Soil & Tillage Research最新文献

{"title":"Microbial inoculants addition increases microbial necromass but decreases plant lignin contribution to soil organic carbon in rice paddies","authors":"Quanyi Hu ,&nbsp;Xuelin Zhang ,&nbsp;Ziwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruofei Wang ,&nbsp;Cheng Feng ,&nbsp;Yingxin Xie ,&nbsp;Shaojie Chen ,&nbsp;Tianqi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbial inoculants have the potential to facilitate the degradation of crop straw, thereby significantly affecting soil carbon (C) cycling and storage in agricultural ecosystems. However, the specific mechanisms by which microbial inoculants affect the accumulation of microbial- and plant -derived C in agricultural soils remain inadequately understood. To address this knowledge gap, field trials involving microbial inoculants were conducted at two experimental sites located in the Jianghan Plain and Songnen Plain. The objective was to investigate changes in soil microbial communities, extracellular enzyme activities, microbial biomarkers, plant biomarkers, as well as mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC). The addition of microbial inoculants increased substantially the soil bacterial abundance and associated extracellular enzyme activities. Additionally, the addition of microbial inoculants accelerated the degradation of lignin phenols in the soil while reducing the contribution of plant lignin to soil organic carbon (SOC). Moreover, they elevated both microbial necromass C content and its contribution to SOC. Although the addition of microbial inoculants had no significant effect on POC content, it increased the MAOC content. Notably, at the Songnen Plain, the addition of microbial inoculants led to a significant increase in SOC content. In contrast, no comparable effect on SOC was observed at the Jianghan Plain. Furthermore, the contribution of microbial necromass C to SOC was greater at the Jianghan Plain compared to the Songnen Plain, which was attributable to the higher mean annual temperature at the Jianghan Plain. Overall, the addition of microbial inoculants facilitated the degradation of plant lignin by enhancing soil microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activities while concurrently increasing microbial necromass C and driving dynamic alterations in SOC. These findings underscore the potential implications of microbial inoculants for sustainable agricultural practices aimed at improving soil health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 106529"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and quantifications of soil acidification under different land uses and depths in northern subtropical China","authors":"Yue Dong ,&nbsp;Samuel Adingo ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Song ,&nbsp;Shuai Liu ,&nbsp;Yiting Hu ,&nbsp;Jianwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Cheng Ji ,&nbsp;Jidong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extensive nitrogen (N) fertilization and intensified agriculture have greatly accelerated soil acidification in China. However, research has focused more on non-calcareous soils with pH &lt; 6.5. Until now, knowledge concerning the characteristics and rate of acidification of calcareous soils in northern China is still lacking. In this study, soil samples (n = 139) under different land uses (upland, paddy fields, and forests) and at different soil depths (0–20 cm, 20–40 cm) were collected from a typical northern subtropical agricultural region. The characteristics and drivers of soil acidification were evaluated based on the measurable results and quantification of the proton (H⁺) budget. Compared to historical data (n = 143) from the 1980s, the pH of the topsoil was decreased by 2.88 and 1.88 units in upland and paddy fields, respectively. Meanwhile, due to the selective uptake of cations over anions by crops, subsoil pH in upland and paddy fields also reduced significantly by 1.30 and 1.12 units, respectively. In contrast, no significant change in the soil pH was observed in the forests. In the study area, the soil acidification rates were 17.7 ± 3.2 and 13.5 ± 2.7 kmol ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for upland and paddy fields, respectively. N transformation was the dominant driver of soil acidification (63–77 %), followed by excess uptake of cations by crops (23–37 %), whereas the contribution of H⁺ deposition and HCO₃^- process was negligible (&lt;1 %). Quantitative results showed that soil acidification was more severe in upland than in paddy fields, with a faster decline in soil pH, a higher soil exchangeable acidity, a greater proportion of strongly acidic soils, and a 30 % higher soil acidification rate. This might be interpreted by the differences in N fertilization rate, water management, topographical distribution, and crop yields. Thus, our data suggest that strategies