Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"A unique bilateral anatomical variation of the extensor digitorum longus and fibularis tertius muscles.","authors":"Brendan Olson, William Wakeland, Jayden Olson, Sara Zoghi, John K Hubbard","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03591-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-025-03591-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and fibularis (peroneus) tertius (FT), muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg, synergistically work to dorsiflex and evert the foot. The EDL additionally extends the lateral four toes, while the FT normally lacks this ability. Anatomical variations of the variably present FT are common, but infrequently involve the EDL. The FT has been known to give off additional accessory tendons which may alter its role in ankle and foot movement. Documentation of unique anatomical variations of the FT and EDL can assist not only anatomists, but clinicians and surgeons as well.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>During routine cadaveric dissection, a rare and unique bilateral presentation of the extensor digitorum longus and fibularis tertius was discovered.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The extensor digitorum longus was found to be missing its lateral-most tendon that would normally insert on the 5th digit. A large, overriding FT split into three tendons, with the medial-most tendon inserting to the phalanges of the 5th digit, effectively replacing the missing EDL tendon. All findings were present bilaterally.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To our knowledge, despite previous literature of unilateral presentations like this case, a bilateral EDL and FT variation as seen here has never been reported in humans. The use of accessory fibularis muscles in tendon graft procedures, especially the FT, makes awareness of leg anatomical variations critical for surgeons operating in the area. The present case is discussed alongside other documented anatomical variations, highlighting potential clinical implications for tendon grafting and preoperative imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143415998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphometric features, variability and clinical significance of coracoclavicular tuberosity.","authors":"Yalçın Akbulut, Aslı Beril Karakaş Tanır, Burhan Yarar, Mukadder Sunar","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03581-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-025-03581-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to construct an osteological map of the morphological projection of the coracoclavicular ligament on the clavicle.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, 93 dry clavicles without age and sex records were used. The attachment sites of the trapezoid and conoid ligaments were examined structurally and formally.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The attachment sites of the trapezoid ligament were triangular in 9 clavicles, ellipsoidal in 18 clavicles and trapezoidal in 62 clavicles. The anatomical structures of the attachment sites of the trapezoid ligament were as follows: 57 were tuberosities, 12 were tubercles, 11 were lines, and 9 were fovea. The attachments of the conoid ligament on the clavicle were low in 23 clavicles, moderate in 37 clavicles and high in 29 clavicles. The anatomical structure of the attachment sites of the conoid ligament was as follows: 50 were tubercles, 20 were tuberosities, 8 were adhesions, 6 were crests, 3 were impressions, and 2 were spines. The attachments of the conoid ligament on the clavicle were low in 20 clavicles, moderate in 50 clavicles, and high in 19 clavicles. The prevalence of the coracoclavicular joint was 6% in this study.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, we believe that this study provides guidance for clinicians by revealing the osteological traces of the components of the coracoclavicular ligament or the coracoclavicular joint on the clavicle.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143374942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iliolumbar ligament in foetuses: a 40-year-old controversy.","authors":"Dąbrowski Krzysztof","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03588-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-025-03588-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Depictions of the iliolumbar ligament in modern scientific publications and medical textbooks may vary noticeably and sometimes even contradict one another. The authors working on the subject seem to agree only on its general location and vague descriptions of function. However, their opinions appear to differ in every other aspect. Most extreme seems to be the disparity of opinions regarding anatomy of the development of the ligament, some authors claim that during its prenatal development and first few decades of life iliolumbar ligament is in fact a muscular structure, whereas other authors seem to negate this theory.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to examine the ligaments presence in human foetuses and verify the premise regarding its muscular character.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>16 foetuses with mean age 18.1 weeks were examined. The samples were extracted from the specimen belonging to the collection of Department of Descriptive and Clinical Anatomy of Medical University of Warsaw. The materials were prepared by hand with surgical and microsurgical tools with use of operating microscope. Additionally histological examination was performed on the foetal tissues.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the examination strands and bands of collagenous tissue were observed in the typical location of the iliolumbar ligament in majority of cases, which suggests presence and development of ligamental structures in foetuses as early as in 15th week of development.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The iliolumbar ligament is typically present and recognizable during the prenatal development, thus it cannot be stated that it comes to be later in life due to metaplasia.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143371321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualization and prediction of the pleura and thoracic duct: elucidation of changes due to respiration using arterial landmarks and CT images.","authors":"Niina Hirano, Satoru Muro, Junichi Tsuchiya, Keiichi Akita","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03582-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-025-03582-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The thoracic duct uses the pulsation of accompanying arteries to facilitate lymphatic flow. However, the lymphatic flow mechanism cannot be explained when it does not accompany the arteries. This study aimed to clarify the anatomical position of the thoracic duct and surrounding structures and determine the differences in the thoracic duct length and course during inspiration and expiration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Six cadavers were dissected to observe the positional relationship between the thoracic duct and surrounding structures. Image sequences of anatomical sections from the Visible Korean Human Open Resource were observed and reconstructed to understand their three-dimensional positioning. Inspiratory and expiratory computed tomography scans were used to measure and examine respiratory variations in the distance between the arterial landmarks to predict the thoracic duct length.