Methods of Information in Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Unlocking the Potential of the Next Generation: Methods of Information in Medicine Student Paper Award 2024.","authors":"Sabine Koch, John H Holmes, Lucia Sacchi","doi":"10.1055/a-2588-7805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2588-7805","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49822,"journal":{"name":"Methods of Information in Medicine","volume":"63 3-04","pages":"63-65"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative Strategies to Generate Class Activation Maps Supporting AI-based Advice in Vertebral Fracture Detection in X-ray Images.","authors":"Samuele Pe, Lorenzo Famiglini, Enrico Gallazzi, Chandra Bortolotto, Luisa Carone, Andrea Cisarri, Alberto Salina, Lorenzo Preda, Riccardo Bellazzi, Federico Cabitza, Enea Parimbelli","doi":"10.1055/a-2562-2163","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2562-2163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Balancing artificial intelligence (AI) support with appropriate human oversight is challenging, with associated risks such as <i>algorithm aversion</i> and <i>technology dominance</i>. Research areas like eXplainable AI (XAI) and Frictional AI aim to address these challenges. Studies have shown that presenting XAI explanations as \"juxtaposed evidence\" supporting contrasting classifications, rather than just providing predictions, can be beneficial.This study aimed to design and compare multiple pipelines for generating juxtaposed evidence in the form of class activation maps (CAMs) that highlight areas of interest in a fracture detection task with X-ray images.We designed three pipelines to generate such evidence. The pipelines are based on a fracture detection task from 630 thoraco-lumbar X-ray images (48% of which contained fractures). The first, a <i>single-model</i> approach, uses an algorithm of the Grad-CAM family applied to a ResNeXt-50 network trained through transfer learning. The second, a <i>dual-model</i> approach, employs two networks-one optimized for sensitivity and the other for specificity-providing targeted explanations for positive and negative cases. The third, a <i>generative</i> approach, leverages autoencoders to create activation maps from feature tensors, extracted from the raw images. Each approach produced two versions of activation maps: AM3-as we termed it-which captures fine-grained, low-level features, and AM4, highlighting high-level, aggregated features. We conducted a validation study by comparing the generated maps with binary ground-truth masks derived from a consensus of four clinician annotators, identifying the actual locations of fractures in a subset of positive cases.HiResCAM proved to be the best performing Grad-CAM variant and was used in both the single- and dual-model strategies. The generative approach demonstrated the greatest overlap with the clinicians' assessments, indicating its ability to align with human expertise.The results highlight the potential of Judicial AI to enhance diagnostic decision-making and foster a synergistic collaboration between humans and AI.</p>","PeriodicalId":49822,"journal":{"name":"Methods of Information in Medicine","volume":"63 3-04","pages":"122-136"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12133327/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Significance of Information Quality for the Secondary Use of the Information in the National Health Care Quality Registers in Finland.","authors":"Anna Frondelius, Ulla-Mari Kinnunen, Vesa Jormanainen","doi":"10.1055/a-2511-7866","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2511-7866","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of the national health care quality registers is to monitor, assess, and improve the quality of care. The information utilized in quality registers must be of high quality to ensure that the information produced by the registers is reliable and useful. In Finland, one of the key sources of information for the quality registers is the national Kanta services.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objective of the study was to increase understanding of the significance of information quality for the secondary use of the information in the national health care quality registers and to provide information on whether the information quality of the national Kanta services supports the information needs of the national quality registers, and how information quality should be developed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The research data were collected by interviewing six experts responsible for national health care quality registers, and it was analyzed using theory-driven qualitative content analysis based on the DeLone and McLean model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on the results, the relevance of the information in the Kanta services met the information needs of the national quality registers. However, due to the limited amount of structured information and deficiencies in the completeness of the information, relevant information could not be fully utilized. Deficiencies in information quality posed challenges in information retrieval and hindered drawing conclusions in reporting. Challenges in information quality did not diminish the intention to use the information when information was considered relevant. Solutions to improve information quality included structuring, development of documentation practices, patient information systems and quality assurance, as well as collaboration among stakeholders.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Kanta services' information is relevant for the national health care quality registers, but developing the quality of the information, especially in terms of structures and completeness, is the key to fully enabling the secondary use of this information.