Journal of Voice最新文献

{"title":"Quantitative Analysis of Tessitura and Density in Franz Schubert's Die schöne Müllerin.","authors":"Paul M Patinka","doi":"10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.09.035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.09.035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Quantitative analysis of vocal compositions continues to be a topic of exploration in seeking methods that attempt to objectively match a singer's ability with musical difficulty. Work is needed to study the vocal demands of song cycles of Western classical art songs. The objective of this study is to assess the compositional range, musical tessitura, melodic directionality, vocal fold cycle dose, phonation time dose, and musical density of the 20 art songs comprising Die schöne Müllerin by Franz Schubert.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Vocal and piano pitches in each song were subdivided by the shortest universal rhythmic duration and converted to hertz for equal weighting. Musical density was determined by similarly subdividing each pitch in the piano part. Quartile analysis defined tessitura as the inclusive range between the first and third quartiles based on previous analysis models. The frequency difference between each pitch and summing time spent ascending, descending, or remaining stable in pitch determined vocal directionality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall tessitura of the composition varies but averages between 246.94 Hz (B₃) and 329.63 Hz (E₄) with an average pitch of 293.66 Hz (D₄). Textural density varies throughout the music and does not seem to correlate with either pitch range or tessitura. Melodic directionality throughout the cycle is primarily descending. The final number of the cycle (Des Baches Wiegenlied) contains some of the most challenging elements in the piece with a high compositional range and musical tessitura, and the highest vocal fold cycle dose, phonation time dose, and musical density of the entire cycle.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Quantitative musical analysis allows for a nuanced understanding of challenges in musical works. Vocal characteristics that individual singers might possess to navigate these works are described based on data interpretation. This research engages a new method of quantitatively evaluating musical density to assess effects on vocal production.</p>","PeriodicalId":49954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Voice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142564608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of Intensive Voice Therapy for Pediatric Vocal Fold Nodules Delivered via Telepractice: Pilot Study.","authors":"Hengxin Liu, Sherry Fu, Hua Wang, Boquan Liu, Yang Liu, Fengzhen Zhang, Qingchuan Duan, Guixiang Wang, Shengcai Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of an intensive voice therapy delivered via telepractice for pediatric vocal fold nodules (VFNs).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Ten children with VFNs (mean age = 6 years, range = 5-8 years) were recruited in this study. Assessments including stroboscopic ratings, acoustic parameters, aerodynamic and auditory perceptual measures, and parent-reported Pediatric Voice Handicap Index were administered pretreatment and within 1 week post treatment. Eight resonant voice therapy sessions were provided three times a week via a secure online platform, which were completed within 3 weeks. The assessments were conducted in a clinical face-to-face modality in China, whereas the therapy sessions were all conducted online, with the participants and their caregivers in China and the speech-language pathologist in Taiwan.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All participants completed the therapy sessions as scheduled, and there were no dropouts. Statistical analyses showed that significant improvements in acoustic and aerodynamic parameters, as well as stroboscopic and auditory-perceptual ratings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides positive preliminary results indicating intensive voice therapy delivered via telepractice may be feasible and effective for the pediatric VFN population. Service providers and families may consider this delivery modality for ease of access when voice therapy is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":49954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Voice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142559256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers and Readiness to Voice Therapy Among School Teachers: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Sushmitha Murali, Sreya Srinivas, Prakash Boominathan, Lakshmi Venkatesh, Shuba Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.09.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.09.016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>This scoping review aimed to identify barriers and readiness to voice therapy among school teachers as reported in the literature. The objectives were to (1) report methods used to identify barriers and readiness, (2) list barriers faced by school teachers in accessing and participating in voice therapy programs, and (3) report readiness levels of school teachers to engage in voice therapy interventions aimed at improving vocal health.