Journal of Soil and Water Conservation最新文献

{"title":"Agriculture intensification as a critical step to enhance sustainable productive systems","authors":"Natalia Belén Robledo, Juan P. Frene, Luis G. Wall","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2024.1230a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2024.1230a","url":null,"abstract":"Soil health refers to the soil’s ability to function as a living ecosystem that sustains plants, animals, and humans, with optimal biological, chemical, and physical characteristics that allow high crop yields and other essential ecosystem functions (Magdoff and Van Es 2021; USDA NRCS 2020). Soil plays a crucial role in providing several ecosystem services, including food and energy production, primarily through agriculture, water quality regulation, and nutrient cycling (Costanza et al. 1997). To increase ecosystem services while maintaining soil health, agricultural conservation practices can help reduce the negative impacts of modern agriculture practices. Conservation agriculture is based on four principles: (1) no-till to minimize mechanical soil disturbance, (2) crop rotation or diversification, (3) keeping the soil covered more than 30% annually, and (4) optimal nutrient management. Implementing all four principles together is crucial for maintaining soil health, as implementing only one or two principles may not positively impact soil health (Augarten et al. 2023; Pittelkow et al. 2015). In recent years, agriculture sustainable intensification (SI) has gained popularity as an agricultural practice that involves growing more crops per unit of time to make more efficient and intensive use of environmental resources. SI offers several benefits for soil health, including improved water usage efficiency, reduced hydric erosion and percolation, and increased soil organic matter (SOM) and …","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140033257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of prairie strips sown in midwestern corn and soybean fields on sediment discharge throughout the year","authors":"J.A. Stephenson, M. Liebman, J. Niemi, R. Cruse, J. Tyndall, C. Witte, D. James, M. Helmers","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2024.00037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2024.00037","url":null,"abstract":"Many crop fields in the United States Corn Belt continue to erode at rates in excess of soil regeneration leading to sediment being transported from farms to adjacent surface water and degrading wildlife habitat. To reduce or eliminate sediment loss, vegetative filter strips can be established perpendicular to the hillslope and at the edge-of-field to intercept and filter surface runoff transporting sediment. The filter strips can be planted with native prairie vegetation to filter sediment out of runoff as well as establishing high quality habitat. A long-term study at Neal Smith Wildlife Refuge Farm in central Iowa found that with as little as 10% of a field converted to prairie filter strips, sediment discharge from fields could be reduced up to 95%. To improve our understanding of prairie filter strips and erosion processes over a broader range of landscapes, this study was conducted at six farm sites throughout Iowa. Following a paired treatment approach, each farm site was broken into two different subcatchments; one subcatchment was fully cropped (control) while the other had a portion of the field sown with native prairie vegetation. Each subcatchment had an H-flume installed to sample runoff water and determine the total suspended sediment (TSS) load and a rain gauge to monitor rainfall amount, frequency, and duration. Between 2016 and 2021, subcatchments with prairie strips median TSS load was 89.5% lower (95% CI, 69.2% to 96.4%, p < 0.001) than the control subcatchments. In fields when corn was planted, the subcatchments with prairie strips had significantly lower TSS discharged, with a median TSS load 97.6% less (95% CI, 92.1% to 99.3%, p < 0.001) compared to the control subcatchments. The TSS loads were significantly influenced by the amount of rainfall ( p < 0.001) despite the treatment. To investigate effects of seasonality and rainfall amount, the data set was parsed out based on the growing season of the dominant cropping system. There was no prairie strip effect during the primary growing months (PGS) (May to August); however, outside of the primary growing months (OPGS) (March to April and September to November) the prairie strip subcatchments median TSS load was 96.1% less (95% CI, 82.5% to 99.1%, p < 0.001) than the controls. The significant interaction of crop planted with prairie strip treatment and the differences between PGS and OPGS suggest that prairie strips have the capacity to reduce sediment leaving a field when they are the most vulnerable to effects of splash erosion (i.e., low ground cover and higher rainfall amount). Climate change models predict that areas like Iowa will continue to trend toward higher frequency and intensity rain events, so the compounded benefits of prairie planted in cropped fields could promote biodiverse landscapes that increase resilience to predicted effects from climate change during parts of the year when the land is more susceptible to erosion.