Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Predicting recovery after spinal cord injury: Advances in neuroprognostication.","authors":"Carol Ann Murphy, Florian P Thomas","doi":"10.1080/10790268.2026.2655574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2026.2655574","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50044,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine","volume":"49 3","pages":"407-409"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13123045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147787721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives of veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders and their providers on impacted healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Lance Washington, Marinella Galea, Steven Knezevic, B Jenny Kiratli, Ona Bloom, Jennifer Sippel, Ann M Spungen, Doug Ota, Andrea K Finlay","doi":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2517934","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2517934","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders (SCI/D) reported experiencing challenges from disrupted and deferred health services during the COVID-19 pandemic, including disrupted care coordination, supply chain, and essential services, such as wheelchair repair. This study used qualitative methods to examine the perspectives of Veterans with SCI/D (VSCI/D) and SCI/D healthcare providers on how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted health services.</p><p><strong>Design/setting/participants: </strong>Virtual focus groups were conducted with both VSCI/D who received care at the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and VHA SCI/D providers who provided services for VSCI/D between March 2020 and March 2022.</p><p><strong>Outcome measures: </strong>Topics assessed COVID-19 pandemic experiences including healthcare access and needs, Veteran and provider perspectives of Veterans' experiences during the pandemic, Veterans' coping strategies, and future emergency preparedness strategies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 11 Veterans and 11 providers who participated in focus groups. Five themes were identified: (1) challenges with healthcare, care coordination, and homecare; (2) supply chain issues; (3) adapting to virtual platforms for support and therapy; (4) communication and reliable information about COVID-19; and (5) challenges with isolation and limited independence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights challenges VSCI/D faced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations to enhance VHA support for VSCI/D during future emergencies include strengthening home care support, system level changes to supply management to be more flexible, and interdisciplinary town halls to transparently share comprehensive information. Virtual peer support groups may address challenges with isolation and limited independence.</p>","PeriodicalId":50044,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"509-519"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12704333/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the accuracy of YouTube videos on stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury: Implications for patient education and misinformation.","authors":"Barış Aslanoğlu, Sezer Onur Günara","doi":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2524224","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2524224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective;: </strong>The use of social media for researching medical conditions is steadily increasing among both healthcare professionals and the general public. Among the most widely used platforms, YouTube hosts numerous videos concerning stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the quality and reliability of such videos available on YouTube.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In August 2024, a search was conducted on the YouTube platform using the keywords \"spinal cord injury, stem cell.\" A total of 153 videos were evaluated independently by two neurosurgeons using the JAMA benchmark criteria and the Global Quality Score (GQS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>: The publication years of the videos ranged from 2008 to 2024, with a mean year of 2018.15 ± 4.21. The mean JAMA score was 2.32 ± 1.16 for the first evaluator and 2.35 ± 1.24 for the second evaluator. The mean GQS was 2.86 ± 1.12 for the first evaluator and 2.77 ± 1.16 for the second. The average interaction index of the videos was 1.65 ± 1.91 (range: 0-14.4), while the average view rate was 5.19 ± 13.10 (range: 0-94.2). A positive correlation was found between the interaction index and the number of likes, number of views, view rate, and video duration (<i>P</i> < 0.05). However, no correlation was observed between the interaction index and the evaluators' scores (<i>P</i> > 0.05). Similarly, no statistically significant correlation was identified between the view rate and the number of likes or the evaluators' scores (<i>P</i> > 0.05). When comparing the number of views, interaction indices, and view rates, these values were found to be higher in videos produced by non-healthcare professionals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>: Although the increasing use of stem cell therapy in various fields has led to greater interest in related YouTube content among patients and their relatives, the platform appears to be insufficient in providing and disseminating reliable medical information in this context.</p>","PeriodicalId":50044,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"556-560"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13123248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144545850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The burden of acute care of patients with traumatic vs. non-traumatic SCI: A comparative study.","authors":"Antoine Dionne, Andréane Richard-Denis, Émile Brouillard, Ismael Lassassy, Étienne Bourassa-Moreau, Paul Khoueir, Zhi Wang, Jean-Marc Mac-Thiong","doi":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2542016","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2542016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Spinal tumors are the leading cause of acute SCI. Little is known about the care pathway and outcomes of patients with SCI due to NESCC. This paper aims to compare the burden of care of patients with TSCI vs. SCI caused by neoplastic epidural spinal cord compression (NESCC).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Retrospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Level-1 trauma center in Montreal, Canada.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>of 441 consecutive patients with TSCI, or NESCC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sociodemographic variables and injury characteristics were collected. The rates of pneumonia, urinary tract infection, pressure injury, and the length of stay in the acute care before discharge were compared between patients with NTSCI vs. TSCI. Multivariable analyzes were then performed to determine if the etiology of SCI was independently associated with the outcomes above.