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Magnesium in the Critically Ill Patient. 危重病人的镁。
IF 2 3区 农林科学
Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.002
Efa Llewellyn, Simone Cutler
{"title":"Magnesium in the Critically Ill Patient.","authors":"Efa Llewellyn, Simone Cutler","doi":"10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnesium is an electrolyte essential for life and plays a crucial role in several biochemical and physiologic processes in the body. Dysmagnesemia, defined as the presence of either hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia, is common in critically ill patients and is associated with prolonged hospitalization and increased mortality. This article reviews: (1) magnesium homeostasis, the physiologic roles of magnesium in the body and measurement of magnesium; (2) causes of dysmagnesemia in the critically ill patient; (3) the clinical and biochemical manifestations of dysmagnesemia; and (4) treatment of dysmagnesemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":49380,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Building a Fluid Therapy Plan. 制定液体疗法计划。
IF 2 3区 农林科学
Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.005
Joseph R Frame, Lori S Waddell
{"title":"Building a Fluid Therapy Plan.","authors":"Joseph R Frame, Lori S Waddell","doi":"10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fluid therapy is a crucial part to any treatment plan in small animal patients. It is imperative that clinicians understand the distribution of body fluids and Starling's forces when prescribing fluids for a patient. The first step in designing a fluid therapy plan is to determine the volume status of the patient and if a bolus of fluids is needed to restore intravascular volume. Once hypovolemia has been addressed (if present), the rest of the fluid therapy plan can be designed and should include replacing dehydration, maintenance fluid requirement, and any ongoing losses.</p>","PeriodicalId":49380,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145139258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fluid Therapy in the Critically Ill Patient. 危重病人的液体疗法
IF 2 3区 农林科学
Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.006
Kristin Zersen
{"title":"Fluid Therapy in the Critically Ill Patient.","authors":"Kristin Zersen","doi":"10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Critically ill patients may be at higher risk for fluid overload and the development of interstitial edema due to damage to the endothelial glycocalyx, myocardial dysfunction, vasoplegia, renal dysfunction, increased vascular permeability, and hypoalbuminemia. While isotonic crystalloids are commonly used for resuscitation of hypovolemic shock, their use should be limited in critically ill patients to avoid complications, including the development of interstitial edema. Blood products should be considered for resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock to limit the volume of crystalloids required. To limit risks associated with fluid administration, fluid resuscitation should be guided by fluid responsiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":49380,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145132260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fluid Therapy: Options and Rational Selection. 液体疗法：选择与理性选择。
IF 2 3区 农林科学
Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.004
Corrin John Boyd
{"title":"Fluid Therapy: Options and Rational Selection.","authors":"Corrin John Boyd","doi":"10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Balanced isotonic crystalloids are the mainstay of fluid therapy in veterinary medicine. They are an appropriate option in many circumstances, including treatment of shock, dehydration, ongoing fluid losses, and provision of maintenance fluid requirements. However, a variety of other fluid types may be indicated in specific circumstances. These include 0.9% sodium chloride, hypertonic crystalloids, hypotonic crystalloids, synthetic colloids, albumin solutions, and plasma products. Knowledge of the indications and risks of these varied fluid therapy products allows for tailored selection of the most appropriate fluid for individual animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":49380,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy in the Patient with Kidney Injury. 肾损伤患者的液体和电解质治疗。
IF 2 3区 农林科学
Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.009
Thierry Francey, Ariane Schweighauser
{"title":"Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy in the Patient with Kidney Injury.","authors":"Thierry Francey, Ariane Schweighauser","doi":"10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In small animals with kidney injuries, fluid therapy is the cornerstone of supportive care. Although fluids do not repair kidney damage, appropriate therapy can stabilize the patient, correct fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances, and provide vital support. The primary goals are to rescue the animal, optimize systemic perfusion and renal hemodynamics, and restore hydration without causing fluid overload. Isotonic crystalloids are the fluids typically administered first, but fluid therapy of the animal with kidney injury commonly must be individually adjusted to meet unpredictable and changing needs during the course of the treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":49380,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145087711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fluid Therapy in Trauma. 创伤中的液体疗法