</p>","PeriodicalId":49822,"journal":{"name":"Methods of Information in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"66-76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12133325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142957856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging Guideline-Based Clinical Decision Support Systems with Large Language Models: A Case Study with Breast Cancer.","authors":"Solène Delourme, Akram Redjdal, Jacques Bouaud, Brigitte Seroussi","doi":"10.1055/a-2528-4299","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2528-4299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Multidisciplinary tumor boards (MTBs) have been established in most countries to allow experts collaboratively determine the best treatment decisions for cancer patients. However, MTBs often face challenges such as case overload, which can compromise MTB decision quality. Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) have been introduced to assist clinicians in this process. Despite their potential, CDSSs are still underutilized in routine practice. The emergence of large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, offers new opportunities to improve the efficiency and usability of traditional CDSSs.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>OncoDoc2 is a guideline-based CDSS developed using a documentary approach and applied to breast cancer management. This study aims to evaluate the potential of LLMs, used as question-answering (QA) systems, to improve the usability of OncoDoc2 across different prompt engineering techniques (PETs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data extracted from breast cancer patient summaries (BCPSs), together with questions formulated by OncoDoc2, were used to create prompts for various LLMs, and several PETs were designed and tested. Using a sample of 200 randomized BCPSs, LLMs and PETs were initially compared with regard to their responses to OncoDoc2 questions using classic metrics (accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score). Best performing LLMs and PETs were further assessed by comparing the therapeutic recommendations generated by OncoDoc2, based on LLM inputs, to those provided by MTB clinicians using OncoDoc2. Finally, the best performing method was validated using a new sample of 30 randomized BCPSs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The combination of Mistral and OpenChat models under the enhanced Zero-Shot PET showed the best performance as a question-answering system. This approach gets a precision of 60.16%, a recall of 54.18%, an F1 score of 56.59%, and an accuracy of 75.57% on the validation set of 30 BCPSs. However, this approach yielded poor results as a CDSS, with only 16.67% of the recommendations generated by OncoDoc2 based on LLM inputs matching the gold standard.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>All the criteria in the OncoDoc2 decision tree are crucial for capturing the uniqueness of each patient. Any deviation from a criterion alters the recommendations generated. Despite achieving a good accuracy rate of 75.57%, LLMs still face challenges in reliably understanding complex medical contexts and be effective as CDSSs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49822,"journal":{"name":"Methods of Information in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"85-96"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12133322/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143069247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Completeness of the Operating Room Data.","authors":"Päivi Nurmela, Minna Mykkänen, Ulla-Mari Kinnunen","doi":"10.1055/a-2566-7958","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2566-7958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the operating theater, a large collection of data are collected at each surgical visit. Some of these data are patient information, some is related to resource management, which is linked to hospital finances. Poor quality data lead to poor decisions, impacting patient safety and the continuity of care.The study aimed at evaluating the completeness of the data documented within surgical operations. Based on the results, the goal is to improve data quality and to identify improvement ideas of data management.The study was a quantitative evaluation of 33,684 surgical visits, focusing on data omissions. The organization identified 58 operating room data variables related to visits, procedures, resources, and personnel. Data completeness was evaluated for 36 variables, excluding 47 visits that were missing the \"Complete\" flag. Data preprocessing was done using Python and Pandas, with pseudonymization of personnel names. Data were analyzed using the R programming language. Data omissions were coded as \"1\" for missing values and \"0\" for others. Summary variables were created to indicate the number of personnel and procedure and data omissions per visit.The average completeness of the operating room data was 98%, which is considered excellent. However, seven variables-the start and end date and time of anesthesia, the type of treatment, personnel group, and assistant information-had completeness below the 95% target level. A total of 34% of the surgical visits contained at least one data omission. In the yearly comparison, the completeness values of variables were statistically significantly higher in 2022 compared with 2023.By ensuring existing quality assurance practices, verifying internal data maintenance and verifying and standardizing documenting practices the organization can achieve net benefits through improved data completeness, thus enhancing patient records, financial information, and management. Improved data quality will also benefit national and international registers.</p>","PeriodicalId":49822,"journal":{"name":"Methods of Information in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"137-144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12133324/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143732739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Learning for Predicting Progression of Patellofemoral Osteoarthritis Based on Lateral Knee Radiographs, Demographic Data, and Symptomatic Assessments.","authors":"Neslihan Bayramoglu, Martin Englund, Ida K Haugen, Muneaki Ishijima, Simo Saarakkala","doi":"10.1055/a-2305-2115","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2305-2115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this study, we propose a novel framework that utilizes deep learning and attention mechanisms to predict the radiographic progression of patellofemoral osteoarthritis (PFOA) over a period of 7 years.