Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu最新文献

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Reproductive Capacity, and Production Characteristics of Fertilization Eggs in Second and Third Generation by Natural Spawning of Cultured Broodstock Small Yellow Croaker, Larimichthys polyactis 人工养殖小黄鱼自然产卵第二代和第三代受精卵的繁殖能力及生产特性
Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.13000/jfmse.2023.35.3.604
Hee-Woong KANG, In-Joon HWANG, Jong-Cheol HAN
{"title":"Reproductive Capacity, and Production Characteristics of Fertilization Eggs in Second and Third Generation by Natural Spawning of Cultured Broodstock Small Yellow Croaker, Larimichthys polyactis","authors":"Hee-Woong KANG, In-Joon HWANG, Jong-Cheol HAN","doi":"10.13000/jfmse.2023.35.3.604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13000/jfmse.2023.35.3.604","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the reproductive capacity of the 1st generation of cultured broodstock small yellow croaker, Larimichthys polyactis, and the characteristics of fertilized egg production through natural spawning of 2SUPnd/SUP and 3SUPrd/SUP generation broodstock. Matured ovaries for had a fair of asymmetric crystovarian structure. Cultured females broodstock grow faster than males at the same age, the relationship between body weight (BW) and total length (TL) of female was expressed as BW = 92.293TLSUP0.1378/SUP (r²=0.2324). The range for fecundity was 35,844~87,778 individuals (TL and BL of broodstock were 19.0~23.0 cm and 101.8~214.1 g, respectively) and gonadosomatic index (GSI) was 29.8~40.8. Natural spawning of cultured 2SUPnd/SUP generation broodstock (3 years old) was maintained for 18~33 days by different supplied feed type (extruded pellet combine with shrimp, grounded fish feed (control) and moist pellet). The highest floating rate (27.3%) was observed in the moist pellet feed group, while spawning volume (2,728 mL) was found in the shrimp feed group. Natural spawning of cultured 3rd generation broodstock (2 years old) was maintained for 40 days, and the spawning volume (4,466 mL) and floating rate (67.0%) were improved compared to those of 2SUPnd/SUP generation (3 years old). These results suggest that reproductive capacity of cultured small yellow croaker was better than that of wild stock and it was increased as the generation progresses with domestication.","PeriodicalId":496496,"journal":{"name":"Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136154437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Offshore Fisheries 近海渔业环境库兹涅茨曲线假设的检验
Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.13000/jfmse.2023.6.35.3.430
Yong-Han JEON
{"title":"Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Offshore Fisheries","authors":"Yong-Han JEON","doi":"10.13000/jfmse.2023.6.35.3.430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13000/jfmse.2023.6.35.3.430","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes the relationship between fishery revenue and greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions of offshore fisheries in preparation for achieving carbon negative in the fisheries sector and proposes policy improvements based on the results. To this end, the seemingly unrelated regression(SUR) model was used to estimate the environmental Kuznets curve(EKC) by gear of offshore fisheries. In addition, the turning point of fishery revenue was measured for gears adopting the EKC hypothesis. As a result, the EKC hypothesis was adopted for offshore stow net, offshore gill net, offshore trap, anchovy drag net, and large otter trawl. Among these gears, only offshore gill net exceeded the turning point of fishery revenue and was in a state of decoupling of GHG emissions. In other words, it was analyzed that offshore gill net was already in the phase of environmental improvement. Thus, for gears that have not exceeded the turning point of fishery revenue to enter the environmental improvement phase, the government must expand the scale of the fishing vessel reduction program and supply energy saving hybrid fishing vessel. Also, research and development of fishing gear that can reduce underwater resistance should be continued, and policy establishment to reduce the scale of the fleet is needed.","PeriodicalId":496496,"journal":{"name":"Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136155465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Searching for Ways to Manage Public Conflicts for Sustainable Offshore Wind Power Development 为海上风力发电的可持续发展寻找管理公共冲突的方法
Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.13000/jfmse.2023.35.3.547
Kiryong CHOI, Sanggeon LEE, Kyoung-Hee LEEM, Myung-Saeng JOUNG, Taeyoung KIM