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The thoracic duct accompanied the arteries for most of its course and was sandwiched between the arteries and pleura, entering the mediastinum. However, there was an area on the cranial side of the aortic arch where the thoracic duct did not accompany the arteries. The distance between the arterial landmarks in this area, which approximate the thoracic duct length, was significantly longer during inspiration (39.3 ± 7.81 mm) than during expiration (31.49 ± 7.01 mm).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study suggests that the pleura entering the mediastinum pushes the thoracic duct toward the arteries to promote lymphatic flow generation by arterial pulsation. Additionally, this study suggests that the lymphatic flow in the thoracic duct is generated by the expansion and contraction of the thoracic duct with respiratory movement.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"75"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11805873/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143371327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are palpation-guided interventional procedures on the adductor longus muscle safe? A cadaveric and sonographic investigation.","authors":"Javier Santamaría-Le Pera, Fermín Valera-Garrido, Francisco J Valderrama-Canales, Francisco Minaya-Muñoz, Pablo Herrero, Diego Lapuente-Hernández","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03567-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-025-03567-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The main objective was to study the anatomy of the adductor longus by ultrasound and cadaveric dissection, correlate the findings with the different approaches described, and evaluate the feasibility of defining a \"safe window\" for interventional musculoskeletal procedures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The anatomical study was performed on six cadaveric pieces, while ultrasound evaluations were performed on both lower limbs of 26 subjects (n = 52). Ultrasound variables included the number of saphenous veins, the location of the saphenous vein in relation to the proximal myotendinous junction, the number of vessels within or superficial to the adductor longus, and the distance between the dermis and the inferior border of the adductor longus to the anterior branch of the obturator nerve.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Key anatomic risk factors identified in cadavers included the great saphenous vein, the anterior branch of the obturator nerve, and the vascular network traversing the adductor longus. Ultrasound findings revealed that 91.4% of cases had at least one vessel at the proximal myotendinous junction in the cross-sectional area, almost 60% showed two to five vessels within the thickness of the muscle, and the anterior branch of the obturator nerve was located at a mean depth of 3.63-3.93 cm.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It was not possible to define a \"safe\" approach area without the risk of damaging any neurovascular bundle due to the high anatomical variability both in number and in the route of these along the adductor longus. Therefore, the use of ultrasound to guide any interventional musculoskeletal procedure is highly recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"74"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11805763/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143371288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of mastoid air cells with area of the entrance to the facial recess and location of the vertical segment of the facial nerve.","authors":"Guanghui Wang, Deshang Chen, Yuxiang Wang, Liya Ding, Luan Xu, Beibei Xu, Shiwen Chen, Peidong Dai, Yuefeng Han","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03585-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-025-03585-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study sought to analyze the correlational relationships between mastoid air cells, the area of the facial recess entrance, and the location of the vertical segment of the facial nerve.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CT scans of 60 ears from 30 patients were analysed. We used MIMICS to obtain inner ear coordinates in CT images. Mastoid air cells were analysed using CT value thresholds to classify them into three groups based on volume: Group A (< 5 mL), Group B (5-8 mL), and Group C (> 8 mL). The coordinates of the inner ear structures were entered into MATLAB to calculate the area of the entrance to the facial recess and the distance from the vertical segment of the facial nerve to the standard coronal and median sagittal planes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant differences in mastoid air cells volume between gender or side; the entrance area of the facial recess did not differ significantly among Groups A, B, and C; there was no significant relationship between the midpoint of the vertical segment of the facial nerve and the median sagittal plane (P > 0.05). However, the distance from the posterior point of the annulus to the midpoint pyramidal segment of the facial nerve and the distance between the midpoint of the vertical segment of the facial nerve and the standard coronal plane decreased progressively in Groups A, B, and C (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The analyses showed no link between mastoid air cells volume and gender, side, or area of the facial recess entrance. Better mastoid pneumatisation correlates with a closer proximity of the annulus to the facial nerve and a more anterior position of the vertical segment of the facial nerve.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"72"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143371291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the lacrimal sac fossa: anatomical insights for optimizing external dacryocystorhinostomy.","authors":"Ozden Bedre Duygu, Figen Govsa, Yelda Pinar, Zulal Oner","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03586-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-025-03586-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>External dacryocystorhinostomy is considered the gold standard for treating epiphora resulting from nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Despite the success of the procedure, a visible facial skin scar often undermines the surgical outcome. The aim of this study is to prevent visible facial scarring following oculoplastic interventions by improving the insight into the anatomical details of the lacrimal sac fossa (LSF), lacrimo-maxillary suture (LMS), periosteum, and lacrimal diaphragm.