such as reducing the N fertilization rate, implementing appropriate water management strategies, practicing crop rotation, and adequate straw return could effectively mitigate soil acidification in northern subtropical China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 106527"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on dynamic stress and deformation characteristics of landslide dam materials under rolling dynamic compaction","authors":"Wenwei Li ,&nbsp;Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Xinjie Zhan ,&nbsp;Baotian Wang ,&nbsp;Jinyu Zuo","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The frequent occurrence of geological disasters has led to a constant production of landslide dam materials worldwide, which exhibit characteristics such as loose structure, high porosity, and wide gradation, limiting their development and utilization. To investigate the dynamic stress and deformation characteristics of landslide dam materials under rolling dynamic pressure, laboratory rolling dynamic compaction (RDC) model tests were conducted to study the effects of towing speed, impact roller mass, and pass count on dynamic stress propagation, surface settlement, and particle displacement. The results indicate that dynamic stress increases with the number of passes, stabilizing after 12 passes, with significant attenuation at depths above 200 mm. Maximum displacement occurs when the smooth arc surface of the impact roller contacts the foundation, with higher towing speeds facilitating energy transfer to deeper layers and heavier impact rollers enhancing surface compaction. Surface settlement analysis indicates that most cumulative settlement occurs within the first seven passes. PIV analysis reveals significant particle movement during RDC, with the most notable displacement occurring at high towing speeds and impact roller masses. Increasing the towing speed effectively enhances the dynamic stress, facilitating energy transfer to deeper layers, although the influence width remains limited. Enhancing the mass of the impact roller promotes energy transfer horizontally on both sides, improving surface reinforcement, although the depth of influence is similarly restricted. The study concludes that optimizing towing speeds and impact roller masses is crucial for effective compaction and reinforcement, providing a theoretical basis for the design of RDC for landslide dam foundations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 106522"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized straw incorporation depth can improve the nitrogen uptake and yield of rapeseed by promoting fine root development","authors":"Chunyun Wang ,&nbsp;Zongkai Wang ,&nbsp;Hongxiang Lou ,&nbsp;Xianling Wang ,&nbsp;Dongli Shao ,&nbsp;Xiaoqiang Tan ,&nbsp;Mengzhen Liu ,&nbsp;Jianqin Gao ,&nbsp;Jiefu Zhang ,&nbsp;Bo Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Kuai ,&nbsp;Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Zhenghua Xu ,&nbsp;Guangsheng Zhou ,&nbsp;Jie Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrogen deficiency in early growth stages is known to enhance crop nitrogen uptake and yield by stimulating root growth. However, whether straw incorporation can induce similar effects by intensifying nitrogen competition between microorganisms and crops remains unclear. A six-year field experiment (2016–2022) investigated three straw management practices—shallow tillage (tillage depth of 10–15 cm) without straw incorporation (STS-), shallow tillage with straw incorporation (STS+), and moderate deep plowing with straw incorporation (MPS+, tillage depth of 20–25 cm)—on soil properties of clay loam, root structure, nitrogen uptake, and rapeseed (<em>Brassica napus</em> L.) yield. STS+ and MPS+ treatments significantly reduced soil bulk density and increased porosity, with MPS+ showing improvements across the 0–30 cm layer. Straw incorporation enhanced root length, surface area, and volume, particularly in the 0–0.5 mm diameter category, while reducing root diameter. STS+ and MPS+ increased root auxin and cytokinin levels and decreased abscisic acid content, enhancing root vitality. Nitrogen accumulation at maturity was significantly higher with straw incorporation, but accumulation patterns differed by incorporation depth. STS+ delayed the onset and termination of rapid nitrogen uptake, resulting in slow accumulation during the seedling stage and rapid uptake post-bolting, while MPS+ achieved a consistently higher nitrogen accumulation rate throughout the growth period. MPS+ increased nitrogen uptake by 18.5 %, leading to a 50.7 % yield increase, whereas STS+ showed no significant nitrogen uptake enhancement but increased yield by 21.2 %. Structural equation modeling suggested that straw incorporation enhanced nitrogen accumulation by promoting fine root growth in the 0–0.5 mm category, which in turn improved