Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science最新文献_第3页

Creature features: The lively narratives of bacteriophages in Soviet biology and medicine. 生物特征:苏联生物学和医学中噬菌体的生动叙述。

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2020-12-20 Epub Date: 2020-01-15 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2019.0035

Dmitriy Myelnikov

{"title":"Creature features: The lively narratives of bacteriophages in Soviet biology and medicine.","authors":"Dmitriy Myelnikov","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2019.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2019.0035","url":null,"abstract":"The term 'bacteriophage' (devourer of bacteria) was coined by Félix d'Herelle in 1917 to describe both the phenomenon of spontaneous destruction of bacterial cultures and an agent responsible. Debates about the nature of bacteriophages raged in the 1920s and 1930s, and there were extensive attempts to use the phenomenon to fight infections. Whereas it eventually became a crucial tool for molecular biology, therapeutic uses of 'phage' declined sharply in the West after World War II, but persisted in the Soviet Union, particularly Georgia. Increasingly isolated from Western medical research, Soviet scientists developed their own metaphors of 'phage', its nature and action, and communicated them to their peers, medical professionals, and potential patients. In this article, I explore four kinds of narrative that shaped Soviet phage research: the mystique of bacteriophages in the 1920s and 1930s; animated accounts and military metaphors in the 1940s; Lysenkoist notions on bacteriophages as a phase in bacterial development; and the retrospective allocation of credit for the discovery of the bacteriophage during the Cold War. Whereas viruses have been largely seen as barely living, phage narratives consistently featured heroic liveliness or 'animacy', which framed the growing consensus on its viral nature. Post-war narratives, shaped by the Lysenkoist movement and the campaigns against adulation of the West, had political power-although many microbiologists remained sceptical, they had to frame their critique within the correct language if they wanted to be published. The dramatic story of bacteriophage research in the Soviet Union is a reminder of the extent to which scientific narratives can be shaped by politics, but it also highlights the diversity of strategies and alternative interpretations possible within those constraints.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2019.0035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38592812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Adriaen Verwer (1654/5-1717) and the first edition of Isaac Newton's Principia in the Dutch Republic. 阿德里安·维维尔(Adriaen Verwer, 1654/5-1717)和艾萨克·牛顿在荷兰共和国第一版的《原理》。

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2020-09-20 Epub Date: 2019-07-10 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2019.0008

Steffen Ducheyne

引用次数: 0

2019 Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar lectureLife begins at 40: the demographic and cultural roots of the midlife crisis. 2019 Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar 讲座生命始于 40 岁：中年危机的人口和文化根源。

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2020-09-20 Epub Date: 2020-03-25 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2020.0008

Mark Jackson

{"title":"2019 Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar lectureLife begins at 40: the demographic and cultural roots of the midlife crisis.","authors":"Mark Jackson","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2020.0008","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsnr.2020.0008","url":null,"abstract":"In 1965, the psychoanalyst and social scientist Elliott Jaques introduced a term, the 'midlife crisis', that continues to structure Western understandings and experiences of middle age. Following Jaques's work, the midlife crisis became a popular means of describing how-and why-men and women around the age of 40 became disillusioned with work, disenchanted with relationships and detached from family responsibilities. Post-war sociological and psychological studies of middle age regarded the midlife crisis as a manifestation of either biological or psychological change, as a moment in the life course when-perhaps for the first time-people felt themselves to be declining towards death. Although the midlife crisis has often been dismissed as a myth or satirized in novels and films, the concept has persisted not only in stereotypical depictions of rebellion and infidelity at midlife, but also in research that has sought to explain the particular social, physical and emotional challenges of middle age. In the spirit of the pioneering research of John Wilkins, John Bernal and Peter Medawar, each of whom in different ways emphasized the complex interrelations between science and society, I want to argue that the emergence of the midlife crisis-as concept and experience-during the middle decades of the twentieth century was not coincidental. Rather it was the product of historically specific demographic changes and political aspirations-at least in the Western world-to keep alive the American dream of economic progress and material prosperity.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7434712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38300580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating John Theophilus Desaguliers' Newtonianism: the case of waterwheel knowledge in A course of experimental philosophy. 评价德古列尔的牛顿主义:实验哲学课程中的水车知识。

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2020-09-20 Epub Date: 2019-09-18 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2019.0023

Andrew M A Morris

{"title":"Evaluating John Theophilus Desaguliers' Newtonianism: the case of waterwheel knowledge in A course of experimental philosophy.","authors":"Andrew M A Morris","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2019.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2019.0023","url":null,"abstract":"John Theophilus Desaguliers (1683-1744) was a French-born English Huguenot who made his name as a public lecturer in London and a demonstrator at the Royal Society, writing a very popular introduction to Isaac Newton's natural philosophy, the two-volume A course of experimental philosophy (1734-1744). This paper looks at the influence of three French natural philosophers, Edme Mariotte (1620-1684), Antoine Parent (1666-1716) and Bernard Forest de Bélidor (1698-1761), on the account of waterwheel functioning in the second volume of that work. The aim of the paper is to show that, although Desaguliers demonstrated a commitment to Newton's work, his own natural philosophical objectives also led him to borrow ideas from natural philosophers outside Newton's direct sphere of influence. To do this I shall give an account of what Desaguliers appropriated from Newton's Principia, how it fitted in with his own project and how he also made use of other natural philosophers' theories in his discussion of fluid mechanics. This will hopefully result in a more nuanced conception of Desaguliers' 'Newtonianism' that takes into account the diverse sources and influences in his work.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2019.0023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38300581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

