Mechanisms of Development最新文献

{"title":"Regulation mechanisms and implications of sperm membrane hyperpolarization","authors":"Carla Ritagliati ,&nbsp;Carolina Baro Graf ,&nbsp;Cintia Stival ,&nbsp;Dario Krapf","doi":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.04.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mammalian sperm are unable to fertilize the egg immediately after ejaculation. In order to gain fertilization competence, they need to undergo a series of biochemical and physiological modifications inside the female reproductive tract, known as capacitation. Capacitation correlates with two essential events for fertilization: hyperactivation, an asymmetric and vigorous flagellar motility, and the ability to undergo the acrosome reaction. At a molecular level, capacitation is associated to: phosphorylation cascades, modification of membrane lipids, alkalinization of the intracellular pH, increase in the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration and hyperpolarization of the sperm plasma membrane potential. Hyperpolarization is a crucial event in capacitation since it primes the sperm to undergo the exocytosis of the acrosome content, essential to achieve fertilization of the oocyte.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49844,"journal":{"name":"Mechanisms of Development","volume":"154 ","pages":"Pages 33-43"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mod.2018.04.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36044191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"G-quadruplex in animal development: Contribution to gene expression and genomic heterogeneity","authors":"Pablo Armas,&nbsp;Nora Beatriz Calcaterra","doi":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During animal development, gene expression is orchestrated by specific and highly evolutionarily conserved mechanisms that take place accurately, both at spatial and temporal levels. The last decades have provided compelling evidence showing that chromatin state plays essential roles in orchestrating most of the stages of development. The DNA molecule can adopt alternative structures different from the helical duplex architecture. G-rich DNA sequences can fold as intrastrand quadruple helix structures called G-quadruplexes or G4-DNA. G4 can also be formed in RNA molecules, such as mRNA, lncRNA and pre-miRNA. Emerging evidences suggest that G4s have crucial roles in a variety of biological processes, including transcription, recombination, replication, translation and chromosome stability. In this review, we have collected recent information gathered by various laboratories showing the important role of G4 DNA and RNA structures in several steps of animal development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49844,"journal":{"name":"Mechanisms of Development","volume":"154 ","pages":"Pages 64-72"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mod.2018.05.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36097047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MicroRNAs and the neural crest: From induction to differentiation","authors":"Andrea M.J. Weiner","doi":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.05.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.05.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that can control gene expression by base pairing to partially complementary mRNAs. Regulation by microRNAs plays essential roles in diverse biological processes such as neural crest formation during embryonic development. The neural crest is a multipotent cell population that develops from the dorsal neural fold of vertebrate embryos in order to migrate extensively and differentiate into a variety of tissues. Gene regulatory networks that coordinate neural crest cell specification and differentiation have been considerably studied so far. Although it is known that microRNAs play important roles in neural crest development, posttranscriptional regulation by microRNAs has not been deeply characterized yet. This review is focused on the microRNAs identified so far in order to regulate gene expression of neural crest cells during vertebrate development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49844,"journal":{"name":"Mechanisms of Development","volume":"154 ","pages":"Pages 98-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mod.2018.05.009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36186143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing the embryonic development of B. hygida (Diptera: Sciaridae) following enzymatic treatment to permeabilize the serosal cuticle","authors":"João Vitor Cardoso Uliana ,&nbsp;Guilherme Thomaz Pereira Brancini ,&nbsp;James Castelli-Gair Hombría ,&nbsp;Luciano Antonio Digiampietri ,&nbsp;Luiz Paulo Andrioli ,&nbsp;Nadia Monesi","doi":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding the evolution of the developmental programs active during dipteran embryogenesis depends on comparative studies. As a counterpoint to the intensively investigated and highly derived cyclorrhaphan flies that include the model organism <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>, we are studying the basal Diptera <em>Bradysia hygida</em>, a member of the Sciaridae family that is amenable to laboratory cultivation. Here we describe the <em>B. hygida</em> embryogenesis, which lasts 9 days at 22 °C. The use of standard fixation <em>D. melanogaster</em> protocols resulted in embryos refractory to DAPI staining and to overcome this, a new enzyme-based method was developed. Calcofluor-White staining of enzimatically-treated embryos revealed that this method removes chitin from the serosal cuticle surrounding the <em>B. hygida</em> embryo. Chitin is one of the main components of serosal cuticles and searches in a <em>B. hygida</em> embryonic transcriptome database revealed conservation of the chitin synthesis pathway, further supporting the occurrence of chitin biosynthesis in <em>B. hygida</em> embryos. Combining the enzymatic treatment protocol with the use of both DIC and fluorescence microscopy allowed the first complete description of the <em>B. hygida</em> embryogenesis. Our results constitute an important step towards the understanding of early development of a basal Diptera and pave the way for future evo-devo studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49844,"journal":{"name":"Mechanisms of Development","volume":"154 ","pages":"Pages 270-276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mod.2018.08.