were listed: unmulched soil (CK), R5, R7, and R9. Compared with CK, the soil moisture content (SM), the macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) ratio (M > 0.25), the wind erodible fraction (WEF), and the dry aggregate stability (DAS) of R5, R7, and R9 were significantly increased after mulching (P < 0.05), whereas the soil organic matter content (SOM) was only slightly increased. The calcium carbonate contents (CaCO3) varied greatly among the different treatments. Based on the wind tunnel experiments, the distribution of wind erosion materials near the soil surface (0 to 30 cm) was fitted to logarithmic, power, and exponential functions (R2 ranged between 0.7179 and 0.9859). The particle size distribution of all wind-erodible materials was unimodal, and the proportion of coarse particles (250 to 100 μm) was highest. Compared with the CK, the average wind erosion rate (AWER) of R5, R7, and R9 was decreased by 48.44%, 65.04%, and 70.03%, respectively, after mulching. The AWER was significantly (P < 0.01) negatively correlated with SM, M > 0.25, WEF, and DAS, and negatively correlated with CaCO3 and SOM. The CaCO3 was significantly (P < 0.05) positively correlated with M > 0.25, WEF, and DAS. Overall, despite the relatively short mulching period (16 months), wood chip mulch improved the physicochemical properties and aggregate characteristics of soil and decreased erodibility.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"10 1","pages":"493 - 500"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73223094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecosystem services in Iowa agricultural catchments: Hypotheses for scenarios with water quality wetlands and improved tile drainage.","authors":"M E Mitchell, S D Shifflett, T Newcomer-Johnson, A Hodaj, W Crumpton, J Christensen, B Dyson, T J Canfield, S Richmond, M Helmers, D Lemke, M Lechtenberg, C Taylor, K J Forshay","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2022.00127","DOIUrl":"10.2489/jswc.2022.00127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nutrient loads from agricultural runoff in the upper Midwest continue to contribute to Gulf Coast hypoxia and harmful algal blooms due to insufficient retention of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) associated with row crop agriculture and highly productive soils. In the coming decades, much of the drainage infrastructure in this region will be rebuilt to modern design standards. At the same time, the region is developing and implementing strategies to reduce nutrient export. A group of Iowa stakeholders representing agricultural producers, land managers, and researchers met seven times in late 2018 and early 2019 and was asked to describe ecosystem service information needs that could support nutrient best management practice decisions in Iowa. The stakeholder group identified the importance and relevance of a catchment-scale (i.e., small watershed) analysis of a set of priority ecosystem services associated with agricultural tile drainage improvements and targeted water quality wetlands. Water quality wetlands are wetlands installed strategically to intercept agricultural drainage channels and receive runoff and tile drainage. These potential modifications were codified into four scenarios for literature analysis and hypothesis development including (1) a baseline, no change scenario representing the most prevalent current landscape with underperforming tile drainage infrastructure and degraded wetland functions; (2) upgrade of tile drainage infrastructure without a water quality wetland; (3) installation of a water quality wetland at the drainage district catchment scale but with no drainage improvements; and (4) a combination of adding a water quality wetland and tile drainage infrastructure upgrades at the catchment scale. Synthesizing published field-scale and modeling results across a collection of relevant studies suggests that the combined scenario of improved drainage paired with a water quality wetland may result in increased crop yields, habitat, pollination, and educational and cultural services as well as decreased global warming potential relative to the baseline scenario. Nitrate ( <math> <mrow><msubsup><mtext>NO</mtext> <mn>3</mn> <mo>-</mo></msubsup> </mrow> </math> ) export will likely decrease in the combined scenario, depending on net agricultural export and wetland effectiveness. To better substantiate these findings, more catchment-scale research in the region is required, particularly in the areas of water quality, wetland carbon (C) sequestration, wetland habitat quality, and educational and cultural services. Additionally, research is needed to address the effect of upgrading drainage infrastructure on ecosystem services, as most reported ecosystem service effects have been for new drainage installations. Fully integrated assessments, particularly at the catchment scale, will be key to understanding how land management approaches like adding water quality wetlands and improved drainage affect both agricultural product","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"1 1","pages":"426-440"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11864058/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85560420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining a saltation impact sensor and a wind tunnel to explore wind erosion processes—A