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140033134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical shear stress variability in claypan soils with depth","authors":"S.E. Kulesza, M.A. Mathis, V.J. Alarcon, G.F. Sassenrath","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2024.00099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2024.00099","url":null,"abstract":"Soil erosion from land management activities reduces agricultural productivity and contaminates waterways. Understanding erosion processes within agricultural fields is critical to developing alternative management scenarios to better manage soil resources. Claypan soils comprise approximately 5% of the agronomic area in the US Midwest; however, little is understood about the erosion characteristics within the claypan soil profile. Claypan soils are defined by a dense, impermeable layer that is more resistant to erosion. In this study, we used geotechnical methods to examine claypan soils in agricultural fields in southeast Kansas that showed a rapid transition from high clay to low clay content on the soil surface. Laboratory erosion measurements with an erosion function apparatus (EFA) demonstrated a two-layer soil system at both locations. At Site 1, we found a high plasticity clay layer at 25 cm depth in the soil profile, with a hydraulic conductivity 100-fold less than the surface soil, an unconsolidated undrained triaxial strength more than double that at the surface, and a critical shear stress that was on average five times higher than that measured in the surface layer. This high plasticity clay layer dissipated, with lower elevation locations showing similarities in soil strength and critical shear stress at the surface and 25 cm in the soil profile. At Site 2, laboratory experiments showed a similar two-layer soil structure, though the clay layer did not dissipate but instead remained at a lower position in the soil profile. In situ erosion measurements with a field jet erosion test (JET) apparatus showed a higher critical shear stress and lower erosion rate in the soils above the claypan. Soils not in the claypan area showed greater similarity in critical shear stress and erosion rate with depth in the profile. Calculating erodibility coefficient as a function of critical shear stress using the JET test results identified a cluster of measurements with very high critical shear stress and low erodibility. This cluster of soils were located on the claypan area as they were collected 25 cm down. These results reveal some of the sources of variability found in claypan soils and indicate the need for more careful planning to manage the soil that will result from the compositional changes. Management practices to reduce erosion will also require alternative approaches to accommodate the inherent spatial variability of soils and changes within the soil profile.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140046703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infiltration within native prairie vegetative strips embedded in row crop fields across Iowa","authors":"E.J. Henning, R.K. Kolka, M.J. Helmers","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2024.00146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2024.00146","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of native prairie vegetative strips into row crop agriculture is a promising conservation strategy that has gained momentum in adoption rates throughout the US Midwest. Previous studies have shown that prairie strip establishment can lead to several positive soil and water quality outcomes, such as reductions in surface runoff and nutrient and sediment exports. However, the impacts of prairie strips on soil infiltration are not well known. In this study, the Cornell Sprinkle Infiltrometer system was used to measure differences in field-saturated infiltration rate between prairie strip and row crop treatments at six sites across Iowa after five to seven years since prairie strip establishment. Additionally, approximate sorptivity was calculated to compare trends in early infiltration between the two treatments at each site. Measurements were taken over a two-year span during summer and fall testing periods. Further, at two additional prairie strips sites, a separate approach using the tension infiltrometer generated hydraulic conductivity data for prairie strip and row crop treatments at 3, 4, and 14 years since prairie strip establishment. Differences between prairie strip and row crop were mostly undetected across nearly all sites in field-saturated infiltration rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity at 5 to 7 and 14 years after prairie strip establishment, respectively. However, at one site, saturated hydraulic conductivity was significantly greater within prairie strip than row crop, and at another, field-saturated infiltration rate was 3.6 times greater in prairie strip than row crop. Therefore, considering trends from both prairie strip age and infiltration testing method groups, differences in saturated infiltration capacity between prairie strip and row crop appear to be related to site-specific characteristics like soil texture, row crop tillage, and soil organic matter, especially at earlier stages of prairie strip establishment. Comparing trends in sorptivity approximations between the two treatments determined that prairie strips had 26% and 38% greater early infiltration than row crops during fall testing periods, but no treatment difference was found in the summer testing period. Since significant results were mostly limited to the fall, a combination of initial soil moisture and surface roughness disparities between treatments likely explain the observed treatment differences in approximate sorptivity. Within prairie strips, greater early infiltration relative to row crops delays and limits surface runoff generation. Therefore, this study suggests that a row crop field containing prairie strips will generate less surface runoff than a comparable 100% row crop field during a given rainfall event at the end and potentially beginning of the annual corn ( Zea mays L.) and soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.) growing season in Iowa. By improving early infiltration and subsequently limiting runoff generation and sediment t","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139411225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding farmers’ adoption of conservation tillage in South Dakota: A modified application of the theory of planned behavior","authors":"E. Avemegah, C.K. May, J.D. Ulrich-Schad, P. Kovács, J.D. Clark","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2024.00124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2024.00124","url":null,"abstract":"The government and stakeholders in the US agricultural sector promote conservation farming practices, but voluntary adoption is still a challenge among agricultural producers at the farm level. This paper aims to investigate the factors that influence the