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines for developing the protocol. Key terms were formulated, and articles were searched in databases, including Scopus, Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. Results were collated and managed in Rayyan, where title and abstract screening was conducted. Full-text reviews were independently carried out by two reviewers, and data were charted and collated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 29,698 articles, 229 were shortlisted, and 26 articles were analyzed. Identified barriers were classified into three themes: (1) awareness and perception about voice therapy, (2) constraints in seeking help, and (3) challenges in practicing or continuing therapy. Most studies reported the barriers and readiness factors based on surveys. However, the primary objective of those studies and the surveys was not specifically designed to elicit barriers or readiness. Three studies utilized the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment-VOICE scale to gauge readiness and mapped to transtheoretical framework. Most teachers were reported to be in the precontemplation and contemplation stages of transtheoretical framework of behavioral change.</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusion: </strong>The review provided a preliminary understanding of barriers and readiness to voice therapy among school teachers. The need for future research to use methods tailored to address geographical, socioeconomic, and cultural factors has been highlighted. A tool to assess barriers and readiness could help clinicians devise strategies to improve compliance and concordance of the patients undergoing voice interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Voice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142559254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Temporal Auditory Skills Training Associated With Conventional Auditory Training in the Auditory-Perceptual Judgment of Voice: Preliminary Data.","authors":"Karoline Evangelista da Silva Paz, Ronei Marcos de Moraes, Ingrid Gielow, Allan Carlos França da Silva, Anna Alice Almeida, Leonardo Wanderley Lopes","doi":"10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.09.037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.09.037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To verify whether there are differences in the performance and reliability of speech-language-hearing students between the moments of auditory-perceptual judgment (APJ) of voice before and after temporal auditory skills training and conventional auditory-perceptual training (APT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Both trainings were applied to 30 speech-language pathology students, with the following stages: 1-Initial APJ of the general grade (GG), breathiness (GB), and roughness (GR) with 30 samples of the sustained vowel [Ɛ], plus 20% of repetitions (six samples), analyzed with a visual analog scale; 2-Temporal auditory skills training on the online platform Afinando o Cérebro, with a total duration of 4 hours; 3-APJ of GG, GR, and GB after training in Afinando o Cérebro; 4-APT in the classroom with a total duration of 6 hours; 5-APJ of GG, GR, and GB after APT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significant difference in the students' performance in the APJ of GG after the training. The agreement in identifying voices as dysphonic or nondysphonic increased after each training.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Temporal auditory skills training associated with APT has the potential to improve the performance of speech-language-hearing students in APJ of voice, especially in GG.</p>","PeriodicalId":49954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Voice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142559255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allergic Rhinitis in Professional Singers: A Monoinstitutional Series.","authors":"Andrea Ciofalo, Antonella Loperfido, Carlo Cavaliere, Maria Nicastri, Elona Begvarfaj, Francesca Cascone, Gianluca Bellocchi, Simonetta Masieri, Giovanni Ruoppolo","doi":"10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.10.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.10.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In professional singers, allergic rhinitis can lead to dysphonia and alterations in resonance. Each episode of laryngeal inflammation increases the risk of vocal strain or forces singers to cancel performances. This study aimed to analyze differences between allergic and nonallergic professional singers in self-evaluation of voice quality, objective examination of voice, and limitations of professional activities due to voice troubles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two groups, one with 30 subjects diagnosed with allergic rhinitis (the study group) and the other with 30 subjects without allergic rhinitis (the control group), were recruited from a pool of 167 professional pop singers. All subjects underwent comprehensive rhinological and phoniatric evaluations. The rhinological evaluation included nasal endoscopy, rhinomanometry, and 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) questionnaire. The phoniatric evaluation included laryngostroboscopy, the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) and Singing Voice Handicap Index (SVHI) questionnaires, and the Dysphonia Severity Index (DSI). Statistical analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 25.0 (SPSS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dust mite allergy was the main cause of symptoms in our series of allergic singers, particularly when associated with seasonal allergens. Comparing singers with allergic rhinitis to those without, the study group had significantly higher scores on the SNOT-22, VHI, and SVHI assessments. Although the median DSI value indicated a good quality of voice in all subjects, it was significantly lower in the allergic group compared with the control group. The odds ratio (OR) indicated an increased risk for allergic singers of needing to postpone performances (OR 3.7), singing with laryngeal inflammation (OR 4.4), or changing the song pitch (OR 22.2).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Allergic singers experienced severe limitations in their professional activities. Our results suggest that careful management of allergic rhinitis is essential for singers to avoid conditions that could lead to vocal strain.