Medical Engineering & Physics最新文献

{"title":"SHAP-enabled explainable AI framework for clinical interpretation of valvular heart diseases via digital acoustic features.","authors":"Vidya Gopal T V, Inayathulla Ghori, Qurratulain Annie Hasan, Renu John","doi":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae8546","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae8546","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Valvular heart diseases (VHDs), including mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, and mitral valve prolapse represent a significant global health burden particularly among older adults. Digital auscultation platforms can transform traditional cardiac assessments that are primarily subjective and clinician-driven into a data-driven diagnostic tool enabling advanced signal processing, feature extraction and machine learning (ML)-based interpretation. This creates new opportunities for early, objective, and precise disease screening, diagnosis, longitudinal monitoring, and personalized clinical decision-making. In this study, we present an explainable ML framework for early detection and precise classification of VHDs using digital auscultation data. Acoustic features extracted from digital auscultation data are used to build ML models on a public dataset followed by validation using clinical hospital data. Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) helps create more understandable models for early detection by pinpointing unique acoustic characteristics of VHD, which enhances the interpretability and accuracy of ML models. The SHAP tree explainer is utilized to improve interpretability and guide feature selection by identifying unique, consistent, and overlapping features relevant to VHDs, providing physiological insights and enhancing model transparency. Among the five models assessed, XGBoost with SHAP stood out as the most reliable, delivering high interpretability and 85% accuracy on the clinical dataset, achieving condition-specific accuracies with minimal variability across different practitioners. By combining predictive performance with explainability, the proposed framework shows high promise in objective screening, early diagnosis, and informed clinical decision-making for VHDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49836,"journal":{"name":"Medical Engineering & Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148377783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient-specific left ventricular hypertrophy under severe hypertension: mechanistic insights from hill-type computational simulations.","authors":"Nurul Jannah Zamberi, Chin Neng Leong, Azam Ahmad Bakir, Bee Ting Chan, Yih Miin Liew, Andri Andriyana, Farina Muhamad, Socrates Dokos, Einly Lim","doi":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae8543","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae8543","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hill's force-velocity relationship is a fundamental property of myocardial contraction, yet its mechanical role in patient-specific left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) remains underexplored. This study systematically evaluated the consequences of including versus omitting Hill-type velocity dependence in magnetic resonance imaging derived three-dimensional finite element models of three hypertrophic left ventricles subjected to stage 3 hypertensive loading. Incorporating velocity dependence moderated peak systolic pressure, tempered early fibre shortening, sustained mid-systolic deformation, and yielded smoother pressure-volume behaviour with improved energetic efficiency. In contrast, omitting velocity dependence amplified systolic pressure generation, accelerated contraction prematurely, and increased stroke work by 15%. Regional analysis across all three patient-specific LVH models consistently demonstrated that the absence of velocity dependence elevated fibre stress by 15%-25%, most prominently in subendocardial and high-curvature regions, accompanied by reduced mid-systolic strain. A biophysical damping formulation was implemented to ensure numerical stability across heterogeneous LVH geometries. Together, these findings provide mechanistic insight into how sarcomere shortening dynamics govern regional ventricular adaptation and advance the physiological fidelity of cardiac simulations under severe hypertensive conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49836,"journal":{"name":"Medical Engineering & Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148377768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional motion analysis of a total wrist prosthesis during the dart-throwing motion: a cadaveric study.","authors":"Yuichiro Matsui, Mitsutoshi Ota, Yusuke Matsuura, Takane Suzuki, Junichi Ishikawa, Daisuke Momma, Takeshi Endo, Hirofumi Miyaji, Akio Minami, Norimasa Iwasaki","doi":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae8545","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae8545","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Total wrist arthroplasty offers an alternative to wrist arthrodesis by preserving motion while relieving pain, and understanding its functional performance is clinically important. The DARTS wrist prosthesis, approved for clinical use in Japan in 2017, was designed to reproduce the physiological dart-throwing motion through its semi-constrained structure and ovoid carpal component. Because this motion is essential for wrist function, it is important to determine whether the prosthesis can adequately replicate it. This study analyzed the detailed kinematics of the DARTS wrist prosthesis during wrist flexion and extension using three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis in five fresh-frozen cadaveric upper limbs. Each specimen was fixed with the elbow at 90 degrees and the forearm in a neutral position, and intermittent fluoroscopic imaging was performed before and after implantation. A two-dimensional/3D registration technique with a metal marker placed on the radial component allowed precise evaluation of prosthetic motion. The coupling slope changed from -0.50 before implantation to -0.33 after implantation while preserving the characteristic directional coupling pattern of the dart-throwing motion. These findings suggest potential benefits for postoperative wrist function, and provide valuable insights for rehabilitation, future prosthesis improvements, and the dynamic analysis of other models using this method.