Neuroscientist最新文献

{"title":"Topography of the Anxious Self: Abnormal Rest-Task Modulation in Social Anxiety Disorder.","authors":"Lorenzo Lucherini Angeletti,&nbsp;Andrea Scalabrini,&nbsp;Valdo Ricca,&nbsp;Georg Northoff","doi":"10.1177/10738584211030497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10738584211030497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by social anxiety/fear, self-attention, and interoception. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies demonstrate increased activity during symptom-sensitive tasks in regions of the default-mode network (DMN), amygdala (AMG), and salience network (SN). What is the source of this task-unspecific symptom-sensitive hyperactivity in DMN? We address this question by probing SAD resting state (rs) changes in DMN including their relation to other regions as possible source of task-unspecific hyperactivity in the same regions. Our findings show the following: (1) rs-hypoconnectivity within-DMN regions; (2) rs-hyperconnectivity between DMN and AMG/SN; (3) task-evoked hyperactivity in the abnormal rs-regions of DMN and AMG/SN during different symptom-sensitive tasks; (4) negative relationship of rest and task changes in especially anterior DMN regions as their rs-hypoconnectivity is accompanied by task-unspecific hyperactivity; (5) abnormal top-down/bottom-up modulation between anterior DMN regions and AMG during rest and task. Findings demonstrate that rs-hypoconnectivity among DMN regions is negatively related to task-unspecific hyperactivity in DMN and AMG/SN. We propose a model of \"Topography of the Anxious Self\" in SAD (TAS-SAD). Abnormal DMN-AMG/SN topography during rest, as trait feature of an \"unstable social self\", is abnormally aggravated during SAD-sensitive situations resulting in task-related hyperactivity in the same regions with an \"anxious self\" as state feature.</p>","PeriodicalId":49753,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscientist","volume":"29 2","pages":"221-244"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/10738584211030497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9284432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pliny the Elder: Lessons from the Naturalist as an Early Neuroscientist.","authors":"Duong T Chu,&nbsp;Mattia Rosso,&nbsp;Jonathan D Santoro","doi":"10.1177/10738584211026527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10738584211026527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pliny the Elder was a prolific Roman author, naturalist, and military leader. Yet, his impact on modern-day neuroscience, psychiatry, and neurology has been little explored. Here, we aimed to trace the origins of our current understanding of the brain in ancient Rome through Pliny and his work, <i>Natural History</i>. As his magnum opus, this 37-book tome catalogs the facts and observations of natural life collected by Pliny, reflecting the knowledge of his time. Following the cephalocentric school of thought, Pliny places the brain as an agent for consciousness and details its diseases. Further, we explore Pliny's methods, which allow him to build a thorough collection of clinical descriptions and remedies. This body of work serves as an important lesson for future neuroscientists on the power of observation, the role of the humanities, and the necessity of understanding the origin of modern scientific thinking.</p>","PeriodicalId":49753,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscientist","volume":"29 2","pages":"150-157"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/10738584211026527","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9285245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives on Neuroscience and Behavior.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/10738584231157277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10738584231157277","url":null,"abstract":"There is an overlap in genetics, risk factors, symptomatology, and some biologic measures among major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Now, a reduction in gray matter volume (GMV) has been found in the left hippocampus in all three disorders. GMV was obtained by utilizing a 3-T MRI scanner in 110 individuals in each of 4 groups matched for age and sex that consisted of healthy controls and DSM-IV-TR–diagnosed major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Left hippocampus GMV was not only reduced in the 3 patient groups but associated with current global assessment of functioning and neuropsychological measurement of working memory/executive functioning. Stressful life events experienced during the last 6 months were also associated with left hippocampus GMV in the 3 patient groups and, importantly, also in the controls. Although a specific causal abnormality has been found in many diseases, the pathophysiology can involve multiple factors that overlap diseases at the biologic and symptomatic levels (e.g., inflammation, fever, fatigue). Numerous studies have shown that the hippocampus is highly sensitive to the effects of stress, and this suggests that the reduced GMV seen across the 3 patient groups is at least in part due to stress. Since there are available pharmacologic and behavioral measures to reduce stress, these can be utilized to reduce the effects of stress in major psychiatric disorders.","PeriodicalId":49753,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscientist","volume":"29 2","pages":"149"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9132475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glutaminolysis and the Control of Neural Progenitors in Neocortical Development and Evolution.","authors":"Vasiliki Gkini,&nbsp;Takashi