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study examined the medial canthal region of eighty adult male sspecimens to investigate the landmarks associated with the LSF. The periorbital area was dissected to reveal the skin, subcutaneous tissues, orbicularis oculi muscles, and the lacrimal drainage system, all of which were detached from their bony attachments. The lengths of the lacrimal crests, midline length, midline width, dorsolateral angle, composition of the LMS, and area of the LSF were evaluated using the ImageJ program. The LSF was categorized into six distinct shapes: ellipsoid, oval, inverted pear, straight pear, oblique hammer, and quadrangular.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The measurements of the anterior lacrimal crest averaged 2.2 ± 0.4 cm, the posterior edge 2.0 ± 0.4 cm, and the midline 1.9 ± 0.3 cm. The area of the LSF was found to be 1.4 ± 0.5 cm². The analysis reveals that about half of the LSF consists of equal parts maxillary and lacrimal bones. The dorsolateral angle values where the maxilla and os lacrimale equally contributed to the structure of the LSF were higher than those completely formed by the maxilla. The shapes of the LSF were classified as ellipsoid (35%), oblique hammer (21.3%), oval (13.7%), inverted pear (15%), with the ellipsoid type being the most frequent. The anterior lacrimal crest length of the oval-shaped LSF was shorter than that of the oblique hammer-shaped LSF. Similarly, the posterior lacrimal crest of the oval-shaped LSF was shorter than that of the oblique hammer-shaped LSF. The midline length of ellipsoid, oval, and inverted pear-shaped LSFs was shorter than that of oblique hammer-shaped LSFs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The length of anterior lacrimal crest and LMS are suggested as the most reliable navigational references for locating the type of LSF. Mastery of the transversal and vertical orientation of the LSF is essential for surgeons performing oculoplastic surgeries tailored to individual anatomical variations. This study is clinically valuable as it underscores the necessity for oculoplastic surgeons to adapt surgical techniques in response to anatomical differences encountered during surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"73"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143371294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomy and variations of the carina and its cartilaginous makeup: a cadaveric study.","authors":"Chung Yoh Kim, Kristen Rizzuto, Daniel Tahan, Devendra Shekhawat, Rarinthorn Samrid, Yoko Tabira, Stephen J Bordes, Joe Iwanaga, R Shane Tubbs","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03579-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-025-03579-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The carina, located at the bifurcation of the trachea, has been regarded as a part of the trachea. Although clinically useful as an anatomical landmark, studies of its detailed morphology are lacking in the literature.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The distal trachea and left and right main bronchi were harvested from 32 cadavers and the carina studied using microsurgical dissection, endoscopy, micro-CT, and histology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The right bronchial cartilages were most commonly involved in forming the carina (72.41%), and the left bronchial cartilages were the second most commonly involved (37.93%). The carinal cartilages were slightly deviated to the left of midline in 4.37%. Micro-CT clearly identified the contributions to the carinal cartilages.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although the carina has been regarded as a part of the distal trachea, the present study found that most of the carinal cartilages were composed of the most inferior tracheal ring or bronchial cartilage(s). The right main bronchial cartilage was the most common contributor, and the left main bronchus was the second most common contributor. Additional knowledge of this structure can benefit patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11794330/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143190579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial 2025.","authors":"F Duparc, B Grignon","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03584-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-025-03584-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143190836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Normative measurements of the frontal nerve by magnetic resonance imaging in an Australia cohort.","authors":"Dinan Perera, Khizar Rana, Carmelo Caltabiano, Sandy Patel, Dinesh Selva","doi":"10.1007/s00276-025-03573-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00276-025-03573-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report the normative dimensions of the frontal nerve (FN) on fat-suppressed suppressed gadolinium (fs-gad) enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent coronal fs-gad T1-weighted MRI. Orbits were excluded if there was unilateral or bilateral pathology of the FN or optic nerve sheath (ONS), incomplete MRI sequences, poor image quality or indiscernible FN on radiological assessment. The maximum diameter of the FN and ONS was measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of participants was 58 ± 16 years and 50% were females (n = 42). The mean normative measurements (mean ± standard deviation) on coronal T1-weighted imaging: optic nerve sheath, 5.08 ± 0.67mm. On coronal fs-gad T1-weighted imaging: frontal nerve, 0.74 ± 0.18mm. No significant differences were found between male or female participants in both the frontal nerve (p = 0.913) or optic nerve sheath (p = 0.646). There was no significant correlation between age and mean diameter of the frontal nerve (r = 0.14, p = 0.067) or optic nerve sheath (r = 0.075, p = 0.336). Additionally, no significant difference was identified between the mean diameter of the frontal nerve (p = 0.075) and optic nerve sheath (p = 0.120) across age groups. The mean frontal nerve to optic nerve sheath ratio was 0.15 ± 0.04.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Normative dimensions of the FN may provide quantitative cut-offs that can aid the diagnosis of FN enlargement seen in instances such as IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD) and neoplastic perineural spread.</p>","PeriodicalId":49461,"journal":{"name":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy","volume":"47 1","pages":"69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11779769/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143061158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}