case study in the Zhundong mining area, Xinjiang, China","authors":"X. Mao, Y. Cao, Z. Ding, J. Yang, J. Zheng","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2022.00071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2022.00071","url":null,"abstract":"The properties of surface soil determine its erodibility, the wind force determines the soil erosion intensity, and both factors determine the amount of soil erosion. In the Zhundong mining area in Xinjiang, China, continuous mining and construction activities in the past 10 years have resulted in the destruction of surface crust formed by precipitation, the gradual refinement of soil, and an increase in erodibility. To accurately describe the impact of human construction on local wind erosion, we installed a saltation impact sensor in a wind tunnel to explore the soil responses to wind erosion and changes in the wind erosion rate caused by anthropogenic interference. We artificially manipulated the soil moisture, crust coverage, and particle size, and subjected the soils to different wind speeds. The results show that, first, in soil crust and moisture experiments, a sensor can effectively monitor the process and amount of wind erosion, but the monitoring efficiency of the sensor is greatly reduced after an overall change in soil particle size. Second, the wind erosion processes in the three test groups are roughly the same: the wind starts to drive the soil particles to move for the first 0 to 30 s. Then, the number of released soil particles increases rapidly with increasing wind speed from 30 to 240 s, gradually decreases after the wind speed stabilizes from 240 to 480 s, and then remains consistent after 480 s. Third, a uniform distribution of the crust rather than a concentrated distribution of the crust can reduce soil erosion by 20%. The presence of a crust can effectively prevent erosion in the early stage of wind erosion, and the more complete the surface crust on the soil, the better it can resist continuous wind erosion. Fourth, moisture in the soil effectively impedes erosion by increasing the wind speed required to move particles in the early stage; however, continuous erosion decreases the soil moisture, and the proportion of eroded soil gradually increases in the later stage. Fifth, the erosion rate data show that particle size change can result in a maximum wind erosion rate of 2,599 g m–2 min–1 and is the most influential factor for wind erosion.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"10 1","pages":"389 - 402"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74567355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytoremediation and high rainfall combine to improve soil and plant health in a North America Northern Great Plains saline sodic soil","authors":"D. Fiedler, S. Clay, S. Westhoff, C. Reese, S. Bruggeman, J. Moriles‐Miller, L. Perkins, D. Joshi, S-Y Marzano, D. Clay","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2022.00112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2022.00112","url":null,"abstract":"Saline/sodic soils are often remediated by applying gypsum, improving drainage, and irrigating with high quality water. However, these management approaches may not be effective or feasible in dryland soils supersaturated with gypsum. A field study, conducted between 2017 and 2021, investigated the effect of phytoremediation on soil and plant health in a landscape containing productive, transition, and saline/sodic soils. Phytoremediation treatments–corn (Zea mays) and two perennial grass mixes (mix 1 slender wheatgrass [Elymus trachycaulus] and beardless wildrye [Leymus triticoides], and mix 2 slender wheatgrass, creeping meadow foxtail [Alopecurus arundinaceus], western wheatgrass [Agropyron smithii], and green wheatgrass [Elymus Hoffmannii])-were planted and compared with a no-plant control treatment across three soil zones. Perennial grasses were dormant seeded in the winter of 2017 and 2018, and corn was grown in 2018, 2019, and 2020. Soil samples (0 to 15 cm) were collected on July 24, 2018, July 23, 2019, July 24, 2020, and April 15, 2021. Across soil zones, corn production was 5,990 (grain + stover), 3,900 (stover only), and 6,150 (grain + stover) kg ha-1 in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively, whereas perennial grass biomass yields averaged 1,220, 9,065, and 7,375 kg ha-1 in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. Due to high rainfall that occurred from the fall of 2018 through the summer of 2019, the depth to the water table decreased and the soil electrical conductivity (EC1:1) (-0.83 ± 0.149 dS m-1) and exchangeable sodium (Na+) (-656 ± 220) decreased in all treatments. In addition, from 2018 to 2019, the risk of soil dispersion (lower Na+/EC1:1 ratio) was less in treatments with growing plants (p = 0.02) than plots without plants. With drier conditions from the fall of 2019 through the spring of 2021, the depth to groundwater increased, the EC1:1 decreased in the transition soil but increased in the saline/sodic soil (p = 0.001), and the Na+/EC1:1 ratio increased in the productive and transition soils and was static or decreased in the saline/sodic soil (p = 0.001). In conclusion, this and related work showed that phytoremediation when combined with high natural rainfall reduced soil EC1:1 and the exchangeable Na+ in all soils; however, these benefits may be short lived, and as the water tables dropped in 2020, EC1:1 increased in the saline/sodic zones. Laboratory and linked research from the study site also showed that fertilizing saline sodic soils can result in very high nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, and reseeding degraded soil to perennial plants provides soil cover that reduces the risk of erosion and provides habitat for wildlife.