Namba","doi":"10.1177/10738584211069060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10738584211069060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple types of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) contribute to the development of the neocortex, a brain region responsible for our higher cognitive abilities. Proliferative capacity of NPCs varies among NPC types, developmental stages, and species. The higher proliferative capacity of NPCs in the developing human neocortex is thought to be a major contributing factor why humans have the most expanded neocortex within primates. Recent studies have shed light on the importance of cell metabolism in the neocortical NPC proliferative capacity. Specifically, glutaminolysis, a metabolic pathway that converts glutamine to glutamate and then to α-ketoglutarate, has been shown to play a critical role in human NPCs, both in apical and basal progenitors. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of NPC metabolism, focusing especially on glutaminolysis, and discuss the role of NPC metabolism in neocortical development, evolution, and neurodevelopmental disorders, providing a broader perspective on a newly emerging research field.</p>","PeriodicalId":49753,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscientist","volume":"29 2","pages":"177-189"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10018057/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9653644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>The Neuroscientist</i> Comments.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/10738584231157278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10738584231157278","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49753,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscientist","volume":"29 2","pages":"148"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9119821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>The Neuroscientist</i> Comments.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/10738584231157279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10738584231157279","url":null,"abstract":"The progressive aging of population, linked to higher life expectancy, observed worldwide in the past decades, determined an increase in the prevalence of dementia in people aged 65 and higher. Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 show that the prevalence of the disease is estimated to increase from 57 million cases (in 2019) to 153 million (in 2050). Currently, there is no effective treatment that may significantly modify the course of dementia. Brain pathologic changes seem to initiate long before clinical manifestations, which mostly occur in old age. This provides a large time window to implement prevention strategies that might effectively delay age-related cognitive decline and dementia. Accumulating evidence supports the view that lifestyle modifications, such as physical activity, smoking cessation, and healthy dietary habits, can play a key role in dementia prevention. As for the latter, interest in dietary and nutritional components as potential modifiable factors for postponing the onset and severity of age-related deterioration of cognitive function has grown in recent decades. Within this scenario, the important role of the industrial processing of foods is being increasingly recognized, particularly the contribution of ultra-processed food (UPF). UPFs are industrial formulations of processed food substances (oils, fats, sugars, starch, and protein isolates) that contain little or no whole food and typically have flavorings, colorings, emulsifiers, and other “cosmetic” additives. UPFs are becoming dominant in diets globally and are replacing traditional diets based on unprocessed and/or minimally processed foods. UPF consumption has been associated with overall decline in the nutritional quality of diets, as well as with several chronic diseases such as overweight/obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, which in turn contribute to cognitive decline onset. In a very recent study, Gomes Gonçlaves and others (2022) published the findings from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health, a multicenter cohort study that comprises public servants aged 35 to 74 years at baseline from six Brazilian cities (Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, São Paulo, and Vitoria). Data were collected in three waves, approximately four years apart, starting in 2008 to 2010. The second wave took place in 2012 to 2014, and the third wave was in 2017 to 2019. Data from 10,775 participants were analyzed. The mean age at the baseline was 51.6 years; 5880 participants (54.6%) were women, 5723 (53.1%) were white, and 6106 (56.6%) had at least a college degree. Results showed that consumption of UPF greater than 19.9% of daily calories was predictive of a faster decline in global cognitive performance and executive function. Moreover, the percentage of daily energy from UPF was associated with cognitive decline in participants with a low healthy diet core only, since no correlation was found ","PeriodicalId":49753,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscientist","volume":"29 2","pages":"146-147"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9119822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forthcoming Articles.