{"title":"Searching for Ways to Manage Public Conflicts for Sustainable Offshore Wind Power Development","authors":"Kiryong CHOI, Sanggeon LEE, Kyoung-Hee LEEM, Myung-Saeng JOUNG, Taeyoung KIM","doi":"10.13000/jfmse.2023.35.3.547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13000/jfmse.2023.35.3.547","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to collect cases of public conflicts in the process of constructing renewable energy power plants, analyze causes and solutions, and explore management measures for sustainable offshore wind power development based on this finding. For the study, atheoretical case studies was used to compare and analyze individual cases of land and water solar and wind power development in Korea. Through the case analysis, it was found that public conflicts are divided into the government-centered first sector, the business-centered second sector, and the citizen-centered third sector, occurring in various forms depending on the positions of stakeholders within and between sectors. In particular, local residents belonging to the third sector emerged as key stakeholders in public conflicts in most cases, citing problems with the consultation process, environmental and safety issues, and economic concerns. Successful power plant construction and operation cases that resolved public conflicts with residents solved three problems well. First of all, there was governance for active participation and persuasion of residents in the consultation process, and it was found that information sharing was well done. Second, proactive measures to resolve potential uncertainties in the environment and stability and to coexist, and reactive measures for management were being taken appropriately. Third, profit sharing was well established through bond investments and fundraising to help local residents lead economically sustainable lives. On the contrary, when the construction of a power plant is suspended or withdrawn, the direct reason is the lack of success factors, but the problem was that success and failure were inevitably divided on a case-by-case basis without an integrated and consistent project promotion guideline. Therefore, this study suggests that the government should strengthen its role as a mediator and facilitator that provides consistent policies and guidelines and further mediates conflicts at the present time when the expansion of offshore wind power generation.","PeriodicalId":496496,"journal":{"name":"Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136154193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect Analysis of Elementary School After-School Board Game Program ; Focusing on Self-Regulation and Self-Efficacy 小学课外桌游活动的效果分析注重自我调节和自我效能
Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.13000/jfmse.2023.35.3.583
Sung-hee KWAK, KWAK-Gyun HEO
{"title":"Effect Analysis of Elementary School After-School Board Game Program ; Focusing on Self-Regulation and Self-Efficacy","authors":"Sung-hee KWAK, KWAK-Gyun HEO","doi":"10.13000/jfmse.2023.35.3.583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13000/jfmse.2023.35.3.583","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of elementary after-school board game program on the improvement of self-regulation and self-efficacy on elementary school students, and to suggest a board game program to improve self-regulation and self-efficacy. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the effect of elementary after-school board game program on the self - control ability on elementary students showed a significant effect on total self - regulation. By sub-factors, synchronous factors showed significant results, and behavioral and cognitive factors average rose but not significant. However, since the total self-regulation has a significant effect, it can be said that the educational purpose board game activities help to improve self-regulation. Second, the effect of elementary after-school board game program on elementary school students","PeriodicalId":496496,"journal":{"name":"Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136154440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Effects of Career Exploration Education Satisfaction and Major Satisfaction on Career Decision-making Level: A Comparison of Domestic Chinese College Students and Chinese International Students in Korea 职业探索、教育满意度和专业满意度对职业决策水平的影响:中国国内大学生与在韩中国留学生的比较
Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.13000/jfmse.2023.6.35.3.464
Lai WEI
{"title":"The Effects of Career Exploration Education Satisfaction and Major Satisfaction on Career Decision-making Level: A Comparison of Domestic Chinese College Students and Chinese International Students in Korea","authors":"Lai WEI","doi":"10.13000/jfmse.2023.6.35.3.464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13000/jfmse.2023.6.35.3.464","url":null,"abstract":"Based on previous studies, this research aims to investigate the relationship among career exploration education participation satisfaction, major satisfaction, and career decision-making level among Chinese domestic university students and Chinese international students in Korea as separate research subjects. The research findings can be summarized as follows. Looking at the descriptive statistics of career exploration education participation satisfaction, major satisfaction, and career decision-making level of Chinese students, the statistics for domestic university students are higher than those for international students. Second, for Chinese domestic university students, multiple regression analysis results show that career exploration education participation (β=.158, p.05) and major satisfaction (β=.558, p.001) both have a positive effect on career decision-making level. For Chinese international students, multiple regression analysis results also show that career exploration education participation (β=.349, p.001) and