yield. Conversely, straw incorporation depth increased nitrogen accumulation by promoting root growth in the 0.5–2 mm and 0–0.5 mm diameter categories. These results indicate that MPS+ creates a moderately nitrogen-deficient environment during early growth stages, promoting fine root development, nitrogen uptake, and yield in rapeseed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 106504"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil organic carbon formation in grassland ecosystems: Higher efficiency of roots than shoots and rhizodeposition","authors":"Qinglin Yin,&nbsp;Ying Liu,&nbsp;Jiangfeng Li,&nbsp;Jiaqi Wu,&nbsp;Yifan Wang,&nbsp;Haiyang Zhang,&nbsp;Heyong Liu,&nbsp;Liangchao Jiang,&nbsp;Jiaxin Yang,&nbsp;Yidi Wang,&nbsp;Yong Jiang,&nbsp;Xingguo Han,&nbsp;Jing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The formation and stability of soil organic carbon (SOC) are crucial for ecosystem carbon sequestration. Plant shoot litter, root litter, and rhizodeposition are the primary plant-derived carbon sources for SOC, and their quantities and proportions are susceptible to global change. However, their relative contributions to the formation and pool size of SOC and its fractions remain uncertain. In this study, we conducted a pot experiment followed by two incubation experiments, using natural ¹³C abundance isotope tracing to disentangle the effects of plant rhizodeposition, shoot litter, and root litter on SOC. The results showed that rhizodeposition during plant growth increased SOC stability by enhancing mineral-associated organic carbon and reducing particulate organic carbon, without affecting total SOC in the short term. Neither shoot litter nor root litter impacted SOC during short-term decomposition. Over the entire plant life cycle, the efficiency of plant carbon incorporation into SOC from root litter was 10 and 12 folds of that from shoot litter and rhizodeposition, respectively. Our findings indicate that, although root litter is less abundant than shoot litter, it plays a pivotal role in driving new SOC formation. This should be taken into account when predicting SOC sequestration, particularly given the turnover of roots under global change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 106523"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explore the potential for improving phosphorus availability in calcareous soil through electrokinetic methods","authors":"Ahmed Abou-Shady","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphorus (P) is a key nutrient that limits plant growth. The world's supply of phosphorus is limited, making it vital to maximize soil phosphorus consumption and minimize P inputs. This study was motivated by these challenges to examine in-depth soil electrokinetics (SEK), which supports the theory of electro-agric technology (A. Abou-Shady &amp; El-Araby, 2021) that was introduced to overcome agricultural problems in arid and semi-arid regions. Our goal is to optimize P availability/use efficiency and significantly diminish P losses in agroecosystems via intensive fertilization. Our search turned up limited literature on the topic of enhancing soil nutrient availability through the application of electric fields. This involves studying the relevant factors of SEKs, such as applied voltage (0.5, 1, and 1.5 V), experimental time (3, 7, and 10 days), and SEK design change (regular, provided with anode reservoir, and with hydrostatic head) by applying the Taguchi technique (L₉OA). Calcareous soil was chosen as a target soil owing to its high pH that reduces P availability. The results indicate that short period (3 days), applied voltage (1 V cm⁻¹), and SEK design with an anode reservoir are the best characteristics for enhancing P availability in calcareous soil. After the SEK tests were finished, four samples were obtained from the calcareous soil at equal intervals. In the four sections, the available P concentration ratios from anode to cathode were 1.51 (50.51 % increase), 1.16 (16.01 % increase), 1.15 (14.90 % increase), and 0.65, (34.65 % drop), indicating a greater availability of P adjacent to the anode. Taguchi's analysis revealed that the SEK method increases P availability in calcareous soil without being time-dependent, which is advantageous because it requires less energy. The pH decreases around the anode in the soil were less than the cathode's surrounding increases. Because of the water electrolysis on the anode surface, which lowers the pH of the water, the P content in the anode reservoir was higher than that of the hydrostatic head. Two future visions to help SEK applications for improving nutrient availability would be 1) process intensification and optimization, and 2) integrated acid and hydrogen production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 106525"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting bulk density of soils with varying