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 441 patients recruited, 124 presented with NESCC and 317 with TSCI. Individuals with NESCC were less likely be male, were older, had more comorbidities and were more likely to present incomplete paraplegia. In addition, they had lower rates of pneumonia (8.1% vs. 19.2%; P = 0.004), UTI (10.5% vs. 20.5%; P = 0.013), and shorter average acute length of stay (21.7 ± 18.4 vs. 28.3 ± 20.2; P = 0.002), while the rates of pressure injuries were similar. At the multivariable level, a NTSCI was associated with lower odds of urinary tract infection (OR = 0.235; P = 0.013) and shorter LOS (=-0.189; P = 0.004).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite being older and presenting more comorbidities, patients with NESCC have lower rates of acute complications and shorter length of stays in the acute hospitalization, regardless of the severity of the initial injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":50044,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"611-617"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13123055/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145042111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to the Letter to the Editor, RE: A comparative study of ChatGPT and DeepSeek in spinal cord injury patient education: Can artificial intelligence \"Speak\" spinal cord injury?","authors":"Sandra Lau Jia Yi, Gerald Sng Gui Ren, Cao Ruoxi, Chen Jing","doi":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2605374","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2605374","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50044,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"626-627"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13127215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145991840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and management of autonomic functions in patients with spinal cord injury: A scoping review.","authors":"Ram Lochan Yadav, Jessica Catherine Martin, Mary Pauline Galea","doi":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2485509","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2485509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Individuals with high-level spinal cord injury (SCI) face serious cardiovascular (CV) autonomic complications, contributing to increased mortality and morbidity. The assessment of CV autonomic function in SCI is challenging and varies widely across studies, with no clear or definitive interventions to restore hemodynamic stability or prevent complications.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This review outlines available clinical data on measuring and managing CV autonomic dysfunction after SCI and identifies gaps in these domains.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A scoping review was conducted, using a search strategy targeting broad keywords related to SCI, autonomic function parameters, and management from six relevant databases, as well as reference lists and gray literatures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 2,749 articles identified, 92 were included. Studies categorized CV autonomic complications by acute and chronic stages. High-level SCI was commonly associated with bradycardia, low BP, orthostatic hypotension, and autonomic dysreflexia, compared to lower thoracic SCI. However, the correlation between these complications and SCI completeness was unclear. Various measurement methods were used, including 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), ECG derivatives, heart rate variability, sympathetic skin response, cold pressor test, head-up tilt, the International Standards to document Autonomic Function following SCI (ISAFSCI) and the Autonomic Dysfunction Following SCI (ADFSCI) tools. Of these, 24-hour ABPM demonstrated superiority in identifying diurnal variation and activity effects on CV conditions. Studies reported mixed outcomes for both pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of CV complications.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Research gaps persist, especially in sub-acute stages and in standardized tools for assessing CV autonomic dysfunction. Chronic complications have a long-term impact on health and CV disease risk. While promising methodologies exist, such as 24-hour ABPM and questionnaire-based assessments, further refinement is needed. Comprehensive management strategies should also be developed. This includes emerging techniques like spinal neuromodulation, which require extensive research and clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":50044,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"425-485"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13123063/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143796804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of quality of life and psychologic status in chronic-phase patients with cervical spinal cord injury: Correlation with clinical symptoms and evaluation tools.","authors":"Isamu Sasaki, Gentaro Kumagai, Kanichiro Wada, Toru Asari, Yohshiro Nitobe, Kotaro Aburakawa, Yasuyuki Ishibashi","doi":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2510720","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2510720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>This cross-sectional study examined the correlation and adequacy of the Japanese Orthopaedics Association Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation Questionnaire (JOACMEQ) for assessing patients with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Single hospital.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>38 patients in the chronic phase after cervical SCI (32 men, mean age 67.0 years).</p><p><strong>Outcome measures: </strong>Outcome measures included the association between JOACMEQ scores and bodily symptoms such as neck pain, neuropathic pain in the upper or lower extremities, and chest discomfort; visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for cervical, chest, upper, and lower extremity pain; and the Cronbach's alpha internal consistency of responses between the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey, EuroQOL 5 Dimension, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the JOACMEQ.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pain or numbness was reported by 94.7% of patients. Among the 38 patients, 7 (18.4%) had a confirmed diagnosis of depression and 3 (7.9%) had a confirmed diagnosis of anxiety. JOACMEQ domain scores correlated with bodily symptoms, and SF-36 and HADS scores. Cronbach's alpha of the JOACMEQ in patients with SCI was ∼0.8 across all domains except bladder function.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>JOACMEQ scores significantly correlated with bodily symptoms and established QOL and mental health measures. Furthermore, the JOACMEQ showed good internal consistency in this study. Compared with conventional assessment methods, the JOACMEQ is a simpler instrument for assessing quality of life, including psychologic status, in patients with cervical SCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":50044,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"529-535"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13123069/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144318538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tele-exercise and spinal cord injury: Effects on physical activity, strength, and quality of life.","authors":"Rogerio Virginio Dos Santos, Renato Barroso, José Igor V Oliveira, Luiz Gustavo Teixeira Fabrício Dos Santos, Gabriella Andreeta Figueiredo, Maria Luiza Tanure Alves","doi":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2524225","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2524225","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>People with spinal cord injuries (SCI) face barriers to physical activity, which a synchronous tele-exercise program aims to overcome.