Meteorological Applications最新文献

{"title":"Correction to “Modelling the Black Carbon Variability and Dynamics in Almaty, Kazakhstan, During Winter and Summer Seasons”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/met.70217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70217","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 <span>Tursumbayeva, M.</span>, <span>G. Ciarelli</span>, <span>L. Di Antonio</span>, <span>M. Bettineschi</span>, <span>D. Kissebayev</span>, and <span>N. Baimatova</span>. <span>2026</span>. “ <span>Modelling the Black Carbon Variability and Dynamics in Almaty, Kazakhstan, During Winter and Summer Seasons</span>.” <i>Meteorological Applications</i> <span>33</span>, no. <span>3</span>: e70183. https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70183.\u0000 </p><p>In the originally published article, the sequence of Figures 2-4 was incorrect. The corrected version is shown below.</p><p>Additionally, the in-text citations for Figures 3 and 4 were corrected in the following sentences:</p><p>\u0000 <b>Fifth paragraph, third sentence in 3.2.1 | Meteorological Conditions</b>\u0000 </p><p>At night (from 22 to 08), it reproduced the prevailing southerly winds, while during the daytime (11–19) the direction reversed to northerly winds (Figures 2 and 3).</p><p>\u0000 <b>Second paragraph in 3.2.2 | Vertical Profiles</b>\u0000 </p><p>Since comparison of PBLH derived from the model and observations was difficult (Figures S14 and S15) due to the coarser resolution of the radiosonde profiles in winter, it was decided to compare the observed potential temperature values directly with the model to minimize uncertainties (Figure 4).</p><p>\u0000 <b>Third paragraph, first sentence in 3.2.2 | Vertical Profiles</b>\u0000 </p><p>Figure 4 shows the diurnal and seasonal patterns in potential temperature in January and July 2023.</p><p>\u0000 <b>Fourth paragraph, first sentence in 3.2.2 | Vertical Profiles</b>\u0000 </p><p>In January, the profiles at 06 LT show a stratified atmosphere and the presence of a temperature inversion, while at 18 LT the temperature inversion is weaker (Figure 4).</p><p>The online version of this article has been corrected accordingly.</p><p>We apologize for these errors.</p>","PeriodicalId":49825,"journal":{"name":"Meteorological Applications","volume":"33 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/met.70217","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148343232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synchronous Changes of Surface and Near-Surface Air Temperature: Insights From a Field-Scale Experiment","authors":"Wenji Ma,&nbsp;Yi Yu,&nbsp;Peng Mo,&nbsp;Jiqing Li,&nbsp;Qifeng Chen","doi":"10.1002/met.70204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70204","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Surface temperature (<i>T</i>_s) and the thermal state of air immediately above urban surfaces are strongly coupled. This study used a 12-day field campaign over a homogeneous 100 × 60 m artificial-turf football field to examine the covariation among radiation, <i>T</i>_s, and a shaded near-surface temperature proxy at 0.5 m height. Incident shortwave (<i>I</i>), reflected shortwave (<i>R</i>), downward longwave (<i>D</i>), and upward longwave (<i>U</i>) radiation were recorded every 10 s with a four-component net radiometer and aggregated to hourly values. <i>T</i>_s was derived from longwave radiation using the Stefan–Boltzmann law with an emissivity of 0.95 and correction for reflected downward longwave radiation. The field exhibited a low effective albedo under high-irradiance conditions, while the ratio U/D generally ranged from 1.1 to 1.6. <i>T</i>_s consistently exceeded the shaded near-surface temperature proxy by about 5°C–30°C during daytime, and both variables covaried with incoming shortwave and net radiation. Linear associations were evident at the daily scale, although the explained variance differed among metrics, indicating modulation by atmospheric conditions. These results quantify the radiation-temperature behavior of a homogeneous artificial-turf surface and support the interpretation that low-albedo surfaces can intensify near-surface warming under sunny conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49825,"journal":{"name":"Meteorological Applications","volume":"33 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/met.70204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Land-Sea Weather Conditions Using a UAV Platform Under the Northeast Cold Vortex","authors":"Shi Zheng,&nbsp;Yuting Liu,&nbsp;Boshi Kang,&nbsp;Yushan Guan,&nbsp;Lingchen Zhao","doi":"10.1002/met.70214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70214","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study first applied the Petrel-II unmanned aerial vehicle in China to analyze Northeast Cold Vortex weather processes, revealing land-sea convective differences in coastal Liaoning during June 18–19, 2025. Observations from an S-band weather radar indicate that convective cells with intensities reaching 50 dBz formed and gradually organized over land, while convective activity over the sea was weak. Vertical cloud radar measurements from the unmanned aerial vehicle further reveal that the circulation structure, with upward airflow of 2.52 m/s at 3–5 km altitude and downward airflow of −1.7 m/s near the surface, facilitated precipitation. In contrast, the atmospheric layer over the sea displayed consistent downward airflow, with −3.5 m/s at upper levels and −2.9 m/s near the surface, which suppressed convective development. Comparative analysis of environmental parameters shows that the convective available potential energy over land (768.58 J/kg) was significantly higher than that over the sea (30.70 J/kg), while the convective inhibition energy over