</p>","PeriodicalId":49836,"journal":{"name":"Medical Engineering & Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148377785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A preliminary technique development for quantitative analysis of transhumeral bone, post-amputation, using a computed tomography BMD phantom.","authors":"Kristofer D Sinclair, Zakary Wankier, Kent Bachus, Sarina Sinclair","doi":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae7a71","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae7a71","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone anchored prostheses (BAP) provide an alternative to socket prostheses for many amputees. However, progressive loss of bone mineral density (BMD) after amputation can decrease bone strength and prosthesis support around these implants. Loading of bone following implantation has allowed for successful adoption of lower limb BAPs; however, less is known about BAPs in upper limb amputees. Herein, methods are described to analyze BMD in individuals with transhumeral amputation (THA). Seventeen participants with THA received CT scans with a quantitative computed tomography (QCT) phantom. However, due to software constraints that limited the field of view to complete bilateral analysis, only six (<i>N</i>= 6) of the seventeen participants could be included in the final dataset. Volumetric (vBMD) and total area BMD (aBMD) data were generated with QCT Pro and Bone Investigational Toolkit software (Mindways, Austin, TX) for amputated and intact contralateral limbs. Quantitative differences in total and cortical BMD between amputated and contralateral humeri were comparable for six participants, uniformly showing decreased BMD in the amputated limb. These decreases were significant (<i>p</i>< 0.05) in all participants and no significant correlation of cortical BMD with age or time since amputation was detected in this limited cohort. These preliminary results demonstrated that humerus BMD can be successfully analyzed with QCT software using a modified hip and spine protocol. The techniques developed will allow for clinical evaluation of BMD to assess how bone remodeling in the humerus is affected by a BAP.</p>","PeriodicalId":49836,"journal":{"name":"Medical Engineering & Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148213116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From diagnostic labels to radiology reports: a unified multi-modal framework for lesion detection and segmentation.","authors":"Haiyang Wang, Junli Zhao, Zhenkuan Pan, Hui Li, Yi Li","doi":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae7f8e","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae7f8e","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Deep learning-based vision models are playing an increasingly pivotal role in clinical diagnosis and treatment. However, existing approaches predominantly rely on visual information, often neglecting the accompanying radiology reports. Even when textual data is considered, current methods typically restrict their input to discrete text labels, failing to exploit the comprehensive, fine-grained semantic information embedded in full-text real-world radiology reports. This limitation represents a significant underutilization of available training resources. Furthermore, effectively leveraging complementary information from multi-modal imaging and exploiting the synergy between detection and segmentation remain open challenges. To address these limitations, we propose TextDSNet, a unified multi-task framework for joint medical detection and segmentation, incorporating radiology reports. Specifically, TextDSNet leverages reports as cross-modal guidance to orchestrate multi-modal image analysis. We formulate this process as a unified framework termed 'Lesion-Aware Segmentation,' which enables the model to identify specific lesion targets, facilitating the joint optimization of coarse-grained localization and fine-grained segmentation. To overcome the scarcity of public datasets containing paired full-text reports, we curated radiology-style report annotations for the ISLES 2022 dataset under strict clinical supervision. Experimental results show that TextDSNet surpasses existing state-of-the-art methods on this dataset. Our findings demonstrate that integrating full-text radiology reports is a viable path toward building more intelligent and clinically aligned medical AI systems. Code and dataset are available athttps://github.com/wenxuan163/TextDSNet.git.</p>","PeriodicalId":49836,"journal":{"name":"Medical Engineering & Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148284749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enabling laboratory-based personalization of musculoskeletal spine models: a standardized rail-guided ultrasound method.","authors":"Raphael Strähl, Leonie Koller, Stefan Schmid","doi":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae7f8d","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae7f8d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Personalization of musculoskeletal (MSK) spine models requires subject-specific paravertebral muscle morphology, which is commonly obtained using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT). However, these modalities are costly, time-intensive, and, in the case of CT, involve ionizing radiation. The purpose of this study was to develop a custom-designed rail-guided ultrasound system and evaluate its intra- and inter-rater reliability for standardized assessment of thoracolumbar paravertebral muscle morphology. The developed height-adjustable system guides