Urban Forestry & Urban Greening最新文献

{"title":"Characteristics and influencing factors of taxonomic and functional diversity of butterflies in urban green spaces","authors":"Haicong Zeng ,&nbsp;Hui Liu ,&nbsp;Jianan Wang ,&nbsp;Yan Zhu ,&nbsp;Haixun Wang ,&nbsp;Zirui Zhu ,&nbsp;Cheng Wang ,&nbsp;Zhenkai Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128662","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Against the backdrop of urbanization posing a significant threat to global biodiversity, the biodiversity of urban green spaces and its influencing factors have become a hot topic in biodiversity conservation. However, most studies have focused on taxonomic diversity, neglecting functional and trait diversity. This study investigated the relationship between butterfly communities and urban green space environmental characteristics by analyzing changes in butterfly taxonomic diversity, functional diversity, and traits. We selected 80 urban green spaces in Hefei, Anhui Province, China, and conducted sampling and recording of butterfly traits for one year. Based on the understanding of butterfly taxonomic diversity and trait differences, we explored the effects of environmental characteristics on butterfly taxonomic diversity, functional diversity, and functional traits using methods such as generalized linear regression models, redundancy discriminant analysis, and environment matrix-trait matrix linkage analysis. During the one-year survey, we recorded 4822 butterflies of 55 species. These butterflies were mostly small to medium in size, with a long flying duration, multivoltine, polyphagous, and overwintered as pupae. The diversity and traits of butterflies in park green spaces were significantly higher than those in residential and street green spaces, with little difference across different urban rings and regions. Nectar plant abundance and distance from the city center, and area of plot were important factors influencing butterfly taxonomic and functional diversities. Butterfly communities were positively affected by spontaneous nectar plants and low-intensity management. Finally, we recommend that to create favorable butterfly habitats in urban areas, considering relevant traits such as life history, behavior, and ecological characteristics of butterflies, and providing diverse habitats to maintain population dynamics are necessary. Additionally, strategies should include increasing the diversity of food sources in urban green spaces, increasing the proportion of larval host plants, promoting low-intensity green space management, and using natural meadow greening forms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 128662"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143156637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nature’s role in residential development: Identifying leverage points for climate change planning in Ontario, Canada","authors":"Adam Skoyles ,&nbsp;Michael Drescher ,&nbsp;Dawn C. Parker ,&nbsp;Derek T. Robinson","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128714","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128714","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cities are establishing climate change related targets to mitigate the effects of climate change and adapt to its consequences. Natural features, such as trees and wetlands, can help communities reach their mitigation goals by storing carbon while also providing co-benefits that build resilience to climate change impacts. However, nature-based solutions for addressing climate change are not widely recognized in current development practices. To better understand this limitation, we interviewed nine municipal planners and eight private developers across Ontario, Canada, to assess how stakeholders in residential development consider natural features and climate change in their decisions. Our findings demonstrate that natural features, particularly in the natural heritage system, receive substantial attention in residential development decisions, but that climate change is rarely an explicit factor in those decisions. We anticipate that if the climate change benefits of natural features were explicitly quantified, this could impact the decisions of key stakeholders and support the design of alternative development forms. Our findings also suggest that policy changes, green development standards, cross-sector collaboration, and reliable ecosystem services data could all serve as significant leverage points for communities to support the implementation of nature-based solutions for climate change. Future research should investigate the effectiveness of green development standards and how tools that quantify ecosystem services could be incorporated into the development process to identify effective pathways for implementing nature-based solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 128714"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143342997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging the land use gap: Examining tree canopy cover and connectivity by land use in 10 U.S. cities","authors":"Michelle Stuhlmacher ,&nbsp;Dajoin Williams ,&nbsp;Chris Impellizeri ,&nbsp;Winifred Curran","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Areas of high tree canopy cover, especially connected tree canopy cover, provide habitat to support biodiversity and cooling to ameliorate the urban heat island effect. However, the nature-based solutions provided