degree of structural degradation using single and multi-parameter based pedotransfer functions","authors":"Lin Lin ,&nbsp;Frank Van der Bolt ,&nbsp;Wim Cornelis","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106503","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Bulk density (BD) is a key soil property needed to for example calculate carbon stocks or predict soil hydraulic properties. However, measuring soil BD on a large scale is often labor-intensive, time-consuming and expensive. While pedotransfer functions (PTFs) have been developed to predict BD from readily-available or easy-to-determine soil properties, they are often inaccurate. One of the reasons might be that PTFs typically do not include a soil structure related predictor variable. The objective of this study was to explore whether adding an easy-to-determine variable that represents soil structure or soil strength does improve the prediction accuracy of PTFs. 252 horizons were sampled on 42 agricultural fields in Belgium that cover all major texture classes according to the Belgian texture triangle. At each field, two positions of contrasting field traffic and thus difference in soil structure and soil strength were sampled at three depths. Several quantitative soil physical properties were determined using laboratory and field-based methods, including soil organic carbon content (SOC), texture (sand, silt, and clay content), penetration resistance (PR) at field capacity and a soil structural quality score (Sq) taken from a semi-quantitative visual soil assessment (based on VESS). PTFs with both single and multiple parameters were developed using two classical regression methods (multiple linear regression MLR and generalized additive model GAM) and two machine learning methods (support vector machine SVM and k-nearest neighbours KNN). In addition to the above mentioned soil properties, soil layer (depth) was as well considered as predictor variable. The BD in the Train dataset ranged from 1.10 to 1.74 Mg m&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; with a mean value of 1.45 Mg m&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt;. Similarly, in the Test dataset, BD values ranged from 1.14 to 1.67 Mg m&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; with the same mean value of 1.45 Mg m&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt; Overall, it was found that the KNN method generally showed a better predictive performance with the higher R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; and lower RMSE. Notably, while SVM also performed well, particularly on the Test dataset, its R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; values exceeded those of KNN in some cases. PR and Clay content were the two most important variables for predicting BD in all models, SOC the third most important, while also the VESS-based Sq score was found to be a good potential predictor for BD PTF models. Grouping the dataset based on soil structure (by using Sq) could substantially improve the predictive ability of most single parameter PTFs, in contrast with grouping based on texture that resulted in a slight improvement only. Grouping based on Sq or texture also demonstrated improvements in the performance of multi-parameter models. Among these, the KNN and SVM models showed relatively better overall performance. For example, the KNN model with f(SOC, Clay, PR) grouping by Sq achieved an overall R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of 0.537 and RMSE of 0.057 Mg m&lt;sup&gt;","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 106503"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responses of soil reactive nitrogen losses and nitrogen pools to straw mulching","authors":"Kaihong Zhang,&nbsp;Hongbo Peng,&nbsp;Bing Xu,&nbsp;Zhipeng Sha","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Straw mulching (SM) is a frequently adopted practice in conservation agriculture that prevents soil erosion and improves soil multifunctionality and crop yield. Data synthesis studies have focused on soil greenhouse gas emissions, soil carbon storage, and crop productivity after SM application; however, soil N cycling and losses are poorly understood. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis using a meta-analytical method to interpret the effects of SM on soil gaseous (NH₃ and N₂O emission) and hydrological (leaching and surface runoff) N losses and the content of different N forms and N cycling functional genes. The results showed that soil N₂O emissions increased and that N leaching and surface runoff were significantly mitigated under SM compared with those of unmulched soils. Soil nitrate, dissolved organic N, and microbial biomass N increased significantly after SM adoption, as did the denitrification genes (<em>nir</em>S, <em>nir</em>K, and <em>nos</em>Z). The metaforest model suggested that field management contributed substantially to NH₃ volatilisation and N runoff during the SM and that climatic conditions determined N₂O emissions. Specifically, a long-term SM regime (duration&gt;5 years) or SM combined with a low N application rate or straw application rate can reduce N runoff while avoiding the stimulation of NH₃ volatilisation and N₂O emissions. This study provided new insights into the effects of SM on soil N retention and loss. Suitable field practices should be adopted under SM treatment to minimise N loss and avoid N pollutant swapping.