BMC Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Trace-level quantification of levofloxacin NDSRIs using LC–TQ–MS/MS: a multi-metric sustainability and integrated toxicological–analytical framework","authors":"Srinivas Nakka,&nbsp;Vishnu Murthy Marisetti,&nbsp;Surendra Babu Manabolu Surya,&nbsp;Hemanth Kumar Chanduluru","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01872-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01872-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nitrosamine drug substance-related impurities (NDSRIs) have emerged as a critical regulatory concern due to their potential genotoxicity at trace levels, necessitating highly sensitive and scientifically robust analytical methodologies. Despite the widespread use of levofloxacin (LOX), no validated analytical method has been reported for the simultaneous determination of LOX-specific NDSRIs. Although several LC–MS/MS methods have recently been reported for NDSRIs associated with other pharmaceutical compounds, these studies primarily focused on compound-specific impurity monitoring and did not address levofloxacin-derived NDSRIs. Furthermore, most reported methodologies emphasize analytical sensitivity without integrating toxicological risk assessment and sustainability evaluation. In this study, a highly sensitive and selective LC–TQ–MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous trace-level quantification of N-nitroso methyl piperazine (N-NMP) and N-nitroso desmethyl levofloxacin (N-NDLOX) in LOX drug substance and tablet formulations. A systematic risk-based analytical development strategy was employed to define the Analytical Target Profile (ATP) and guide method development and optimization. Structural confirmation of the synthesized NDSRIs was achieved using advanced spectroscopic techniques, including ¹H–¹⁵N HMBC NMR. The developed method demonstrated excellent sensitivity, with limits of quantification of 0.6 ng mL⁻¹ for N-NMP and 1.0 ng mL⁻¹ for N-NDLOX, enabling reliable detection well below the proposed interim control limits. The method exhibited strong linearity (R² &gt; 0.998), high accuracy (93–100%), and robust precision (CV &lt; 10%), confirming its suitability for routine quality control applications. To support regulatory risk assessment, complementary (Q)-SAR analysis and carcinogenic potency categorization (CPCA) were integrated to establish scientifically justified interim control limits for LOX-associated NDSRIs. The sustainability of the developed method was further evaluated using a multi-metric framework incorporating AGREE, GAPI, RAPI, and the Environmental, Performance, and Practicality Index (EPPI). The results demonstrated a balanced analytical profile, with moderate environmental impact (AGREE score: 0.62; EI: 75.8%) and high practical applicability (PPI: 87.0%), resulting in an overall EPPI score of 81.4%. This study presents a unified analytical–toxicological–sustainability framework for NDSRI assessment, representing a shift from conventional method development toward performance-driven sustainable analytical design. The proposed method is suitable for regulatory implementation and provides a scalable strategy for controlling structurally complex nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceutical systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13637225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148417788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regioselective electrosynthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolin-5-one derivatives","authors":"Eman O. Osman,&nbsp;Amr M. Mahmoud,&nbsp;Hala B. El-Nassan","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01849-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01849-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A highly efficient and regioselective method had been reported for the synthesis of pyrazoloquinoline derivatives. The current work studied the reaction of 3-indolylpyrazole, dimedone, and various aldehydes under electrochemical conditions. The various factors controlling electrochemical reactions were examined and optimized, including reaction time, temperature, current, solvent, type of electrodes, and supporting electrolytes. The scope of the reaction was investigated using different types of aldehydes. The reaction yielded exclusively pyrazolo[3,4-<i>b</i>]quinolin-5-ones in high yields and mild reaction conditions. The structure of the products was confirmed by ¹H-NMR and 2D-NMR spectra. The reaction mechanism was followed up using cyclic voltammetry. Compared to the conventional heating method, the electrochemical method proved to be advantageous in terms of simple reaction conditions, short reaction time, higher yield, and eliminating the need for basic catalysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01849-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148417730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel eco-friendly spectrophotometric determination of potential combination silodosin and darifenacin hydrobromide in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations","authors":"Islam M. Darwish,&nbsp;Omar M El-Abassy,&nbsp;Hanaa Saleh,&nbsp;Eman A. Bahgat","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01803-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01803-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Silodosin and darifenacin hydrobromide have lately been administered