by trees are not distributed equally; land use contributes to this systematic inequality because the places where it is easiest to plant trees are often not where trees are needed most. To better understand the gaps and opportunities for tree planting across the urban landscape, we examine the distribution of tree canopy cover and connectivity by land use in 10 U.S. cities. We find that parks have the greatest tree canopy coverage followed by single-family residential areas, multi-family residential areas, and industrial land uses. On average, single-family neighborhoods had 8.5 % points more tree canopy coverage than multi-family neighborhoods, with gaps as high as 18.6 % points. Looking at the size of connected tree canopy, we find that residential land uses are home to more small contiguous tree canopy patches (&gt;1 ha in area), while parks have more large contiguous tree canopy (&gt;12 ha in area). We compare the contiguous tree canopy findings to tree planting policy in each city to examine the influence of intentional planning for tree connectivity, and close with policy-oriented implications of our results. Namely, we suggest: 1) closing the gap between single-family and multi-family tree canopy cover, 2) factoring connectivity into tree planting and preservation, and 3) taking a context-specific approach to increase tree cover in industrial areas in order to more equitably distribute the climate, ecological, and health benefits of trees.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 128626"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142782359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urbanization affects population connectivity, reproductive success and phenotypic traits in the Mediterranean cliff species Brassica incana (Brassicaceae)","authors":"Lucrezia Laccetti ,&nbsp;Léa Frachon ,&nbsp;Luca Arrigo ,&nbsp;Giovanni Scopece","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biotic and abiotic changes induced by urbanization can highly affect the ecology and evolution of plant species. Indeed, urban development can have a major impact on plant population genomics, reproductive success and phenotypic traits hence influencing the adaptive strategies and the ecological functions of plant species within ecosystems. Through a holistic study of the impact of urbanization on the genetic and ecological dynamics of a Mediterranean plant species, we shed light on the mechanisms driving plant responses to urban environments. By focusing on 15 populations of the Mediterranean cliff species <em>Brassica incana</em> distributed along an urbanization gradient, we first analyzed the potential drivers of among-population genomic differentiation using a landscape genomics approach. Then, we provided a comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay among ecological factors (climate, herbivore damage, pollinator community), reproductive (relative fruit set and seed-ovule ratio) and phenotypic (glucosinolate content, flower number) traits involved in the response of <em>B. incana</em> populations to urban pressures using complementary Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and correlative approaches. Our results show that urbanization reduces among-population connectivity by influencing the genomic differentiation among populations. Also, according to SEM analysis, urbanization showed direct and indirect (mediated by mean annual temperature) effects on both pollinator community and herbivory levels, and direct and indirect (mediated by honeybees and long-tongued bees) effects on plant reproductive success. Additionally, urban populations showed higher contents of a glucosinolate compound (glucobrassicin). Taken together, our findings suggest that urbanization can shape genomic differentiation, reproductive success and phenotypic variation. We showed that the impact of urbanization is rather complex and is likely mediated by the interplay between direct and indirect effects of abiotic and biotic conditions on <em>B. incana</em>. Overall, we documented how urban development can shape eco-evolutionary dynamics of a cliff species located in a densely inhabited Mediterranean area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 128627"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142782358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does mycorrhizal colonization of biofilter plants improve their water uptake or drought resistance?","authors":"Kanglin Tian ,&nbsp;Claire Farrell ,&nbsp;Anna Lintern ,&nbsp;Yussi M. Palacios ,&nbsp;Christopher Szota ,&nbsp;Brandon Winfrey","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stormwater biofilter systems can provide at-source pollutant removal and runoff reduction. However, vegetation in biofilters systems can be prone to drought stress, reducing plant health and survival in between rainfall events. Mycorrhizal colonization has been shown to improve nutrient removal in stormwater biofilter systems, but it is not yet known whether mycorrhizal colonization of biofilter plants can improve their water use or resistance to drought stress. We used a pot dry-down experiment to determine whether mycorrhizal colonization differs among six common biofilter plant species and whether it improves their water use or changes their drought resistance. We measured evapotranspiration (ET) during a well-watered (WW) phase before commencing a water-deficit (WD) phase, where pots were no longer watered. Predawn and midday