land (−29.13 J/kg) was considerably greater than that over the sea (−182.30 J/kg). This indicates a higher degree of atmospheric instability over land, while stronger lifting forces are required to trigger convection over the sea. To further elucidate the mechanisms underlying land-sea differences, from a dynamical perspective, divergence analysis at 925 hPa showed pronounced convergence over coastal land (−7.63 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹) but divergence over the sea (6.65 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹). From a thermodynamic perspective, by examining the overlay of 500 and 1000 hPa temperatures, it was found that a steeper vertical lapse rate develops over land. In summary, the land area exhibited more favorable dynamic and thermodynamic conditions for convective development, which served as the key factor driving the observed land-sea differences during this event. This study aims to provide a basis for improving the accuracy of related weather forecasts and warnings.</p>","PeriodicalId":49825,"journal":{"name":"Meteorological Applications","volume":"33 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/met.70214","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148282130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontiers of Doppler Lidar: A Review on Its Global Applications","authors":"Sridhara Nayak,&nbsp;Isao Kanda","doi":"10.1002/met.70182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70182","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Doppler lidar is a powerful remote sensing technology capable of measuring wind profiles, turbulence, and aerosol distributions at high temporal (seconds to minutes) and spatial (10–100 m) resolution. This review explores the development and key applications of Doppler lidar in meteorology, aviation, environmental science, and renewable energy. We find that Doppler lidar enhances numerical weather prediction by providing accurate boundary layer wind data, which improves tropical cyclone (TC) prediction and contributes to the analysis of aerosol transport and cloud processes. In the energy sector, Doppler lidar improves wind assessments for wind farm siting and turbine optimization, capturing wake effects with deficits exceeding 60% near turbines and offering spatial coverage of several kilometers. Floating Doppler lidar systems provide cost-effective and relocatable solutions for offshore deployment, reducing operation costs by over 50% compared to fixed meteorological towers. In aviation, Doppler lidar supports early detection of wind shear and turbulence near airports and contributes to safer flight operations. Recent spaceborne Doppler lidar missions have demonstrated the feasibility of global wind profile observations, opening new pathways for climate research and atmospheric monitoring. Overall, Doppler lidar plays a crucial role in advancing weather forecasting, climate science, aviation safety, and the transition toward sustainable energy systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":49825,"journal":{"name":"Meteorological Applications","volume":"33 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/met.70182","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Unusually High-Latitude Intensification of Tropical Cyclone Dikeledi in the South Indian Ocean","authors":"D. Mawren,&nbsp;C. J. C. Reason","doi":"10.1002/met.70207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70207","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Intense Tropical Cyclone (ITC) Dikeledi followed an exceptional trajectory, with several landfalls, and became the southernmost Category 3 cyclone so far recorded in the Southern Hemisphere. Using a combination of satellite and reanalysis, this study explores the ocean–atmosphere interactions that influenced its unusual track, multiple landfalls and rare intensification south of 27° S. The westward track over northern Madagascar and the northern Mozambique Channel was driven by strong anticyclonic anomalies in the 20°–30° S band extending from Mozambique to the open ocean near 80° E (reflecting to some extent a northwestward shifted Mascarene High), which prevented the typical recurvature into the open ocean. After Dikeledi made landfall on northern Mozambique, these anticyclonic anomalies weakened east of Madagascar but were present in the northern Channel, thus enabling poleward movement of the storm down the Channel. Dikeledi also occurred during a negative Indian Ocean Dipole, which contributed to anomalous geopotential height patterns over the southwest Indian Ocean and reinforced the altered steering flow. These low-level atmospheric circulation anomalies not only strongly influenced the track of Dikeledi but also led to wind stress curl patterns that were favourable for upper ocean warming, thermocline deepening and elevated tropical cyclone heat potential in the Mozambique Channel and south of Madagascar. These oceanic conditions together with a favourable atmospheric environment led to Dikeledi re-intensifying south of Madagascar. Anticyclonic eddies, and unusually warm sea surface temperatures (SST) above 26°C, extending to 30° S, suppressed SST cooling and supported enhanced air-sea enthalpy fluxes, while high relative humidity, enhanced low-level vorticity and mid-level moisture further supported Dikeledi's development. Together, these findings highlight the role of anomalous anticyclonic circulation near Madagascar in altering environmental conditions that can influence tropical cyclone behaviour, particularly in regions outside the traditional tropical cyclone zones.