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36374111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pdgf1aa regulates zebrafish neural crest cells migration through Hif-1 in an oxygen-independent manner","authors":"J.A. Espina ,&nbsp;C.L. Marchant ,&nbsp;G.V. De Ferrari ,&nbsp;A.E. Reyes","doi":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The transcription factor Hif-1α regulates epithelial to mesenchymal transition and neural crest cell chemotaxis in <em>Xenopus</em>. Hif-1α is only stabilised under low oxygen levels, and the <em>in vivo</em> stabilisation of this factor in neural crest cells is poorly understood. Multiple oxygen-independent Hif-1α regulators have been described in cell cultures and cancer models. Among these, the PDGF pathway has been linked to neural crest development. The present study established a connection between the Pdgf pathway and Hif-1α stabilisation in zebrafish. Specifically, embryos with a disrupted Pdgf pathway were rescued by employing <em>hif</em>-<em>1α</em> mRNA through qPCR and immunohistochemistry techniques. The data suggest that oxygen levels in the neural crest are normal and that Pdgf1aa regulates neural crest migration through Hif-1α expression.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49844,"journal":{"name":"Mechanisms of Development","volume":"154 ","pages":"Pages 203-207"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36329686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptional cross-regulation of Irre Cell Recognition Module (IRM) members in the Drosophila pupal retina","authors":"Maiaro Cabral Rosa Machado ,&nbsp;Felipe Berti Valer,&nbsp;Carlos Antonio Couto-lima ,&nbsp;Ricardo Guelerman Pinheiro Ramos","doi":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cell adhesion molecules play a central role in morphogenesis, as they mediate the complex range of interactions between different cell types that result in their arrangement in multicellular organs and tissues. How their coordinated dynamic expression in space and time - an essential requirement for their function - is regulated at the genomic and transcriptional levels constitutes an important, albeit still little understood question. The Irre Cell Recognition Module (IRM) is a highly conserved phylogenetically group of structurally related single pass transmembrane glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily that in <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> are encoded by the genes <em>roughest</em> (<em>rst</em>), <em>kin-of-irre</em> (<em>kirre</em>), <em>sticks-and-stones</em> (<em>sns</em>) and <em>hibris</em> (<em>hbs</em>). Their cooperative and often partly redundant action are crucial to major developmental processes such axonal pathfinding, myoblast fusion and patterning of the pupal retina. In this latter system <em>rst</em> and <em>kirre</em> display a tightly regulated complementary transcriptional pattern so that lowering <em>rst</em> mRNA levels leads to a concomitant increase in <em>kirre</em> mRNA concentration. Here we investigated whether other IRM components are similarly co-regulated and the extent changes in their mRNA levels affect each other as well as their collective function in retinal patterning. Our results demonstrate that silencing any of the four IRM genes in 24% APF retinae changes the levels all other group members although only <em>kirre</em> and <em>hbs</em> mRNA levels are increased. Furthermore, expression, in a <em>rst</em> null background, of truncated versions of <em>rst</em> cDNA in which the portion encoding the intracellular domain has been partially or completely removed not only can still induce changes in mRNA levels of other IRM members but also result in Kirre mislocalization. Taken together, our data point to the presence of a highly precise and fine-tuned control mechanism coordinating IRM expression that may be crucial to the functional redundancy shown by its components during the patterning of the pupal retina.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49844,"journal":{"name":"Mechanisms of Development","volume":"154 ","pages":"Pages 193-202"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36331464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CTCF knockout reveals an essential role for this protein during the zebrafish development","authors":"Francisco Carmona-Aldana ,&nbsp;Cecilia Zampedri ,&nbsp;Fernando Suaste-Olmos ,&nbsp;Adrián Murillo-de-Ozores ,&nbsp;Georgina Guerrero ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Arzate-Mejía ,&nbsp;Ernesto Maldonado ,&nbsp;Rosa E. Navarro ,&nbsp;Jesús Chimal-Monroy ,&nbsp;Félix Recillas-Targa","doi":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.04.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chromatin regulation and organization are essential processes that regulate gene activity. The CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a protein with different and important molecular functions related with chromatin dynamics. It is conserved since invertebrates to vertebrates, posing it as a factor with an important role in the physiology. In this work, we aimed to understand the distribution and functional relevance of CTCF during the embryonic development of the zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>). We generated a zebrafish specific anti-Ctcf antibody, and found this protein to be ubiquitous, through different stages and tissues. We used the CRISPR-Cas9 system to induce molecular alterations in the <em>locus</em>. This resulted in early lethality. We delayed the lethality performing knockdown morpholino experiments, and found an aberrant embryo morphology involving malformations in structures through all the length of the embryo. These phenotypes were rescued with human <em>CTCF</em> mRNA injections, showing the specificity of the morpholinos and a partial functional conservation between the fish and the human proteins. Lastly, we found that the pro-apoptotic genes <em>p53</em> and <em>bbc3/PUMA</em> are deregulated in the <em>ctcf</em> morpholino-injected embryos. In conclusion, CTCF is a ubiquitous factor during the zebrafish development, which regulates the correct formation of different structures of the embryo, and its deregulation impacts on essential cell survival genes. Overall, this work provides a basis to look for the particular functions of CTCF in the different developing tissues and organs of the zebrafish.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49844,"journal":{"name":"Mechanisms of Development","volume":"154 ","pages":"Pages 51-59"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mod.2018.04.