</p>","PeriodicalId":49954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Voice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142548620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Signal Typing and Acoustic Analysis of Voice in School-Aged Indian Children.","authors":"Ruth Deborah, Kala Samayan","doi":"10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.09.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.09.024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The current study aimed to classify voice signals using narrowband spectrograms and investigate acoustic measures in samples classified as type 1 and rated normal based on auditory-perceptual evaluation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Voice samples of sustained phonation of /a/ of 234 males and 223 females aged between 4 and 16; 11 years were recorded and classified into 5 age groups. Narrowband spectrograms were generated and signal typing was done by two raters. Acoustic parameters for type-I signals were derived using PRAAT software (version 6.3.01). Inter-rater reliability was measured for both signal typing and auditory-perceptual evaluation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on agreement by two raters, around 79% of samples were classified as type 1, 8.5% as type II, and 7.8% as type-III signals. Inter-rater reliability for signal typing and GRBAS (Grade,Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, Strained) rating were found to be good (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient-0.90 and 0.81). Overall comparison using analysis of variance revealed statistically significant difference F0-related measures and NHR values (P < 0.05). Within males and females, F0 measures were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Noise-related measures were significant in males (P < 0.05). Independent t test revealed sex differences for F0 measures, jitter %, and NHR values in children above 13 years of age (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Normative data obtained in this study can be used as a reference to compare with children with pediatric dysphonia.</p>","PeriodicalId":49954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Voice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142548621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Application and Efficacy of Voice Therapy and Closed Reduction Under Local Anesthesia Combination for Arytenoid Dislocation.","authors":"Shanshan Wang, Junyao Du, Xiaowei Gao, Yongwang Huang, Leisheng Zhang, Dehui Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To explore the efficacy of voice therapy combined with closed reduction under local anesthesia upon arytenoid dislocation (AD) and to provide new reference for the clinical treatment of AD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-eight patients diagnosed with unilateral AD were enrolled in the study, which were divided into the closed reduction group under local anesthesia alone (25 cases) and the closed reduction group under local anesthesia combined with voice therapy (33 cases) according to the treatment regimen. The vocal cord movements of the two groups were observed under laryngoscopy before and after treatment. Fundamental frequency (F0), fundamental frequency perturbation (Jitter), amplitude perturbation (Shimmer), and harmonic noise ratio (HNR) of the two groups before and after treatment were analyzed. Maximum vocal time (MPT) and simplified Voice Disturbance Index Scale (VHI-10) scores were obtained.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After treatment, the redness and swelling around the affected AD of all patients were improved by an electronic dynamic laryngoscope, and the movement of vocal cords and mucosal waves were improved to diverse degrees. After treatment, F0, Jitter, Shimmer, and HNR in both groups were lower than before treatment, and MPT values were higher than before treatment, and the differences before and after treatment were statistically significant (P < 0.05), and the score of VHI-10 in both groups was lower than before treatment (P < 0.05). Patients in the closed reduction group under local anesthesia combined with voice therapy revealed better outcome over those in the closed reduction group under local anesthesia alone (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The effect of voice therapy combined with closed reduction under local anesthesia was better than that of closed reduction alone upon AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":49954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Voice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brazilian Teachers' Voices: The Impact of the First Two Years of the Pandemic.","authors":"Renata da Silva Gonçalves, Marcia Simões-Zenari, Augusto Camargo, Katia Nemr","doi":"10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.09.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.09.017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To compare vocal symptoms, stress, overall fatigue, and self-reported vocal quality in teachers between pre pandemic, emergency remote teaching (ERT), and hybrid teaching (simultaneous in-person and online teaching), evaluate their voices during hybrid teaching, and correlate it with self-reported vocal quality.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Hybrid cross-sectional study with longitudinal cohort characteristics.