major satisfaction (β=.407, p.001) both have a positive effect on career decision-making level. Third, looking at the logistic regression results, for Chinese domestic university students, career exploration education participation satisfaction (Wald=3.650, p.05) has a significant impact on post-graduation career decision-making, while major satisfaction (Wald=22.959, p.05) does not. For Chinese international students in Korea, career exploration education participation (Wald=10.872, p.01) has a significant impact on post-graduation career decision-making, while major satisfaction (Wald=5.072, p.05) also has a significant impact.","PeriodicalId":496496,"journal":{"name":"Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136155709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Analysis of Price Fluctuation Factors in Secondhand Ship Using Fuzzy AHP : Focused on Panamax Bulk Carrier 用模糊层次分析法分析二手船价格波动因素——以巴拿马型散货船为例
Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.13000/jfmse.2023.6.35.3.514
ChongWoo LEE, YongByeong SEO, Chul-Ho JANG
{"title":"Analysis of Price Fluctuation Factors in Secondhand Ship Using Fuzzy AHP : Focused on Panamax Bulk Carrier","authors":"ChongWoo LEE, YongByeong SEO, Chul-Ho JANG","doi":"10.13000/jfmse.2023.6.35.3.514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13000/jfmse.2023.6.35.3.514","url":null,"abstract":"The main source of income of a shipping company is the freight received by operating a ship and the difference income through the sale of a ship. This is possible when ships, which are the medium of income, are economically secured. However, the majority of shipping companies in Korea have made ship purchase decisions based on economic reversals or the owner","PeriodicalId":496496,"journal":{"name":"Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136155706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Study on the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and School Life Satisfaction of Local Elementary School Students after COVID-19: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Peer Relationships 新冠肺炎疫情后地方小学生情绪智力与学校生活满意度的关系研究——基于同伴关系的中介作用
Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.13000/jfmse.2023.6.35.3.614
Kyung KIM, Hee-Dong KIM, Ju-Yeong HONG
{"title":"A Study on the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and School Life Satisfaction of Local Elementary School Students after COVID-19: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Peer Relationships","authors":"Kyung KIM, Hee-Dong KIM, Ju-Yeong HONG","doi":"10.13000/jfmse.2023.6.35.3.614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13000/jfmse.2023.6.35.3.614","url":null,"abstract":"This study was to investigate the emotional intelligence, peer relationships, and school satisfaction of local elementary school students after COVID-19. 322 survey data were collected from 4th, 5th, and 6th grade elementary school students in 2 regions. It was analyzed using SPSS 21.0 program and Process Macro version 3.4 program. The relationship between emotional intelligence and school satisfaction showed a positive correlation. The relationship between friendship and school satisfaction showed a positive relationship, and it was confirmed that friendship had a complete mediating effect in the relationship between emotional intelligence and school satisfaction. Provide practical educational programs related to emotions and friendships in Post-Endermic schools through differences in emotional intelligence, peer relationships, and emotions and friendships of students who experienced non-face-to-face 3 years of elementary school students centered on existing face-to-face classes. It is meaningful in that it gave implications for the role and function of schools.","PeriodicalId":496496,"journal":{"name":"Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136155467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Analysis of Curriculum Development Needs of Pre-service Teachers for Digital-Based Educational Competency Development 面向数字化教育能力发展的职前教师课程开发需求分析
Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.13000/jfmse.2023.6.35.3.536
So-Young PARK
{"title":"Analysis of Curriculum Development Needs of Pre-service Teachers for Digital-Based Educational Competency Development","authors":"So-Young PARK","doi":"10.13000/jfmse.2023.6.35.3.536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13000/jfmse.2023.6.35.3.536","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to analyze the perceptions and demands of pre-service teachers regarding the development of a digital-based educational competency development curriculum and to draw implications accordingly. An online survey was conducted in this study. The subjects of the survey were prospective teachers who are completing teaching profession courses. The results of the study are as follows. First, it was confirmed that prospective teachers were familiar with utilization of digital devices and digital-based communication and cooperation, but were not yet familiar with new technologies such as programming understanding (computing thinking), big data, and artificial intelligence. Second, pre-service teachers most experienced real-time lecture platforms and online/offline linked classes in university classes. And