water leaf water potentials were measured when plants had effectively ceased ET. Water use during the WW phase ranged between 4.6 and 5.9 mm day-1 and there was no significant difference in evapotranspiration between inoculated and control treatments. Cumulative water use during the WD phase was also unaffected by mycorrhizal colonization. Species with greater biomass ceased ET earlier than those with less biomass. While greater colonization was correlated with greater biomass, there was no significant difference in biomass between control and inoculated plants. These results suggest that mycorrhizal inoculation does not improve plant water use or drought resistance in biofilters. However, as all plants were drought avoiders, they are unlikely to experience drought stress regularly, unless the period between rainfall events is substantial.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 128643"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142816611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree-cover dynamics in a rapidly urbanising tropical mega-city – Are trees of greater biodiversity and ecosystem service value less likely to be lost?","authors":"Phakhawat Thaweepworadej ,&nbsp;Karl L. Evans","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban trees are crucial for biodiversity and providing ecosystem services. It is unclear if sites where trees support more biodiversity and have greater contributions to ecosystem service provision have greater rates of tree loss, or are better protected. We assess this in an expanding tropical mega-city (Bangkok, Thailand), using data from 150 1-km² cells, selected across the urbanisation gradient. We quantify rates of tree-cover loss/gain between 2018 and 2022, and associations with sites’ biodiversity value (native tree and avian species richness), ecosystem services (carbon storage, human food production capacity) and economic value (following regulations enabling trees to be used as collateral in financial loans – which may incentivise landowners to retain trees). Surveys were conducted at randomised points and in the largest woodland within each cell. Randomised points lost ∼10 % tree-cover with greater loss at more urbanised sites. Woodland points lost ∼20 % tree-cover, with the greater loss at sites with intermediate urbanisation intensity. Loss was lower at sites with higher native tree, but not bird, species richness. Sites where trees stored more carbon tended to lose less tree-cover (randomised points, marginally significant) or have a lower probability of losing tree-cover (woodland points). Tree-cover loss was not related to site’s capacity to provide food for people. Sites where trees had greater value as collateral for financial loans lost slightly less tree-cover at randomised, but not woodland, points. Without this policy tree-cover loss rates may thus be even higher. Bangkok is rapidly losing tree-cover, including at sites with high biodiversity and ecosystem service values. These losses reverse gains in urban tree-cover earlier in the 21st century, and coincide with 2019 changes in the Forest Act enabling private landowners to remove trees on their land. Without effective policy change, the rapid loss of urban tree-cover will continue to negatively impact Bangkok’s biodiversity and people.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 128669"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the drivers of tree mortality: A case study from urban recreational boreal forest","authors":"Johanna Jääskeläinen ,&nbsp;Samuli Junttila ,&nbsp;Hannah O’Sullivan ,&nbsp;Yan Cheng ,&nbsp;Stéphanie Horion ,&nbsp;Mikko Vastaranta","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128672","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128672","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increased tree mortality rates have been observed worldwide in connection to climate warming-related processes, such as drought, heat, fire, and insect pest outbreaks. An understanding of the drivers of tree mortality during the Anthropocene is urgently needed to estimate forest vulnerability in a warmer climate. In this study, we assessed the drivers of tree mortality in an urban recreational boreal forest area in Helsinki, Finland, of approximately 830 ha, where increased tree mortality rates have been recently observed. A time series of aerial images was used to quantify tree mortality over the area to detect dead trees from 2005 to 2021 at seven timestamps. In total, 6008 dead trees were observed from the aerial images collected during the monitoring period. Forest environmental and climatic variables were used to explore the tree mortality drivers for individual trees and tree communities using logistic regression and correlation analysis. Our results showed that drought-related variables, i.e., the standardised precipitation evapotranspiration index and the Palmer drought severity index, were linked with increased tree mortality rates. We found that the stand-level basal area predicted tree mortality risk and was linked to site type; smaller basal area stands were located on rocky dry soils, resulting in a greater probability of tree mortality. We also observed that trees at high elevations or on steep slopes showed a greater mortality risk. Our results can increase the understanding of tree mortality in urban areas and help the planning of built and green areas in a changing climate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 