an ultrasound probe along three orthogonal axes and allows controlled rotation and application of a constant inward force to minimize operator-dependent variability. Twelve healthy adults participated in two measurement sessions within one week. Cross-sectional area (CSA) and muscle thickness (MT) were measured bilaterally at spinal levels L4, L1, and T8 using a curved-array transducer. Intra-rater reliability was assessed across sessions (<i>n</i>= 12), and inter-rater reliability was evaluated in a subset of five participants in the first session. All measurements were analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Bland-Altman plots, and root mean square error. Intra-rater reliability was excellent for CSA (ICC[1,1] = 0.994) and good for MT (ICC[1,1] = 0.882). Inter-rater reliability was excellent for CSA (ICC[3,1] = 0.952) and good for MT (ICC[3,1] = 0.877). Bland-Altman analysis showed minimal bias and narrow limits of agreement for both parameters. The rail-guided ultrasound system enabled reproducible bilateral measurements across lumbar and thoracic levels. With further validation, this radiation-free, cost-effective, and laboratory-based approach may provide a feasible alternative to MRI or CT for obtaining subject-specific paravertebral muscle morphology and facilitate scalable personalization of MSK spine models.</p>","PeriodicalId":49836,"journal":{"name":"Medical Engineering & Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148284757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and performance evaluation of the Maastricht room calorimeter systems.","authors":"Wouter Bijnens, Marc Souren, Cynthia Ly, Melanie Weerts, Paul Schoffelen, Guy Plasqui","doi":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae7602","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae7602","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective was to describe the characteristics and evaluate the performance of four room calorimeters (RCs) at the Metabolic Research Unit Maastricht in line with the RICORS1.0 standards. The study involved technical assessment and performance evaluation of four identical RCs through three different tests: zero tests (to assess drift and bias), methanol combustion (to assess system performance), and gas infusion protocols (to assess system performance and to determine response time under simulated metabolic conditions). Data were analysed at one-minute and five-minute intervals. All RCs demonstrated minimal bias and drift, with zero test standard deviations within expected ranges (VO₂: <20 ml min^-1, VCO₂: <5 ml min^-1). Methanol combustion tests showed errors below 5% for VO₂, VCO₂, and energy expenditure, with consistent results for 8 h and 24 h durations. Response times ranged from 8 to 12 min with one-minute data and from 15 to 20 min with five-minute averages. Five-minute averaging reduced variability without compromizing accuracy. The RCs in Maastricht meet RICORS1.0 performance standards, with high accuracy and reliability. Shorter-duration combustion tests and five-minute data averaging offer practical advantages without reducing data quality. These findings support their application in diverse human metabolic research settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":49836,"journal":{"name":"Medical Engineering & Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148151046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finite element analysis explores ablation depth and optical zone as key determinants of intraocular pressure reduction after refractive surgery.","authors":"Yunfei Lan, Yongtao Lyu, Xuzhe Qiu, Ye Sun, Hao Wang, Sergei Bosiakov, Bo Wang, Junjie Wang, Lijun Zhang, Lin Jin","doi":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae7600","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae7600","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>with the increasing prevalence of refractive surgery, its impact on intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement has gained significant attention. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which femtosecond laser-assisted<i>in situ</i>keratomileusis (FS-LASIK)-induced geometric alterations of the cornea affect IOP measurements obtained with the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>IOP was measured with the GAT in patients undergoing FS-LASIK preoperatively and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. A corneal finite element (FE) model, including aqueous humor for both pre- and post-operative states, was created to simulate the surgical volume required for correcting myopia of -2, -4, and -6 diopters (<i>D</i>). IOP values were calculated based on the principle of the GAT, and FE simulation results were compared with clinical IOP data measured using the GAT to validate the model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Clinical data from GAT measurements demonstrated a consistent decrease in IOP following surgery. FE results indicated that the postoperative IOP, ranging from 8.26 mmHg to 13.04 mmHg, decreased by 23%-51% compared to the preoperative IOP of 17.04 mmHg. Deeper ablation depths and larger optical zone diameters were associated with lower postoperative IOP.