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This study included subjects (1,832 subjects, 3,276 knees) from the baseline of the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST). Patellofemoral joint regions of interest were identified using an automated landmark detection tool (BoneFinder) on lateral knee X-rays. An end-to-end deep learning method was developed for predicting PFOA progression based on imaging data in a five-fold cross-validation setting. To evaluate the performance of the models, a set of baselines based on known risk factors were developed and analyzed using gradient boosting machine (GBM). Risk factors included age, sex, body mass index, and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index score, and the radiographic osteoarthritis stage of the tibiofemoral joint (Kellgren and Lawrence [KL] score). Finally, to increase predictive power, we trained an ensemble model using both imaging and clinical data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the individual models, the performance of our deep convolutional neural network attention model achieved the best performance with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.856 and average precision (AP) of 0.431, slightly outperforming the deep learning approach without attention (AUC = 0.832, AP = 0.4) and the best performing reference GBM model (AUC = 0.767, AP = 0.334). The inclusion of imaging data and clinical variables in an ensemble model allowed statistically more powerful prediction of PFOA progression (AUC = 0.865, AP = 0.447), although the clinical significance of this minor performance gain remains unknown. The spatial attention module improved the predictive performance of the backbone model, and the visual interpretation of attention maps focused on the joint space and the regions where osteophytes typically occur.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrated the potential of machine learning models to predict the progression of PFOA using imaging and clinical variables. These models could be used to identify patients who are at high risk of progression and prioritize them for new treatments. However, even though the accuracy of the models were excellent in this study using the MOST dataset, they should be still validated using external patient cohorts in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":49822,"journal":{"name":"Methods of Information in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11495941/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140854286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Validation of a Natural Language Processing Algorithm to Pseudonymize Documents in the Context of a Clinical Data Warehouse.","authors":"Xavier Tannier, Perceval Wajsbürt, Alice Calliger, Basile Dura, Alexandre Mouchet, Martin Hilka, Romain Bey","doi":"10.1055/s-0044-1778693","DOIUrl":"10.1055/s-0044-1778693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study is to address the critical issue of deidentification of clinical reports to allow access to data for research purposes, while ensuring patient privacy. The study highlights the difficulties faced in sharing tools and resources in this domain and presents the experience of the Greater Paris University Hospitals (AP-HP for Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) in implementing a systematic pseudonymization of text documents from its Clinical Data Warehouse.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We annotated a corpus of clinical documents according to 12 types of identifying entities and built a hybrid system, merging the results of a deep learning model as well as manual rules.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Our results show an overall performance of 0.99 of F1-score. We discuss implementation choices and present experiments to better understand the effort involved in such a task, including dataset size, document types, language models, or rule addition. We share guidelines and code under a 3-Clause BSD license.</p>","PeriodicalId":49822,"journal":{"name":"Methods of Information in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"21-34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11495938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140040727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Differentially Private Synthetic Data Lead to Synthetic Discoveries?","authors":"Ileana Montoya Perez, Parisa Movahedi, Valtteri Nieminen, Antti Airola, Tapio Pahikkala","doi":"10.1055/a-2385-1355","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2385-1355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Synthetic data have been proposed as a solution for sharing anonymized versions of sensitive biomedical datasets. Ideally, synthetic data should preserve the structure and statistical properties of the original data, while protecting the privacy of the individual subjects. Differential Privacy (DP) is currently considered the gold standard approach for balancing this trade-off.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study is to investigate how trustworthy are group differences discovered by independent sample tests from DP-synthetic data. The evaluation is carried out in terms of the tests' Type I and Type II errors. With the former, we can quantify the tests' validity, i.e., whether the probability of false discoveries is indeed below the significance level, and the latter indicates the tests' power in making real discoveries.