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36067047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Superoxide dismutase 1 expression is modulated by the core pluripotency transcription factors Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog in embryonic stem cells","authors":"Claudia Solari ,&nbsp;María Victoria Petrone ,&nbsp;Camila Vazquez Echegaray ,&nbsp;María Soledad Cosentino ,&nbsp;Ariel Waisman ,&nbsp;Marcos Francia ,&nbsp;Lino Barañao ,&nbsp;Santiago Miriuka ,&nbsp;Alejandra Guberman","doi":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Redox homeostasis is vital for cellular functions and to prevent the detrimental consequences of oxidative stress. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have an enhanced antioxidant system which supports the preservation of their genome. Besides, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are proposed to be involved in both self-renewal maintenance and in differentiation in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Increasing evidence shows that cellular systems related to the oxidative stress defense decline along differentiation of PSCs. Although redox homeostasis has been extensively studied for many years, the knowledge about the transcriptional regulation of the genes involved in these systems is still limited. In this work, we studied Sod1 gene modulation by the PSCs fundamental transcription factors Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog. We found that this gene, which is expressed in mouse ESCs (mESCs), was repressed when they were induced to differentiate. Accordingly, these factors induced Sod1 promoter activity in a trans-activation assay. Finally, Sod1 mRNA levels were reduced when Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog were down-regulated by a shRNA approach in mESCs. Taken together, we found that PSCs' key transcription factors are involved in the modulation of Sod1 gene, suggesting a relationship between the pluripotency core and redox homeostasis in these cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49844,"journal":{"name":"Mechanisms of Development","volume":"154 ","pages":"Pages 116-121"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mod.2018.06.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36247882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ric-8A, a GEF for heterotrimeric G-proteins, controls cranial neural crest cell polarity during migration","authors":"Juan Ignacio Leal ,&nbsp;Soraya Villaseca ,&nbsp;Andrea Beyer ,&nbsp;Gabriela Toro-Tapia ,&nbsp;Marcela Torrejón","doi":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The neural crest (NC) is a transient embryonic cell population that migrates extensively during development. Ric-8A, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for different Gα subunits regulates cranial NC (CNC) cell migration in <em>Xenopus</em> through a mechanism that still remains to be elucidated. To properly migrate, CNC cells establish an axis of polarization and undergo morphological changes to generate protrusions at the leading edge and retraction of the cell rear. Here, we aim to study the role of Ric-8A in cell polarity during CNC cell migration by examining whether its signaling affects the localization of GTPase activity in <em>Xenopus</em> CNC using GTPase-based probes in live cells and aPKC and Par3 as polarity markers. We show that the levels of Ric-8A are critical during migration and affect the localization of polarity markers and the subcellular localization of GTPase activity, suggesting that Ric-8A, probably through heterotrimeric G-protein signaling, regulates cell polarity during CNC migration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49844,"journal":{"name":"Mechanisms of Development","volume":"154 ","pages":"Pages 170-178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36320934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking morphological complexities of organ development in culture","authors":"Natalia Sánchez ,&nbsp;Verónica Inostroza ,&nbsp;María Cristina Pérez ,&nbsp;Paulina Moya ,&nbsp;Angélica Ubilla ,&nbsp;Jovita Besa ,&nbsp;Emanuel Llaguno ,&nbsp;Claudio Vera P-G ,&nbsp;Oscar Inzunza ,&nbsp;Marcia Gaete","doi":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Organogenesis is one of the most striking process during development. During this period, organ primordia pass throughout several stages in which the level of organisation increases in complexity to achieve the final organ architecture. Organ culture, a method in which an isolated organ is explanted and maintained <em>ex-vivo</em>, is an excellent tool for following the morphological dynamics during development. While most of the work has been made in early stages of development, culturing organs in mid-late stages is needed to understand the achievement of the final organ anatomy in the new-born. Here, we investigated the possibility of following morphological changes of the mice heart, lung, kidney and intestine using a filter-grid culture method for 7 days starting at E14.5. We observed that the anatomy, histology and survival of the cultured organs were indicative of a continuity of the developmental processes: they survived and morphodifferentiated during 5–7 days in culture. The exception was the heart, which started to die after 4 days. Using a second approach, we demonstrated that heart tissue can be easily cultured in body slices, together with other tissues such as the lung, with a healthier differentiation and longer survival. The culture method used here, permits a high-resolution imaging to identify the dynamic of organ architecture <em>ex-vivo</em> using morphovideos. We also confirmed the suitability of this system to perform lineage tracing using a vital dye in branching organs. In summary, this work tested the feasibility of monitoring and recording the anatomical changes that establish the final organ structure of the heart, lung, kidney and intestine. Additionally, this strategy allows the morphological study of organ development including fate maps with a relative long-term survival up to the onset of differentiation. This work contributes to elucidating how organs are formed, promoting the understanding of congenital malformations and to design organ replacement therapies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49844,"journal":{"name":"Mechanisms of Development","volume":"154 ","pages":"Pages 179-192"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36356688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}