IF 2 3区 农林科学
Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.007
Luis Tello, Mariana Pardo
{"title":"Fluid Therapy in Trauma.","authors":"Luis Tello, Mariana Pardo","doi":"10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This comprehensive review outlines current, evidence-based fluid therapy practices for trauma management in dogs and cats. It explores the evolving understanding of trauma pathophysiology, the detrimental effects of inappropriate fluid use, and presents individualized strategies for managing hemorrhagic, obstructive, distributive, cardiogenic, and neurogenic shock. The review emphasizes dynamic resuscitation, minimizing coagulopathy, judicious fluid selection, and the integration of vasopressors and blood products, adapting protocols to specific patient needs and injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":49380,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145082267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fluid Therapy in the Hypoalbuminemic Patient. 低白蛋白血症患者的液体治疗。
IF 2 3区 农林科学
Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.008
Jessica Kerley, Deborah C Silverstein
{"title":"Fluid Therapy in the Hypoalbuminemic Patient.","authors":"Jessica Kerley, Deborah C Silverstein","doi":"10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Albumin has several key roles in the body, and hypoalbuminemia interferes with homeostasis in many organs. This article reviews the synthesis and structure of albumin, metabolism, primary functions, and causes and complications of hypoalbuminemia. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in patients with hypoalbuminemia should focus on identifying and treating the underlying cause while supporting normal tissue perfusion. Fluid therapy for patients with clinical manifestations of low-serum albumin requires an understanding of the risks and benefits of crystalloids and colloid solutions available.</p>","PeriodicalId":49380,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145082163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Urinary Electrolytes and Osmolality. 尿电解质和渗透压。
IF 2 3区 农林科学
Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.001
Helen S Philp, Kate Hopper
{"title":"Urinary Electrolytes and Osmolality.","authors":"Helen S Philp, Kate Hopper","doi":"10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The kidneys play a vital role in maintaining normal blood volume, acid-base, and electrolyte balance. Urine is easy to collect via free catch, catheterization, or cystocentesis and provides a window into renal handling of electrolytes and water. Rather than comparing urine electrolyte measurements to a list of reference ranges, urine biochemistry is best interpreted by evaluation of an individual's renal response to a specific abnormality and determination of whether or not that response is appropriate. In this way, urine biochemistry may provide valuable insight into the underlying pathophysiology and renal response to a variety of electrolyte disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":49380,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Common Errors in Blood Gas Interpretation. 血气判读中的常见错误。
IF 2 3区 农林科学
Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.003
Kate Hopper
{"title":"Common Errors in Blood Gas Interpretation.","authors":"Kate Hopper","doi":"10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blood gas analysis is prone to error due to physiologic changes that can occur in blood samples after collection, the volatile nature of gases, technology used in sample analysis and the potential for small changes to correlate to significant clinical differences. Common causes of erroneous results can be due to the manner of sample collection, inappropriate anticoagulation, sample storage options, delays in sample analysis, and measurement errors. Ionized calcium and ionized magnesium are directly chelated by heparin and are particularly sensitive to excessive anticoagulation with either liquid or dry heparin.</p>","PeriodicalId":49380,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145066083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hepatic Histopathology: What a Clinician Should Know. 肝脏组织病理学：临床医生应该知道的。
IF 2 3区 农林科学
Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice Pub Date : 2025-09-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.07.006
Joao P Cavasin
{"title":"Hepatic Histopathology: What a Clinician Should Know.","authors":"Joao P Cavasin","doi":"10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.07.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liver biopsies are widely used in veterinary and human medicine. Patients will directly benefit from a strong communication chain between clinicians and pathologists. Different sample types offer benefits and caveats that should be considered when sampling is pursued. This article takes aim at liver biopsies from the point-of-view of a practicing veterinary anatomic pathologist with an interest in liver disease. Sampling strategies, common artifacts, the structure of pathology reports, histochemical stains, and immunohistochemistry markers are discussed, and commonly encountered challenges are highlighted.</p>","PeriodicalId":49380,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145016524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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