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We evaluate the Mann-Whitney U test, Student's <i>t</i>-test, chi-squared test, and median test on DP-synthetic data. The private synthetic datasets are generated from real-world data, including a prostate cancer dataset (<i>n</i> = 500) and a cardiovascular dataset (<i>n</i> = 70,000), as well as on bivariate and multivariate simulated data. Five different DP-synthetic data generation methods are evaluated, including two basic DP histogram release methods and MWEM, Private-PGM, and DP GAN algorithms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A large portion of the evaluation results expressed dramatically inflated Type I errors, especially at levels of <i>ϵ</i> ≤ 1. This result calls for caution when releasing and analyzing DP-synthetic data: low <i>p</i>-values may be obtained in statistical tests simply as a byproduct of the noise added to protect privacy. A DP Smoothed Histogram-based synthetic data generation method was shown to produce valid Type I error for all privacy levels tested but required a large original dataset size and a modest privacy budget (<i>ϵ</i> ≥ 5) in order to have reasonable Type II error levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":49822,"journal":{"name":"Methods of Information in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"35-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11495942/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141977081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence-Based Prediction of Contrast Medium Doses for Computed Tomography Angiography Using Optimized Clinical Parameter Sets.","authors":"Marja Fleitmann, Hristina Uzunova, René Pallenberg, Andreas M Stroth, Jan Gerlach, Alexander Fürschke, Jörg Barkhausen, Arpad Bischof, Heinz Handels","doi":"10.1055/s-0044-1778694","DOIUrl":"10.1055/s-0044-1778694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In this paper, an artificial intelligence-based algorithm for predicting the optimal contrast medium dose for computed tomography (CT) angiography of the aorta is presented and evaluated in a clinical study. The prediction of the contrast dose reduction is modelled as a classification problem using the image contrast as the main feature.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This classification is performed by random decision forests (RDF) and k-nearest-neighbor methods (KNN). For the selection of optimal parameter subsets all possible combinations of the 22 clinical parameters (age, blood pressure, etc.) are considered using the classification accuracy and precision of the KNN classifier and RDF as quality criteria. Subsequently, the results of the evaluation were optimized by means of feature transformation using regression neural networks (RNN). These were used for a direct classification based on regressed Hounsfield units as well as preprocessing for a subsequent KNN classification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For feature selection, an RDF model achieved the highest accuracy of 84.42% and a KNN model achieved the best precision of 86.21%. The most important parameters include age, height, and hemoglobin. The feature transformation using an RNN considerably exceeded these values with an accuracy of 90.00% and a precision of 97.62% using all 22 parameters as input. However, also the feasibility of the parameter sets in routine clinical practice has to be considered, because some of the 22 parameters are not measured in routine clinical practice and additional measurement time of 15 to 20 minutes per patient is needed. Using the standard feature set available in clinical routine the best accuracy of 86.67% and precision of 93.18% was achieved by the RNN.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We developed a reliable hybrid system that helps radiologists determine the optimal contrast dose for CT angiography based on patient-specific parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":49822,"journal":{"name":"Methods of Information in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"11-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11495943/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139543328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Europe's Largest Research Infrastructure for Curated Medical Data Models with Semantic Annotations.","authors":"Sarah Riepenhausen, Max Blumenstock, Christian Niklas, Stefan Hegselmann, Philipp Neuhaus, Alexandra Meidt, Cornelia Püttmann, Michael Storck, Matthias Ganzinger, Julian Varghese, Martin Dugas","doi":"10.1055/s-0044-1786839","DOIUrl":"10.1055/s-0044-1786839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Structural metadata from the majority of clinical studies and routine health care systems is currently not yet available to the scientific community.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To provide an overview of available contents in the Portal of Medical Data Models (MDM Portal).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The MDM Portal is a registered European information infrastructure for research and health care, and its contents are curated and semantically annotated by medical experts. It enables users to search, view, discuss, and download existing medical data models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most frequent keyword is \"clinical trial\" (<i>n</i> = 18,777), and the most frequent disease-specific keyword is \"breast neoplasms\" (<i>n</i> = 1,943). Most data items are available in English (<i>n</i> = 545,749) and German (<i>n</i> = 109,267). Manually curated semantic annotations are available for 805,308 elements (554,352 items, 58,101 item groups, and 192,855 code list items), which were derived from 25,257 data models. In total, 1,609,225 Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) codes have been assigned, with 66,373 unique UMLS codes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To our knowledge, the MDM Portal constitutes Europe's largest collection of medical data models with semantically annotated elements. As such, it can be used to increase compatibility of medical datasets and can be utilized as a large expert-annotated medical text corpus for natural language processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":49822,"journal":{"name":"Methods of Information in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"52-61"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11495939/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}