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 106499"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conventional and reduced tillage, and set-aside land – Effects on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium subsurface leaching from a clay soil during 9 years","authors":"Lisbet Norberg,&nbsp;Helena Aronsson","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the effect of two different autumn tillage intensities, and a permanent green fallow, on subsurface nutrient leaching losses during nine years, with the overall aim to evaluate strategies for reduced nutrient load from arable land. The main hypotheses were that crop production results in larger leaching losses of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) than a green fallow, and that reduced tillage (RT) is a measure for reduced N leaching without reduction of grain yields compared to conventional tillage (CT). The field site was a clay soil (47 % clay, Uderic Haploboroll) in south-west Sweden and the field experiment was equipped with separately tile-drained plots to record the subsurface drainage water flow. The water was analyzed for total N, nitrate-N, total P, phosphate-P and K. Grain yields of main crops and contents of soil mineral N were also determined. Long-term average and most annual means show no significant impact of tillage system, concerning N, P and K leaching losses or yields of main crops. There were indications of higher N leaching using CT compared to RT. Average leaching losses were 3.9 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, 0.4 kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and 6.5 kg K ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ from the tilled plots. In 9-year average, the permanent green fallow reduced the soil mineral N content in autumn and decreased the transport of nitrate-N in drainage water compared to both tillage systems. However, green fallow could not be considered a mitigation option for P and K leaching losses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 106515"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of infiltrated rain during the construction stage on the deformation law of a sulphated gravel embankment in regions with seasonally frozen soil","authors":"Jinbao Han ,&nbsp;Guobin Jing ,&nbsp;Shasha Zhang ,&nbsp;Qian Yu ,&nbsp;Miaoxian Yao ,&nbsp;Jingyuan Kou","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sulphated gravel embankment in seasonal frozen soil regions may experience deformation problems such as salt expansion, frost heave, and settlement under rainfall percolation conditions and changes in environmental temperature, affecting considerably its normal use. In response to these issues, relying on the renovation and expansion project of an international airport in northwest China, this paper used a self-designed temperature control testing device and conducted indoor constant temperature tests and freeze–thaw cycle tests using on-site natural embankment filling, and conducted numerical simulation tests using the COMSOL Multiphysics software programme. This paper investigated the characteristics of temperature variation, moisture, salt migration, and deformation of sulphated gravel in seasonal frozen soil regions under rainfall percolation conditions. The results indicated that under environmental temperature changes in the range of −10–25 °C, the temperature at which sulphated gravel salt expansion and frost heave occur was approximately −8 °C, and the deformation sensitive depth range from 0 to 200 mm. The moisture and salt contents of soil samples would experience a sudden increase due to rainfall percolation, with the sudden increase in moisture in the soil sample with a salt content of 0.9 % lagging that of the soil sample with a salt content of 0.5 % by one freeze–thaw cycle. Rainfall percolation significantly enhanced the settlement deformation of sulphated gravel during freeze–thaw cycles. The primary causes of soil deformation include the upward migration of water vapour, the downward percolation of moisture, and rainfall. These factors contribute to the destruction of the soil structure and alter the contact modes between soil particles, resulting in soil loosening and settlement deformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 106507"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}