</p>","PeriodicalId":49825,"journal":{"name":"Meteorological Applications","volume":"33 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/met.70207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brief Introduction of Operational Convection-Allowing Ensemble Prediction System of North China","authors":"Hanbin Zhang,&nbsp;Yu Xia,&nbsp;Shuting Zhang,&nbsp;Yanxia Ji","doi":"10.1002/met.70210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70210","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spurred by technological advances, major operational centers and scientific research institutions have developed convection-allowing ensemble prediction technologies and systems. To meet the demand for accurate localized severe weather forecasting, the convection-allowing ensemble prediction system of North China (CMA-BJ-EN), developed by the Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), became officially operational in January 2023. This paper provides a comprehensive introduction to the system's research and development background and key technologies. The CMA-BJ-EN system has a convection permitting grid spacing of 3 km, covering 21 members, and can provide hourly probability prediction results of 48 h forecasts over North China. The system is coupled with technologies such as ensemble of data assimilations, Stochastically Perturbed Parameter Tendencies (SPPT), and has complete operational configuration. The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the CMA-BJ-EN system and its comparison with the NCEP global ensemble forecast system show that the system can effectively forecast several major weather events in North China and can obtain local refined probability forecast results relative to global ensemble. The statistical results also show that compared with the NCEP global ensemble forecast, the CMA-BJ-EN system can effectively reduce the RMSE of 2 m temperature and 10 m wind speed and can improve the AROC score of precipitation forecast by 5%–10% for heavy rainfall. The operation of the system can provide users with effective refined probability forecast reference.</p>","PeriodicalId":49825,"journal":{"name":"Meteorological Applications","volume":"33 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/met.70210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Thermal Load in Warm Season Weather Conditions of Temperate, Lowland, Continental Climates Based on the Results of the New Clothing Model","authors":"Ferenc Ács,&nbsp;Erzsébet Kristóf","doi":"10.1002/met.70211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70211","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We used a new IREQ-type (Required Insulation) model to estimate the heat excess caused by weather in the warm season of the temperate, lowland, and continental climates. The model we developed estimates heat excess by calculating both the “compensatory sweating”, <i>λE</i>_<i>sw</i>^<i>comp</i>, and the “clothing thermal resistance”, <i>r</i>_<i>cl,t</i>. The model is very simple and can be used to estimate thermal load under any weather condition. It can be applied to individuals and all activity types (lying, standing, walking, running). Longitudinal data collection method was used, with 240 observations conducted for the period 2023–2025 in the Hungarian lowland, measuring sweating (referred to as “regulatory sweating”, <i>λE</i>_<i>sw</i>) and comparing it to “compensatory sweating”. The <i>λE</i>_<i>sw</i>^<i>comp</i> and <i>r</i>_<i>cl,t</i> values were also compared to the estimated <i>UTCI</i> (Universal Thermal Climate Index) values. The main results are as follows: (1) <i>λE</i>_<i>sw</i>^<i>comp</i> values registered when running changed between 80 and 650 W m⁻² in the warm season in the Hungarian lowland, (2) observations revealed that <i>λE</i>_<i>sw</i> &lt; <i>λE</i>_<i>sw</i>^<i>comp</i> in general, (3) during extreme loads, the upper limit of physically interpretable <i>r</i>_<i>cl,t</i> values is around 4 clo-t. These high <i>r</i>_<i>cl,t</i> values occur when <i>λE</i>_<i>sw</i>^<i>comp</i> is high (above 500 W m⁻²), the <i>λE</i>_<i>sw</i> is low (around 100 W m⁻²) and (4) the model is very sensitive to changes in irradiance and regulatory sweating values in situations with high heat excess. One of our most important future tasks is to parameterize sweating as simply as possible, which would have acceptable accuracy for as many people as possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":49825,"journal":{"name":"Meteorological Applications","volume":"33 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/met.70211","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148174403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of ERA5-Land Precipitation Data for Meteorological Drought Assessment in the Upper Vistula Basin, Central Europe","authors":"Andrzej Wałęga,&nbsp;Alessandro Ceppi,&nbsp;Francesco Chiaravalloti,&nbsp;Alessandra De Marco,&nbsp;Krzysztof Kochanek,&nbsp;Dariusz Młyński,&nbsp;Tommaso Caloiero","doi":"10.1002/met.70206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70206","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Meteorological drought poses severe challenges in regions with intricate topography, such as southern Poland. This study evaluates the suitability of ERA5-Land reanalysis for drought monitoring in the Upper Vistula Basin, which encompasses mountainous, upland and lowland areas. The primary objective was to assess the agreement between ERA5-Land and in situ precipitation-based Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) values across multiple timescales (3–24 months). Using precipitation records from 25 meteorological stations (1961–2023) and ERA5-Land gridded data, SPI was calculated for each dataset. Trend detection employed Sen's slope estimator, and drought characteristics (frequency, duration, severity, intensity) were derived using the run theory. The statistical performance of ERA5-Land was evaluated via Pearson correlation, RMSE, and spatial pattern analysis. Results