to males with overactive bladder for the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The present work details the development and validation of spectrophotometric methods that demonstrate reliability, accuracy, and selectivity for quantifying two medications in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Both drugs are quantified from the recorded spectra using different mathematical manipulations. Direct measurement of silodosin concentration was performed at a wavelength of 328.8 nm. The methods for determining darifenacin include Method I, which employs fourier self-deconvolution; Method II, which utilizes ratio difference analysis; and Method III, which applies first derivative ratio. The procedure parameters were validated following ICH recommendations. The methodologies included the direct quantification of silodosin within the range of 10–45 µg/mL with LOD and LOQ of 0.942 and 2.857 µg/mL respectively, as well as Fourier self-deconvolution, ratio difference, and first derivative ratio spectrophotometric techniques for the assessment of darifenacin hydrobromide within the range of 5–70 µg/mL with LOD and LOQ for each method of (0.484, 1.468 µg/mL), (1.353, 4.100 µg/mL), (0.794, 2.408 µg/mL), respectively. Recovery studies validated the accuracy of the methods in pharmaceutical formulations, with an average recovery of 100.37% for silodosin (direct method) and 100.96%, 99.87%, and 100.69% for darifenacin hydrobromide using fourier self-deconvolution, Ratio difference, and first derivative ratio methods, respectively. The procedures demonstrate a high level of environmental sustainability, as evidenced by Analytical GREEnness calculator (a comprehensive, flexible, and straightforward assessment approach that provides an easily interpretable and informative result for evaluating greenness), Modified Green Analytical Procedure Index (which merges the advantages of the visual impact of Green Analytical Procedure Index with the precise total score of the analytical Eco-Scale and provides an overall assessment of the method greenness by calculating a total score), spider chart, green solvents selection tool (spider chart and green solvent selection tools were applied to select and evaluate solvents used during the experiment) and Blue applicability grade index (evaluating the practicality of an analytical techniques).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01803-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148417705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Synthesis, characterization, and DFT study of a novel pyrido[2’,3’:4,5]pyrimido[2,1-b] [1,3]thiazines via Michael addition and intramolecular cyclization","authors":"Bader Huwaimel,&nbsp;Sobhi M. Gomha,&nbsp;Manal S. Ebaid,&nbsp;Amr S. Abouzied,&nbsp;Sayed M. Riyadh,&nbsp;Mohamed S. M. Ahmed,&nbsp;Magdi E. A. Zaki,&nbsp;Sami A. Al-Hussain,&nbsp;Wesam M. Hussein,&nbsp;Ahmed A. M. El-Reedy","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01882-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01882-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01882-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148417746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of process parameters for bitter gourd candy production using response surface methodology","authors":"H. R. Arun,&nbsp;G. P. Sharma,&nbsp;V. Kavan Kumar","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01846-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01846-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this optimization study, response surface methodology was used for optimization of process parameters for osmotic drying of bitter gourd slices. The Box-Behnken design of three variables such as syrup concentration (40, 50 and 60 ⁰Brix), syrup temperature (40, 50 and 60 ℃) and duration of osmosis (60, 180 and 300 min) which includes 17 experiments formed by using 5 central points was used to optimize input parameters. The linear, quadratic and interaction effects of three variables were analysed for the responses. For each response, i.e. water loss and sugar gain, the second-order polynomial models were developed and the fitted model’s analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to check the adequacy and accuracy of the fitted models. The response surfaces and contour maps showing the interaction of process variables were constructed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the linear terms of syrup concentration, syrup temperature and duration of osmosis were significant at the 1% level for both the responses, viz. water loss and sugar gain. The F-value indicated that the duration of osmosis was the most influential factor, followed by syrup concentration and syrup temperature for water loss and sugar gain. The optimized conditions for making bitter gourd candy was 48 ⁰Brix syrup concentration, 47 ℃ process temperature and 190 min duration of osmosis for osmotic drying, followed by convective drying at 40 ℃ drying air temperature and air velocity of 2 m/s.