James Petiver's 1717 Papilionum Britanniae: an analysis of the first comprehensive account of British butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). 詹姆斯·珀蒂弗1717年的《英国蝴蝶》:对英国蝴蝶(鳞翅目:凤蝶科)首次综合记述的分析。

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2020-06-20 Epub Date: 2020-04-22 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2019.0014

Richard I Vane-Wright

引用次数: 1

James Petiver's 'Kind Friends' and 'Curious Persons' in the Atlantic World: commerce, colonialism and collecting. 詹姆斯·珀蒂弗的《大西洋世界的“好朋友”和“好奇的人”:商业、殖民主义和收藏》。

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2020-06-20 Epub Date: 2019-10-23 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2019.0011

Kathleen Susan Murphy

{"title":"James Petiver's 'Kind Friends' and 'Curious Persons' in the Atlantic World: commerce, colonialism and collecting.","authors":"Kathleen Susan Murphy","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2019.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2019.0011","url":null,"abstract":"In 1695, James Petiver concluded the first 'century' of his Musei Petiveriani by observing that he had received the specimens described within it from his 'Kind Friends from divers parts of the World' and 'Curious Persons … Abroad'. This essay examines Petiver's network of such 'Kind Friends' and 'Curious Persons' in the Atlantic World. The composition of Petiver's network reflected many of the broader patterns of English commerce in the Atlantic at the turn of the eighteenth century. Moreover, England's growing overseas empire and its expanding commercial activity required a parallel expansion in maritime labour. Mariners were correspondingly central to Petiver's work as a naturalist and collector in the region. The importance of slavery and the slave trade to Atlantic economic and social structures meant that the naturalist relied on the institutions, infrastructures and individuals of the slave trade and plantation slavery. A social history of Petiver's Atlantic network reveals how the naturalist utilized the routes of commerce and colonialism to collect specimens, as well as to collect the correspondents who might provide them from West Africa, Spanish America, the Caribbean and mainland North America. It demonstrates the entangled histories of commerce, colonialism, collecting and the production of natural knowledge.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2019.0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37921144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

James Petiver's 'joynt-stock': middling agency in urban collecting networks. 詹姆斯·珀蒂弗(James Petiver)的“股份公司”:城市收藏网络中的中等机构。

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2020-06-20 Epub Date: 2020-02-05 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2019.0013

Alice Marples

引用次数: 0

'Preserve or perish': food preservation practices in the early modern kitchen. “保存或消亡”:早期现代厨房中的食物保存方法。

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2020-03-20 Epub Date: 2019-07-10 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2019.0004

Lucy J Havard

引用次数: 5

The pre-telescopic observations of the Moon in early seventeenth-century London: The case of Edward Gresham (1565-1613). 17世纪早期伦敦未使用望远镜的月球观测:爱德华·格雷沙姆(1565-1613)的案例。

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2020-03-20 Epub Date: 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2019.0009

Jarosław Włodarczyk

{"title":"The pre-telescopic observations of the Moon in early seventeenth-century London: The case of Edward Gresham (1565-1613).","authors":"Jarosław Włodarczyk","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2019.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2019.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This article supplements the history of the pre-telescopic observations of the Moon at the turn of the seventeenth century with an analysis of the hitherto understudied manuscript Astrostereon or the Discourse of the Falling of the Planet (1603), written by Edward Gresham, an English astrologer and follower of the heliocentric theory. In this treatise, Gresham presents the results of his observations of the surface of the Moon. These findings are discussed against a wider background of contemporary writings by Galileo Galilei, William Gilbert, Johannes Kepler and Michael Maestlin. Furthermore, Gresham's studies of the Moon are shown as part of London astronomical pursuits represented by Gilbert, the author of the first map of the Moon made on the basis of naked-eye observations (c.1600), and by Thomas Harriot, who outran Galileo in telescopic observations of the Moon (1609). It is suggested that Gresham's reports may have helped Harriot to select the time of his first observation of the Moon and therefore determined its result.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2019.0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37648454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Reflexive witnessing: Boyle, the Royal Society and scientific style 自反性见证:波义耳、皇家学会与科学风格

IF 0.4 3区哲学

Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2020-03-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2018.0051

A. Hogarth, Michael Witmore

{"title":"Reflexive witnessing: Boyle, the Royal Society and scientific style","authors":"A. Hogarth, Michael Witmore","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2018.0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0051","url":null,"abstract":"This article uses quantitative methods to analyse the language of Royal Society prose. Historians of science such as Barbara Shapiro have argued that specific linguistic features are detectable in the Royal Society's experimental reports, including first-person reporting and expressions of modesty. Moreover, Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer's influential study of Royal Society writing suggests that such linguistic strategies are designed to establish trust in the reporter and enable readers to become ‘virtual witnesses’ to experimental activities. While previous scholarship has persuasively identified distinct modes of rhetorical appeal in Royal Society texts, our corpus-based linguistic approach offers a more fine-grained description of the rhetoric of modesty and witnessing identified by other scholars. Our analysis further suggests that Royal Society writers had a self-reflexive and temporally complex relationship with the process of inquiry that is not fully captured by these qualitative studies; we call this linguistic structure ‘reflexive witnessing’. Having defined that structure linguistically and surveyed it across a broader range of early modern texts, we demonstrate that ‘reflexive witnessing’ was not exclusive to the community of the Royal Society.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41872958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0