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The sample comprised 70 teachers of both sexes, aged 24 to 68years (mean of 42.5years). Everyone filled out a recall questionnaire on pre-pandemic and ERT and another one on hybrid teaching. The voices were recorded and then submitted to judges for auditory-perceptual evaluation. The statistical analysis compared the three moments, verifying a correlation between the variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The auditory-perceptual evaluation carried out during hybrid teaching revealed that 74.3% of teachers in the sample had mild vocal deviations according to the overall severity in the CAPE-V. Changes in self-reported vocal quality were associated with hoarseness, dry throat, vocal fatigue, voice failures, loud speaking, stress, and overall fatigue. Also, 61.4% of participants reported that during ERT, their voices were better than before the pandemic and during hybrid teaching. Voice roughness and strain observed in the auditory-perceptual evaluation were associated with vocal symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Remote teaching has transformed teachers' communication in class, highlighting the need for monitoring by them. Teachers reported improved vocal quality during ERT compared with before the pandemic, but it worsened slightly in hybrid teaching. Public school teachers perceived greater vocal improvement than those in private schools. The most common symptoms were hoarseness, dry throat, sore throat, and overall fatigue, regardless of the time of analysis. During hybrid teaching, most of the sample had mildly deviant voices, especially due to roughness and strain, which are related to the most frequent symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":49954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Voice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can a Machine Distinguish High and Low Amount of Social Creak in Speech?","authors":"Anne-Maria Laukkanen, Sudarsana Reddy Kadiri, Shrikanth Narayanan, Paavo Alku","doi":"10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.09.050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.09.050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Increased prevalence of social creak particularly among female speakers has been reported in several studies. The study of social creak has been previously conducted by combining perceptual evaluation of speech with conventional acoustical parameters such as the harmonic-to-noise ratio and cepstral peak prominence. In the current study, machine learning (ML) was used to automatically distinguish speech of low amount of social creak from speech of high amount of social creak.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The amount of creak in continuous speech samples produced in Finnish by 90 female speakers was first perceptually assessed by two voice specialists. Based on their assessments, the speech samples were divided into two categories (low vs high amount of creak). Using the speech signals and their creak labels, seven different ML models were trained. Three spectral representations were used as feature for each model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results show that the best performance (accuracy of 71.1%) was obtained by the following two systems: an Adaboost classifier using the mel-spectrogram feature and a decision tree classifier using the mel-frequency cepstral coefficient feature.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study of social creak is becoming increasingly popular in sociolinguistic and vocological research. The conventional human perceptual assessment of the amount of creak is laborious and therefore ML technology could be used to assist researchers studying social creak. The classification systems reported in this study could be considered as baselines in future ML-based studies on social creak.</p>","PeriodicalId":49954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Voice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Readability of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Used in Voice Disorders.","authors":"Ayşe Nur Demirci, Önal İncebay, Ayşen Köse","doi":"10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.09.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.09.014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aims to evaluate Turkish patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) used in voice disorders using different readability formulas and to examine the relationship between text-based features and readability values.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>A search was conducted to identify published Turkish PRO questionnaires related to dysphonia that are completed by patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A search was conducted to identify published PROM related to dysphonia that are completed by patients in a self-administered format. Reading grade levels were analyzed for voice-related PROM using the Ateşman readability and the Bezirci-Yılmaz new readability formulas as computed by a readability calculations software package. Text-based quantitative features are obtained. Descriptive statistics were also computed across the questionnaires.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 14 PROMs were found. In the analysis, the mean of the Ateşman readability values of the PROM was calculated as 70.66 (±5.55). This value is defined as \"easy,\" according to the Ateşman readability measures. The average Bezirci-Yılmaz new readability value is 6.03 (±1.07). This value corresponds to the sixth-grade reading level in the Turkish education system.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results show that more than half of the PROMs in the Turkish language have the recommended reading level. PROMs allow health care professionals to objectively understand the patient's symptoms, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Therefore, it is critical that patients accurately understand and respond to these outcome measures. This is why developers should consider reading as a testable structure. Speech and language therapists should consider the reading level required to understand a specific PROM to obtain the most useful information for treatment planning and outcome assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":49954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Voice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}