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13632262/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148417765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant-based milk powders: technological challenges, nutritional opportunities, and market outlook","authors":"Ismail Tontul,&nbsp;Sultan Arslan Tontul","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01876-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01876-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The global demand for plant-based milk has increased in response to health, sustainability, and dietary concerns. Liquid products are not without their advantages, but powdered forms offer unique benefits, including shelf stability, lightweight distribution, and versatile food applications. Despite the growth in market value, there is a paucity of systematic research addressing the processing of plant-based milk powders, particularly the influence of drying technologies and formulation strategies on yield, nutrient retention, and functionality. This review synthesizes recent advances in the production of plant-based milk powders, focusing on pretreatment, drying technologies, and carrier systems. Spray drying remains the dominant industrial process and is valuable for scalability but is limited by stickiness, poor flow, and low solubility. Enzymatic pretreatments have been shown to yield consistent increases in yield and improvements in suspension stability. The optimization of feed concentration and atomization parameters is imperative, and studies have identified inlet temperatures ranging from 140 to 170 °C as optimal for balancing yield and nutrient retention. The influence of carrier agents on performance is a subject of considerable interest. Maltodextrin, for example, has been shown to increase drying efficiency, although it concurrently reduces nutritional quality. Protein and gum-based carriers, while demonstrating potential, remain underexplored. A variety of alternative methods have been demonstrated to increase the retention of bioactive compounds, reduce energy consumption, and improve flowability. These methods include dehumidified air spray drying, pulse spray drying, freeze drying, and foam-mat drying. However, these methods are not easily scalable. The application of agglomeration and postprocessing techniques has been demonstrated to further enhance the reconstitution process and improve consumer acceptability. The advancement of plant-based milk powders necessitates the establishment of a connection between laboratory findings and industrial application. Subsequent research should concentrate on the optimization of hybrid drying technologies, the diversification of carrier systems, and the development of standardized protocols to ensure nutritional quality, functionality, and commercial viability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13628798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148403130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-friendly electrochemical innovative method depending on multiwalled carbon nanotubes/sugar polymer/zinc oxide nanoparticles carbon paste for the determination of urogenital drug mirabegron in dosage form and spiked human plasma","authors":"Shimaa A. Atty,&nbsp;Naira A. Farid,&nbsp;Nadia F. Youssef,&nbsp;Hisham E. Abdellatef,&nbsp;Yasmine A. Sharaf","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01831-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01831-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A sensitive, simple, and environmentally friendly electrochemical voltammetric approach has been developed for the determination of Mirabegron (MRG) in drug substances, drug products, and spiked human plasma samples. For the first time, MRG was measured using a combination of electrochemistry and nanotechnology. A Multiwalled carbon nanotubes/sugar polymer/ zinc oxide nanoparticles carbon paste electrode (MWCNT/ZnO NPs/PS/CPE) was fabricated and used to study the electrochemical behavior of MRG showing a good anodic response in Britton-Robinson buffer (B-R buffer) pH 3.0 utilizing cyclic (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). Linear relationships were recorded between the peak current (<i>I</i>_p ) and MRG concentration ranges of 0.2 × 10^− 9 – 100 × 10^− 6 M in bulk with correlation 0.9990 and 0.30 × 10^− 9 – 100 × 10^− 9 M in plasma with correlation of 0.9993. Method sensitivity was demonstrated by the calculation of the detection and quantification limits, which were found to be 6 × 10^− 12 M and 19 × 10^− 12 M, respectively. Method validation has been evaluated as per ICH guidelines. The acquired results were statistically compared with those of the reported one profitably. Method greenness was evaluated by ECO scale, the Modified Green Analytical procedure index (MOGAPI) and Analytical Greenness Metric Approach (AGREE). The results indicate an excellent green profile, so the developed new voltametric method will be dedicated to the quality control laboratories to contribute to MRG analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01831-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148387121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) super hydrogels integrated with silver-decorated recycled nano tungsten oxide: a robust, leach-free for advanced wastewater decontamination","authors":"H. M. Zidan,&nbsp;Nazir Mustapha,&nbsp;Sally A. Eladly,&nbsp;Dina Ezzat","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01863-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01863-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study reports the development of an efficient and structurally robust functional hybrid hydrogel composed of a Poly(acrylamide-<i>co</i>-acrylic acid) matrix, reinforced with silver-decorated recycled nano-tungsten oxide (Ag-WO₃) composites. To ensure