adoption of conservation tillage (CT) among producers in eastern and central South Dakota. A modified application of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) including controls for socioeconomic and demographic indicators is used to understand farmers’ current usage of CT. Data were gathered from a probability sample of 486 commodity crop farming operations through an online and mail survey. We find that the three constructs of the TPB—attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control—are positively and significantly correlated with the adoption of CT. Binary logistic regression models also show that attitude and perceived behavioral control are related to farmers’ likelihood of adopting CT. Farm size and farmers’ level of education were also positively associated with CT adoption. The results indicate that a modified application of the TPB is useful for understanding the behavior of farmers regarding conservation practices, specifically the adoption of CT in South Dakota. This study contributes to knowledge regarding the role of social-psychological factors in farmers’ CT adoption and provides insights for policymakers and conservation practitioners promoting the adoption of CT in the region.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139411091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Farmers’ participation in incentivized conservation programs: Exploring barriers and opportunities for innovative designs","authors":"M. Houser, B. Campbell, A. Jacobs, S. Fanok, S.E. Johnson","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2024.00122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2024.00122","url":null,"abstract":"Farmers must widely adopt conservation practices if the agricultural system is to become more sustainable. In the United States, federal, state, nonprofit, and private efforts focus on encouraging voluntary adoption through incentive programs. Toward increasing the adoption of conservation practices, it is critical to gain a better understanding of farmers’ past experiences with existing voluntary incentive programs and how they feel programs can be improved going froward to enable greater and more meaningful participation. To offer preliminary insight into these research needs, our study draws on interviews with 10 dairy farmers in the key agricultural county of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. In focusing on this regional context and farming segment, our work offers needed insight into this population’s views on conservation programs and decision-making more generally. Farmers in our sample noted several challenges with current programs that limited wider participation. Programs were seen to enable, rather than directly motivate behavior change. Farmers felt that existing programs at least implicitly overemphasized agriculture’s role in environmental problems and they noted that enrollment complexity, long timelines, and the requirement of upfront spending reduced participation. Toward improvement, interviewees felt private sector agricultural organizations can help facilitate program participation through direct engagement, that the communication of the environmental impact of farmers’ actions could be a participation incentive in itself, and that dairy producers could be better supported by programs that reward environmental achievements via paying more for their milk. These findings advance the existing social science literature on conservation program participation generally, while offering the detailed information about a specific farm type in a specific geography. Our results therefore afford insights that can contribute toward developing targeted engagement and implementation projects, while also offering foundational data toward future research and eventual policy innovation.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139423655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternatives for improving Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) effectiveness on water resources","authors":"Bárbara Viguera, Róger Madrigal-Ballestero, Eduardo Pacay, Gilmar Navarrete Chacón","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2024.1103a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2024.1103a","url":null,"abstract":"Ecosystem services (ES) are the benefits ecosystems provide to society. These services grant the necessary conditions for sustaining life and influence human well-being in all dimensions, including providing basic needs, health, and freedom of choice and action (MEA 2005). ES include all contributions of nature to humans, and these are relative according to the context and the existence of alternatives (IPBES 2019). Ecosystem degradation jeopardizes the sustainable provision of these services. In this context, Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes arose as policy instruments that promote pro-environmental land use through financial incentives for actions that improve, maintain, or maximize the provision of ES (Kim et al. 2016). Since the late 1990s, PES schemes have spread worldwide, adopting different payment types, scales, and conservation objectives (Salzmann et al. 2018). Some incentivized activities are forest conservation, watershed protection, biodiversity conservation, and carbon (C) sequestration and storage. One central area for improvement of most PES is their need for ES measurement. Due to the technical difficulty and high cost of measuring and monitoring ES periodically, most PES only monitor land uses and practices granted under PES contracts. Overall, PES have been based on the premise that, by incentivizing forest conservation and reforestation of nonforest areas, the flow of ES of interest to society is maintained or increased. However, this presumed correlation may be nonlinear, asynchronous in time and space, could involve trade-offs among ES at the landscape scale, and, in the worst-case scenario, the …","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139411089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil macroaggregates: The hotspots driving emission or mitigation of greenhouse gases according to the