reveal that ERA5-Land provides high accuracy for detecting short-term droughts (SPI-3), especially in dry extremes (SPI &lt; −1), whereas it underperforms in representing prolonged droughts and overestimates wet conditions (SPI &gt; 1), particularly at longer timescales. The results support regional-scale drought monitoring and water management applications by clarifying the strengths and limitations of ERA5-Land under local hydro-climatic conditions. Findings validate the utility of ERA5-Land for meteorological drought analysis in complex terrain and support its integration with observational networks to enhance regional climate assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":49825,"journal":{"name":"Meteorological Applications","volume":"33 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/met.70206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148173959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Near-Surface Maximum Wind Speed Prediction Using XGBoost Model Integrated Bayesian Optimization Algorithm and Based on K-Nearest Neighbor Mutual Information Feature Selection","authors":"Xiaoyan Huang,&nbsp;Ying Huang,&nbsp;Huasheng Zhao,&nbsp;Yushuang Wu,&nbsp;Li He","doi":"10.1002/met.70202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70202","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Guangxi, located along China's southern coast, is prone to typhoons and features complex terrain, making wind speed forecasting challenging. Accurate prediction of near-surface maximum wind speed is crucial for improving wind energy utilization and supporting carbon neutrality goals. This study proposes a novel prediction model using the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm integrated with a Bayesian Optimization Algorithm (BOA) and based on the k-nearest neighbor mutual information feature selection algorithm (KNN-MIFSA). Data from 93 meteorological stations in Guangxi (2016–2021) with a 3-h temporal resolution were used. The model incorporates dynamic and thermal factors, including high-altitude and surface variables, to predict maximum wind speed. Two key improvements were made in the prediction modeling: (1) KNN-MIFSA was employed to select highly correlated features and eliminate redundant variables, and (2) BOA was used to optimize XGBoost parameters, enhancing model generalizability. The improved model was tested for 6 prediction lead times (12–72 h) from 2020 to 2021. Results show that, after adjusting parameters and processing factors, the new model reduced the mean absolute error (MAE) by 18.9%–30.06% and the root mean square error (RMSE) by 40.18%–65.83% compared to the original XGBoost model. For maximum wind speeds above level 6, MAE and RMSE of the new model were reduced by up to 40.41% and 30.92%, respectively, across lead times (12–72 h). The model demonstrates consistent performance and significantly improved accuracy, offering a promising approach for wind speed prediction in regions with complex terrain.</p>","PeriodicalId":49825,"journal":{"name":"Meteorological Applications","volume":"33 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/met.70202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148173905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Dual-Perspective View of Kilometer-Scale Precipitation Data Remapping: Differences Between Conservative and Nonconservative Methods","authors":"Tianru Chen,&nbsp;Yi Zhang,&nbsp;Yuanjian Yang","doi":"10.1002/met.70208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70208","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the growing use of kilometer-scale atmospheric models in climate-scale applications, remapping data from high-resolution grids to coarser grids and performing statistical diagnostics have become increasingly routine. Precipitation data often exhibit strong spatial and temporal discontinuities, making the choice of remapping algorithm critical for maintaining certain properties after remapping. The choice among different remapping methods, in particular between conservative and nonconservative schemes, is closely tied to which aspect of precipitation one wishes to preserve most faithfully. This study first highlights the substantial differences between conservative and nonconservative remapping methods/tools in fine-to-coarse remapping. Because these methods are inherently designed to prioritize either area-mean values or pointwise-like values, they produce markedly different error characteristics in metrics such as mean precipitation amount, frequency, intensity, diurnal peak timing, and the probability distribution function (PDF) of precipitation frequency. These differences become progressively more pronounced as the target resolution decreases. Conservative remapping tends to increase the proportion of weak rainfall events, thereby substantially altering the PDF of the frequency–intensity relationship. Because of its strong smoothing effect, it may lead to apparently improved RMSE/PCC values, as compared with nonconservative remapping. Inverse-distance-weighted remapping, as a representative pointwise-type nonconservative method, is not flux conserving but more effectively preserves location-specific rainfall characteristics. This makes error metrics and frequency–intensity spectra less sensitive to spatial coarsening. It is recommended that kilometer-scale model evaluations should explicitly account for the distinct characteristics of both remapping categories, in alignment with the specific research objectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":49825,"journal":{"name":"Meteorological Applications","volume":"33 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/met.70208","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148167114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}