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"54 1","pages":"381 - 388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82171422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimates of soil erosion and best management practice effectiveness at forestry stream crossings in North Carolina","authors":"A. J. Lang, W. Coats, T. Gerow, W. Swartley","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2022.00110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2022.00110","url":null,"abstract":"Approach ways of forest road and skid trail stream crossings can be direct pathways for sediment delivery to stream channels if not properly managed. Forestry best management practices (BMPs) can reduce erosion and sedimentation, but their effectiveness can vary by application. This study characterizes implemented stream crossing types and methods of access, and quantifies the effectiveness of BMPs implemented at 220 stream crossings in four ecoregions of North Carolina. We estimated soil erosion rate and quantity using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)-Forest methodology. Estimates of BMP effectiveness were explored by comparing on-site modeled estimates with modified modeled estimates that would be more discerning of no-BMP scenarios. Statewide, portable bridges and overland skid trails were the most frequently observed stream crossing type and access method, respectively. BMPs at stream crossings were properly implemented at a rate of 90.1%. Although increased BMP implementation scores were significantly associated with decreasing erosion estimates, the relationship was weakly correlated (p & 0.0001, R2 = 0.08). There were no differences in modeled erosion rates by ecoregion (p = 0.2671). Statewide, overland skid trail crossings had lower modeled erosion rates than bladed skid trails (p = 0.0432) and haul roads (p = 0.0002). Erosion rates modeled at stream crossings when the tract had active operations were significantly higher compared to stream crossings on inactive/closed tracts (p & 0.0001). Most stream crossings observed (54%) had modeled erosion quantities less than 0.1 Mg crossing–1 y–1. Results show that most forestry-related stream crossings examined in this study across North Carolina adequately applied BMPs and reduced erosion potential.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"5 1","pages":"292 - 304"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82188254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Capture of surface water runoff for irrigation of corn in western Illinois: Implications for nutrient loss reduction","authors":"O. Oladeji, G. Tian, R. Cooke, A. Cox, H. Zhang, E. Podczerwinski","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2022.00060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2022.00060","url":null,"abstract":"Supplemental irrigation with the runoff from agricultural fields (runoff irrigation) not only has the potential to reuse nutrients in agricultural runoff but could potentially reduce fertilizer input to farms, leading to reduced nutrient export from agricultural fields. A three-year field study designed to evaluate the impact of runoff irrigation on corn (Zea mays) yield and nutrient uptake was conducted in a farmer-operated field at the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRD) site in Fulton County, Illinois. The study comprised three treatments: (1) 50% agronomic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer rates with no irrigation (control), (2) 50% agronomic N and P fertilizer rates with irrigation, and (3) 100% agronomic N and P fertilizer with no irrigation. Each treatment was assigned to a 76 m by 18 m plot, planted with corn in 2016, 2017, and 2018. Runoff irrigation increased grain, stover, and total dry matter yields by an average of 38%, 45%, and 27%, respectively, as compared to the control. On average, 50% agronomic fertilizer rate, coupled with runoff irrigation, produced similar grain yields as 100% agronomic fertilizer rate. At the 50% agronomic fertilizer rate, N uptake averaged 231 ± 37 kg N ha–1 in 2017 and 290 ± 54 kg N ha–1 in 2018 with irrigation, as compared to 162 ± 36 kg N ha–1 in 2017 and 179 ± 34 kg N ha–1 in 2018 without irrigation. Similarly, P uptake was greater with irrigation than without irrigation for the same P fertilizer rate. The fertilizer replacement value (FRV) of the runoff irrigation was estimated to be 73 kg N ha–1 and 6 kg P ha–1 in 2018. This represents a potential of reducing N and P fertilizer application rate by 30% and 8%, respectively, by supplemental irrigation without reducing corn yield. The runoff irrigation is a potential best management practice that can be further explored for adoption in Illinois for contributing to the statewide Nutrient Loss Reduction Strategy.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"110 1","pages":"284 - 291"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75983701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}