management system adopted","authors":"M. Veloso, C. Deveautour, C. Bayer","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2024.00158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2024.00158","url":null,"abstract":"The association of no-tillage (NT) and legume cover crops has shown positive results to organic carbon (SOC) accumulation in subtropical soils. However, soil dynamics of powerful greenhouse gases (GHG) such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are not fully understood at a microscale under these systems. Thus, our objective was to evaluate net cumulative emissions (NCE, in CO2 equivalent [eq.]) of GHG considering fluxes of N2O and CH4 and SOC accumulation in three soil aggregates classes. The soil was sampled in a 30-year experiment in a subtropical Acrisol under conventional tillage (CT) and NT, combined with cropping systems with or without legume cover crops. Large (9.51 to 2 mm) and small (2 to 0.25 mm) macroaggregates and microaggregates (<0.25 mm), obtained by wet sieving, were incubated under 400 g kg−1 (aerobic condition) and 700 g kg−1 (anaerobic condition) of volumetric water for six months. Under anaerobic conditions, NCE were positive due to the high emission of N2O and CH4, making all the soil aggregates a GHG source to the atmosphere. Under aerobic conditions, NT and legume cover crops greatly contributed to reducing NCE: for each kilogram of C accumulated in macroaggregates, greater C from the atmosphere was taken up by NT than CT (−69.4 versus 57.1 mg CO2eq. kg−1 SOC) and by cropping systems with than without legume cover crops (74.7 versus 51.8 mg CO2eq. kg−1 SOC). Management systems did not impact GHG emissions of soil microaggregates. By containing labile organic matter, soil macroaggregates acted as hotspots of soil GHG emission/mitigation. Despite favoring N2O emission, NT and legume cover crop lead to GHG mitigation by promoting CH4 uptake and C accumulation in soil macroaggregates.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139411056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Nutrient Reduction Index: A minimalist and continuous measure of conservation practice adoption among farmers","authors":"C.D. Shaffer-Morrison, R.S. Wilson","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2024.00129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2024.00129","url":null,"abstract":"A Nutrient Reduction Index (NRI) was developed to assist investigators who wish to explore the impacts of interventions, individual difference factors, and farm characteristics on nutrient-focused conservation practices. Comparing the effectiveness of different interventions or understanding the effects of different farm and farmer characteristics can be difficult in the absence of a single and standardized measure of conservation practices ([Anderson 2020][1]; [Loken and Gelman 2017][2]; [Lilienfeld and Strother 2020][3]). Across two data sets ( N = 1,452), the continuous NRI was calculated by weighting several in-field practices (tillage, cover crops, and small grains in rotation) by their actual impact on nutrient reduction ([Iowa State University 2019][4]; [Ha et al. 2020][5]). The NRI was shown to have a smoother distribution than individual conservation behaviors, and convergent validity was demonstrated with conservation-related constructs like conservationist identity and use of filtering practices. The NRI also correlated with farm size, greater formal education, and lower farmer age, consistent with previous work regarding general conservation practices. This measure of nutrient reduction practices can help reduce error associated with dichotomization of practice adoption ([MacCallum et al. 2002][6]) and testing multiple measures ([Banerjee et al. 2009][7]; [Anderson 2020][1]), and its weighted nature better reflects the impact of practice adoption on actual nutrient reduction. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-22 [3]: #ref-20 [4]: #ref-17 [5]: #ref-13 [6]: #ref-26 [7]: #ref-3","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139411180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil, soul, spirituality, and stewardship","authors":"Rattan Lal","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2024.1129a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2024.1129a","url":null,"abstract":"Soil, the most basic among all natural resources and essential to provisioning of numerous ecosystem services (ESs) that are critical for human well-being and nature conservancy, is prone to degradation because of land misuse and soil mismanagement. The ever-increasing impact of anthropogenic activities has raised environmental concerns since the 1960s (Carson 1962; Peterson 2001; Plumwood 2001; Kureethadam 2017; Moore 2017). However, threats to the environment are not only the anthropogenic impacts, but also a fundamental change in the relationship between humans and the terrestrial system with far-reaching and unintentional impacts on natural and social processes (Moyses and Soares 2019), along with exacerbated risks of soil degradation (figure 1). Figure 1 Links between human population, environmental issues, food insecurity, and agricultural problems. It is argued that the finite soil resource is prone to risks of anthropogenic degradation, which are aggravated by the current and projected climate change (IPCC 2019). Human use directly affects 70% of the global ice-free land surface estimated at 1.31 × 108 km2 (5.057 × 107 mi2). About 30% of ice-free land or 3.93 × 107 km2 (1.517 × 107 mi2) may be affected by human-induced degradation and is undermining the well-being of two-fifths of humanity (~3.2 billion people), which may trigger mass human migration and increasing conflicts (IPCC 2019; IPBES 2018). Among principal causes of soil degradation are rapid expansion and unsustainable management of agroecosystems (e.g., crop lands and grazing lands). War extends beyond the confrontation between nations or communities—it decimates an often-overlooked third party, nature, encompassing soil, …","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139420497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}