128672"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142989051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ideal dispersion range of park cooling island in summer time","authors":"Youpei Hu,&nbsp;Qiang Sun,&nbsp;Tong Wu,&nbsp;Yanyi Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The park cooling island (PCI) spreads to the downwind direction of the green park under the dominant wind, bringing a cooling effect to the downwind urban area. This phenomenon offers potential to alleviate urban heat during hot summers. In this study, Nanjing is selected as the case city to investigate the PCI phenomenon and its appropriate dispersion range. First, we proposed a new hypothesis on the primary factor influencing PCI dispersion, based on our prior research and an extensive review. Subsequently, PCI dispersion data were obtained through a rigorous process encompassing the calibration of the research tool, the modeling of park samples, and the simulation of PCI dispersion by ENVI-met software. The hypothesis is evaluated and proven through statistical analysis of the PCI dispersion data and verification work: there is a strong correlation between park depth on the windward side and PCI dispersion distance, which can be quantitatively defined as a set of formulas. The formulas set allow for a simple and efficient delimitation of the PCI's ideal dispersion range, which may be useful for urban planners and designers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 128681"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Providing sufficient water for urban trees with limited root space during drought: Modeling of irrigation scenarios in a temperate climate","authors":"Lea Rosenberger ,&nbsp;Jorge Leandro ,&nbsp;Brigitte Helmreich","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In dense urban areas, trees are often planted in small root spaces. This results in an insufficient water supply in droughts, affecting the trees' vitality and evapotranspiration performance. However, water availability can be improved by irrigation. The study investigated whether weekly manual or daily irrigation through a rainwater harvesting system (RHS) fed by connected impermeable surfaces is sufficient to avoid drought stress. Using a 12 m³ root volume of the German minimum planting standard, we implemented a daily urban tree water balance model in a moderate climate, considering the future and current climate. We analyzed the site conditions for a 60-year-old tree in five cities in southern Germany. The results showed that weekly irrigation, as carried out in practice, does not prevent drought stress or significantly reduce drought duration compared to a tree without irrigation in all investigated locations. However, the application of daily irrigation with stormwater from an RHS reduces the duration of droughts, as shown for the species <em>Platanus x acerifolia,</em> which has a comparably high water demand. We optimized the required RHS storage volume depending on the tree species and location, as climate significantly influences water demand and supply. According to our results, future climate conditions must be considered in planning, as larger RHS storage volumes may be required.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 128670"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143157749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lawn management intensity leads to contrasting effects on belowground ecology and turfgrass aesthetic","authors":"Hayden W. Bock ,&nbsp;Olivia B. Morse ,&nbsp;Frank S. Rossi ,&nbsp;Peter M. Groffman ,&nbsp;Jed P. Sparks ,&nbsp;Kyle G. Wickings","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Home lawns are one of the most common urban land surfaces in the United States and provision many cultural and ecological benefits. Many of these benefits arise from turfgrass soils and their belowground ecosystems. As homeowner interest in managing lawns for diverse ecosystem services grows, it is important to understand how varying management practices affect these goals and how efforts to manage belowground ecology may alter lawn quality and aesthetic. In this study we utilized an experimental lawn system to contrast the effects of management intensity on soil fauna communities, microbial biomass, and decomposition. Further, we simultaneously investigate how the prioritization of these belowground organisms and processes may inadvertently alter lawn quality. Our results show that decreasing management intensity leads to increases in the abundance, richness, and diversity of soil fauna communities, with these changes being most apparent in certain taxa like predatory mites (e.g. Mesostigmata). Despite significant increases in soil fauna, we did not observe downstream changes to soil microbial biomass carbon or nitrogen or decomposition, all aspects of soil ecosystem functioning which are mediated by soil fauna. Further, turf aesthetic assessments revealed substantial decreases in lawn quality in the presence of low-intensity management. Collectively, these results highlight the nuanced ecology of turfgrass systems, and the need to temper societal expectations for turfgrass aesthetics if we are to promote a shift towards valuing ecological integrity in turfgrass appraisals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 128628"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142816578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}