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The FE analysis demonstrated a decreasing trend in postoperative IOP with increasing ablation depth and optical zone diameter. These findings provide valuable insights for guiding postoperative IOP monitoring, optimizing surgical parameters, and understanding postoperative corneal biomechanical behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":49836,"journal":{"name":"Medical Engineering & Physics","volume":"147 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148266642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-view cross-semantic graph neural network for predicting intraoperative complications in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.","authors":"Shuzhi Su, Yanting Li, Yanmin Zhu, Kanghui Wu, Yong Dai","doi":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae74d4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1873-4030/ae74d4","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), accurate prediction of intraoperative complications (IOCs) in AMI patients undergoing PCI is critical for timely risk stratification and clinical intervention. However, existing approaches lack a patient-indicator dual-view synergy modeling framework, leading to semantic isolation between patient and indicator representations. Yet current risk prediction approaches often treat patient characteristics and clinical indicators as separate, disconnected pieces of information. What's missing is a unified framework that jointly models both the 'patient' and the 'indicators' in a synergistic way, capturing how they interact and influence each other. Without this dual-view perspective, valuable clinical insights remain hidden, limiting the accuracy and real-world utility of risk predictions. Guided by a gain-aware feature distillation strategy, an indicator heterogeneous collaborative graph (IHCG) is constructed to disentangle inter-indicator semantics via meta-path-constrained propagation, thereby encoding structured clinical logic beyond raw statistical associations. Concurrently, a patient neighborhood topology graph (PNTG) is instantiated based on high-order phenotypic affinity modeling to capture contextualized risk signatures, with manifold-preserving neighborhood propagation enabling the encoding of population-level pathophysiological coherence beyond isolated clinical profiles. According to IHCG and PNTG, semantic integration across views is achieved through a patient-query asymmetric propagation paradigm. In the paradigm, patient nodes actively drive risk-informed semantic aggregation from clinical indicators via cross-attentional indicator fusion, while indicator nodes provide auxiliary contextual feedback through a lightweight residual semantic feedback pathway, thereby establishing a structured yet asymmetric information flow that aligns individualized risk assessment with population-level clinical semantics. To further ensure coherent bidirectional representation learning, aligning structurally projected embeddings with semantically cross-attended outputs. On the basis of the above modeling, this study develop a novel method for predicting IOCs in patients with AMI undergoing PCI called dual-view cross-semantic graph neural network (DCGNN), and the method resolves cross semantic isolation and grounds intraoperative risk prediction in mechanism-aware clinical reasoning. On the dataset collected from Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, DCGNN achieved an AUC of 89.8% and a sensitivity of 90.2%, significantly outperforming baseline methods. Ablation studies, hyperparameter sensitivity analysis, and semantic-aware risk factor attribution (SARFA) further validated the effectiveness, robustness, and interpretability of the proposed method. The study method achieves superior predictive accuracy while enabling traceable risk attributio","PeriodicalId":49836,"journal":{"name":"Medical Engineering & Physics","volume":"147 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148266633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic performance of photoplethysmography for early vascular compromise in a customisable<i>in vitro</i>flap model.","authors":"Hiroki Kodama, James M May, Dariush Nikkhah, Panicos A Kyriacou","doi":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae7601","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1873-4030/ae7601","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Free flap reconstruction is a standard procedure in surgery, yet vascular thrombosis occurs in 3%-5% of cases. Early detection within the first few hours is essential for successful salvage, as the success rate of surgical re-exploration decreases over time. Since current clinical assessment remains subjective and depends on experience, objective and continuous monitoring is required. Photoplethysmography (PPG), which monitors blood volume changes non-invasively, is a candidate for this application. However, the influence of specific waveform changes during early haemodynamic shifts is not fully understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study evaluated the diagnostic capacity of PPG for detecting early vascular changes using a custom silicone phantom. Synthetic vessels mimicking human arterial and venous mechanics were embedded at depths of 3, 9, 15, and 21 mm. A perfusion system simulated normal, early ischaemic, and early congested states. Signal quality was assessed using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and only signals with SNR > 15 dB were used for morphological analysis. Over 50 parameters, including time, area, and slope, were extracted from the waveforms to identify those that characteristically respond to each haemodynamic state.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The custom-made free flap phantom was successfully validated. Signal quality assessments limited morphological evaluation to depths up to 15 mm. Analysis showed that Intensity and Area-based parameters were the most effective indicators at all depths. At shallow positions, Time-related features showed clear changes during ischaemia, while Slope and Second Derivative (SDPPG) features emerged as key indicators at depth. Red light was useful for superficial monitoring at 3 mm, whereas Infrared was necessary for assessing deeper states.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A custom phantom capable of replicating early haemodynamic compromise was developed. Identifying specific feature variations across depths provides a framework for objective, continuous monitoring. These findings suggest that combining multiple morphological features can improve the reliability of flap assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":49836,"journal":{"name":"Medical Engineering & Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148151058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}