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/10738584231157510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10738584231157510","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49753,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscientist","volume":"29 2","pages":"144-145"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9105193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroscience: The New English Major?","authors":"Kristin F Phillips,&nbsp;Harald Sontheimer","doi":"10.1177/10738584211003992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10738584211003992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Once strictly the domain of medical and graduate education, neuroscience has made its way into the undergraduate curriculum with over 230 colleges and universities now offering a bachelor's degree in neuroscience. The disciplinary focus on the brain teaches students to apply science to the understanding of human behavior, human interactions, sensation, emotions, and decision making. In this article, we encourage new and existing undergraduate neuroscience programs to envision neuroscience as a broad discipline with the potential to develop competencies suitable for a variety of careers that reach well beyond research and medicine. This article describes our philosophy and illustrates a broad-based undergraduate degree in neuroscience implemented at a major state university, Virginia Tech. We highlight the fact that the research-centered Experimental Neuroscience major is least popular of our four distinct majors, which underscores our philosophy that undergraduate neuroscience can cater to a different audience than traditionally thought.</p>","PeriodicalId":49753,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscientist","volume":"29 2","pages":"158-165"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/10738584211003992","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9653601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeted Optical Neural Stimulation: A New Era for Personalized Medicine.","authors":"An Ping,&nbsp;Li Pan,&nbsp;Jianmin Zhang,&nbsp;Kedi Xu,&nbsp;Kenneth E Schriver,&nbsp;Junming Zhu,&nbsp;Anna Wang Roe","doi":"10.1177/10738584211057047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10738584211057047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Targeted optical neural stimulation comprises infrared neural stimulation and optogenetics, which affect the nervous system through induced thermal transients and activation of light-sensitive proteins, respectively. The main advantage of this pair of optical tools is high functional selectivity, which conventional electrical stimulation lacks. Over the past 15 years, the mechanism, safety, and feasibility of optical stimulation techniques have undergone continuous investigation and development. When combined with other methods like optical imaging and high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging, the translation of optical stimulation to clinical practice adds high value. We review the theoretical foundations and current state of optical stimulation, with a particular focus on infrared neural stimulation as a potential bridge linking optical stimulation to personalized medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":49753,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscientist","volume":"29 2","pages":"202-220"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9653641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Learning to Detect Pancreatic Cystic Lesions on Abdominal Computed Tomography Scans: Development and Validation Study.","authors":"Maria Montserrat Duh, Neus Torra-Ferrer, Meritxell Riera-Marín, Dídac Cumelles, Júlia Rodríguez-Comas, Javier García López, Mª Teresa Fernández Planas","doi":"10.2196/40702","DOIUrl":"10.2196/40702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) are frequent and underreported incidental findings on computed tomography (CT) scans and can evolve to pancreatic cancer-the most lethal cancer, with less than 5 months of life expectancy.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to develop and validate an artificial deep neural network (attention gate U-Net, also named \"AGNet\") for automated detection of PCLs. This kind of technology can help radiologists to cope with an increasing demand of cross-sectional imaging tests and increase the number of PCLs incidentally detected, thus increasing the early detection of pancreatic cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We adapted and evaluated an algorithm based on an attention gate U-Net architecture for automated detection of PCL on CTs. A total of 335 abdominal CTs with PCLs and control cases were manually segmented in 3D by 2 radiologists with over 10 years of experience in consensus with a board-certified radiologist specialized in abdominal radiology. This information was used to train a neural network for segmentation followed by a postprocessing pipeline that filtered the results of the network and applied some physical constraints, such as the expected position of the pancreas, to minimize the number of false positives.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 335 studies included in this study, 297 had a PCL, including serous cystadenoma, intraductal pseudopapillary mucinous neoplasia, mucinous cystic neoplasm, and pseudocysts . The Shannon Index of the chosen data set was 0.991 with an evenness of 0.902. The mean sensitivity obtained in the detection of these lesions was 93.1% (SD 0.1%), and the specificity was 81.8% (SD 0.1%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study shows a good performance of an automated artificial deep neural network in the detection of PCL on both noncontrast- and contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scans.</p>","PeriodicalId":49753,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscientist","volume":"12 1","pages":"e40702"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11041052/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87367413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}