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess strength, physical activity levels, and quality of life in people with SCI following a synchronous tele-exercise program.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten people with SCI (T3 = 1; T4 = 2; T6 = 2; T7 = 1; T10 = 2; T12 = 2) participated in a 12-week tele-exercise program, consisting of three weekly sessions focused on strength training. Before and after the intervention, participants underwent a strength test and completed the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF). Paired <i>t</i>-tests were applied, except for the psychological domain, which was analyzed using the Wilcoxon test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of the strength test showed an increase in the number of repetitions between the pre- (19.7 ± 7.0) and post-intervention moments (25.1 ± 7.3; P<i> </i><<i> </i>0.001). The tele-exercise program identified an increase in the level of physical activity compared to the pre- (3.0 ± 2.0) and post-intervention (6.8 ± 3.4 MET h/week; P = 0.002) moments. In quality of life, there was an increase in scores in all domains: physical, psychological, environmental, and social. Despite the nominal increase, the physical domain showed no differences (P = 0.475).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Synchronous tele-exercise is a viable approach for this population, improving strength, physical activity levels, and quality of life in people with SCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":50044,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"561-568"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13123047/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144651088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"United States Veteran Perceptions of the Veterans Health Administration Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders Annual Evaluation.","authors":"Jennifer L Sippel, Kevin T Stroupe, Gabriel Escudero, Zhiping Huo, Ibuola O Kale, Bella Etingen, Charlesnika T Evans, I Manosha Wickremasinghe, Bridget Bennett, Bridget M Smith","doi":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2517928","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2517928","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Veterans Health Administration (VHA) offers Annual Evaluations (AEs) to Veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders (SCI/D) for preventive services, managing common complications, psychosocial services, and addressing equipment needs.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Obtain Veteran perceptions of AE services and examine their association with Veteran characteristics and receipt of AEs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Surveys were sent to <i>n</i> = 8,421 Veterans in the VHA SCI/D Registry electronically (<i>n</i> = 8,121) or through US mail (<i>n</i> = 300), with a 23.64% response rate. After excluding participants with missing data, <i>n</i> = 1,687 Veterans were included in descriptive and logistic regression analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Respondents were aged 60.7 years (SD=11.60) on average; most were male (91.2%), white (75.9%), and non-Hispanic (90.5%). 72.4% indicated receiving their most recent SCI/D AE about one year ago, 24.8% more than one year ago, and 3.4% had never had an AE. The most frequently reported reasons for not receiving an AE were COVID-19 related concerns (46.1%), and that AE was not offered (23.4%). Most (73.7%) indicated the AE was \"Very Important\" for their health and well-being. Veterans living more than 120  min from their VA had lower odds (0.51, 95% CI 0.32-0.80) of reporting recent AEs compared to Veterans who lived within 30  min.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Veterans expressed high levels of satisfaction with the AE and found many aspects to be valuable. Additional strategies are needed to address travel barriers and COVID-19 related access challenges to bolster AE receipt. Future research and efforts to leverage technology for reminders may improve AE uptake.</p>","PeriodicalId":50044,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"496-508"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13123056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of electromyography-triggered electrical stimulation applied to the back extensors muscles on trunk balance and muscle thickness in individuals with complete thoracic spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Handan E N Bayraktar, Meriç Selim Şipal, Elif Yalçın, Medine Kocamanoğlu","doi":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2529641","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10790268.2025.2529641","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Impaired activation of the paraspinal muscles in individuals with complete thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in trunk instability, difficulty performing functional transfers, and an increased risk of falls. Since trunk control plays a central role in seated balance, it has a substantial impact on the ability to carry out activities of daily living and maintain independence.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the effect of electromyography-triggered neuromuscular electrical stimulation (EMG-NMES) applied to multifidus and erector spinae muscles on trunk balance and muscle thickness in individuals with complete thoracic SCI.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A randomized controlled trial.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>A tertiary rehabilitation center in Ankara, Türkiye.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Fifteen participants with complete thoracic SCI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were randomized into an experimental group (<i>n</i> = 7) and a control group (<i>n</i> = 8). Both groups were given balance, mobilization, range of motion, and stretching exercises during their hospital stay. EMG-NMES was applied to the trunk muscles of the experimental group during back eccentric exercises 3 times a week for 4 weeks. The control group performed only back eccentric exercises. The primary outcome measures were the trunk control test (TCT) and the modified functional reach test (mFRT). Secondary outcome measures were paraspinal muscle thickness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The primary outcome measures improved significantly more in the experimental group than in the control group. The mean between-group difference in TCT was 1.98 points (95% CI: 0.47-3.49; effect size 0.92; p = 0.014). For mFRT area, the mean difference between groups was 156.63 cm² (95% CI: 80.6-232.6; effect size 2.30; p < 0.001). In the experimental group, the increase in the thickness of the erector spinae and multifidus muscles was significantly greater (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study found that a four-week EMG-NMES protocol combined with exercise improved trunk balance and functional reach distance in individuals with complete thoracic SCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":50044,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"590-601"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13123054/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144651089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}