they agreed that students should develop digital basic literacy through all subject classes. Third, the competencies that prospective teachers most wanted to develop were the selection, production, and utilization of digital-based materials and the vitalization of interaction using digital resources. Fourth, as a result of analyzing the perception of the appropriate teaching and learning method of the subject for the development of digital-based educational competency, the demand for the PBL method was the highest. The conclusions are as follows. First, it is necessary to review ways to open and operate digital-based educational competency training courses for prospective teachers in various levels, such as 2 credits or 3 credits. Second, when developing a curriculum to develop digital-based educational capabilities for prospective teachers, it is necessary to dualize the contents of the curriculum. Third, the subject needs to be operated by using a combination of the PBL (project learning, problem-based learning) method, individual practice, and the lecture method of a professional instructor. Fourth, teacher training institutions need to expand facilities and equipment that can utilize digital platforms, technologies and tools. Since the subjects of this study were limited to a specific region, it is necessary to include subjects from more diverse regions in follow-up studies.","PeriodicalId":496496,"journal":{"name":"Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136155708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Study on the Mediating Effect of Self-Leadership on Job Choice Motivation and Major Satisfaction among College Students Majoring in Military 自我领导对军事专业大学生职业选择动机和专业满意度的中介作用研究
Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.13000/jfmse.2023.35.3.500
Tuck-Key KIM
{"title":"A Study on the Mediating Effect of Self-Leadership on Job Choice Motivation and Major Satisfaction among College Students Majoring in Military","authors":"Tuck-Key KIM","doi":"10.13000/jfmse.2023.35.3.500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13000/jfmse.2023.35.3.500","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating effect of self-leadership on job choice motivation and major satisfaction among college students majoring in military. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, a total of 316 questionnaires were analyzed with a population of military department college students from 5 universities across the country. The research results are as follows. First, job choice motivation showed a positive relationship on major satisfaction. Second, among the subcomponents of self-leadership, a behavior-focused strategy and a natural reward strategy had significant positive relationships on major satisfaction, whereas a constructive thinking strategy showed unrelated results. Third, job choice motivation showed a positive relationship on self-leadership. Finally, self-leadership showed a mediating effect on job choice motivation and major satisfaction. The results of this study expanded the scope of research by revealing that self-leadership has a positive influence on major satisfaction of college students. In addition, the academic concept was supplemented by identifying the positive influence relationship between Job choice motivation and self-leadership.","PeriodicalId":496496,"journal":{"name":"Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136154191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Estimating the Preservation Value of Coastal Beach in Samcheok Maengbang of Kangwon Province Using One and One-Half Bounded Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation Method 用1和1 / 2有界二分类选择或有估价法估计江原道三陟孟邦海岸海滩的保护价值
Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.13000/jfmse.2023.35.3.560
Heedong PYO
{"title":"Estimating the Preservation Value of Coastal Beach in Samcheok Maengbang of Kangwon Province Using One and One-Half Bounded Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation Method","authors":"Heedong PYO","doi":"10.13000/jfmse.2023.35.3.560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13000/jfmse.2023.35.3.560","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is to estimate the preservation value of coastal beaches in Samcheok Maengbang of Kangwon Province using one and one-half bound dichotomous choice question(OOHBDC) of the contingent valuation method. For the reliability and the validity of CVM a survey was conducted for 720 samples by internet panel method, and respondents would be willing to pay for conserving and managing the coastal beach at each bid level, ranging from 2,000~19,000 won per annum and per household for five years. As a result, the yearly willingness-to-pay is estimated to be 11,608.7 won and 8,636.3 won per household without covariates for truncated mean and median, and 11,259.9 won and 8,389.1 won per household with covariates for truncated mean and median, respectively, and the aggregated preservation value is converted to be 726.3~975.5 billion won in a view point of the nation.","PeriodicalId":496496,"journal":{"name":"Su'san haeyang gyoyug yeon'gu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136154438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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