structural longevity and eliminate secondary pollution risks, the recycled nanoparticles derived from industrial scrap were modified via an eco-friendly photo-reduction method and covalently tethered to the polymer backbone using a vinyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent. FT-IR analysis confirmed successful interfacial chemical grafting, which acted as a nano-skeleton reinforcement. Consequently, a dramatic increase in mechanical robustness was achieved, with surface hardness rising from 43 Shore A for the pristine hydrogel to 80 Shore A for the dense hybrid network. Crucially, the hybrid system exhibited exceptional chemo-structural stability across a broad pH spectrum (3–11), maintaining a gel content exceeding 90% with nearly zero detectable leaching or turbidity. Functionally, the Ag-WO₃ integrated hydrogel serves as a potent dual-action platform for wastewater purification, achieving 86.5% photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue dye under UV irradiation within 60 min, alongside an outstanding 99.98% antibacterial eradication rate against <i>Escherichia coli</i>. By transforming industrial metallurgical scrap into a high-value environmental catalyst, this research offers a sustainable, non-leaching, and scalable platform for advanced wastewater decontamination, directly contributing to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation, and SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01863-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-world operational characteristics of perovskite photovoltaics","authors":"Xingtao Wang,&nbsp;Chi Zhang,&nbsp;Congbo Shi,&nbsp;Chuanke Chen,&nbsp;Lichuang Wang,&nbsp;Zizhen Lin,&nbsp;Chao Dong,&nbsp;Dongming Zhao","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01864-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01864-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved remarkable progress in power conversion efficiency, approaching 27% for single-junction device. As this photovoltaic technology advances toward industrial implementation, operational characteristics are becoming increasing critical. Although considerable efforts have been devoted to studying stability under laboratory conditions, the operational characteristics of PSCs in real-world differ markedly and remain insufficiently explored. Specifically, the power output of perovskite modules under outdoor conditions is strongly influenced by dynamic weather parameters, yet their behavior in these uncontrolled environments is far less understood compared to controlled laboratory evaluations. This review highlights the phenomena unique to PSCs, including seasonal efficiency variations and diurnal cycling, which distinguish them from convention PV technologies. We first discuss the operational behavior of PSCs observed in controlled laboratory test, with emphasis on light exposure, temperature cycling and bias to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Then, we summarize the works on long-term outdoor behavior of both single junction PSCs and perovskite/silicon tandem photovoltaics. Finally, we provide perspective on bridging the gap between fundamental mechanism and real-world applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01864-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148374184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing advanced nanocomposite materials for efficient elimination of Victoria Blue B dye from aqueous media","authors":"Nada S. Al-Kadhi,&nbsp;Saad A. Aljlil,&nbsp;Ehab A. Abdelrahman","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01869-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01869-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The growing discharge of persistent cationic dyes necessitates adsorbents that combine high efficiency, facile production, and reliable regeneration. Herein, nickel oxide/magnesium chromate/carbon novel nanocomposites were successfully synthesized by a Pechini sol-gel route at 600 and 800 °C to obtain NMC600 and NMC800, respectively, for the elimination of Victoria Blue B from aqueous media. XRD, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, EDX, and BET analyses confirmed the formation of well-integrated nanostructures whose physicochemical properties were strongly governed by calcination temperature. NMC600 displayed smaller crystallites, finer polyhedral particles, higher residual carbon content, larger surface area (56.27 m²/g), and greater pore volume (0.2517 cm³/g), resulting in marked superior adsorption performance compared with NMC800. Under optimized conditions, NMC600 achieved a maximum Langmuir capacity of 371.74 mg/g, whereas NMC800 reached 194.55 mg/g. Kinetic evaluation revealed that dye uptake followed the pseudo-first-order model, while thermodynamic parameters confirmed a spontaneous, exothermic, and predominantly physical adsorption process. Mechanistic interpretation indicated that electrostatic attraction under alkaline conditions, hydrogen bonding, complexation, and π-π interaction collectively controlled dye removal. The nanocomposites also exhibited efficient desorption using 2 M HCl, stable recyclability over five cycles, resistance to common interfering ions, and promising performance in real wastewater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13393882/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148374175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}