Western North American Naturalist最新文献

{"title":"Records for Hippoboscidae, Streblidae, and Nycteribiidae (Insecta: Diptera) from Colorado and Wyoming","authors":"W. Reeves","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0409","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The Hippoboscoidea are ectoparasitic flies that feed on the blood of birds and mammals with various degrees of host specificity. These flies are often poorly represented in museum collections and are overlooked in surveys of ectoparasites. These flies play a role in the transmission of a wide range of pathogens and endoparasites and are irritating to their hosts. I present records for 10 species of Hippoboscidae, 1 of Nycteribiidae, and 1 of Streblidae from Colorado and Wyoming based on museum records, some of which appear to be novel for these states. Resumen. Las Hippoboscoidea son moscas ectoparásitas que se alimentan de la sangre de aves y mamíferos con diversos grados de especificidad de hospedero. Estas moscas a menudo se encuentran mal representadas en las colecciones de los museos y son emitidas en los muestreos de ectoparásitos. Además, juegan un papel importante en la transmisión de una amplia gama de patógenos y endoparásitos, y son molestos para sus hospederos. En este trabajo presento registros de 10 especies de Hippoboscidae, 1 Nycteribiidae y 1 Streblidae de Colorado y Wyoming, algunos de los cuales de acuerdo con registros de museos podrían ser novedosos para estos estados.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"15 1","pages":"748 - 751"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72854192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landscape Genetics of the Camas Pocket Gopher (Thomomys bulbivorus), an Endemic Mammal of Oregon's Willamette Valley","authors":"Luke E. Painter, Matthew J. Weldy, Rachel S. Crowhurst, L. Carraway, C. Epps","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0305","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Animal species living in small populations with small ranges may be particularly vulnerable to habitat loss and fragmentation. We investigated genetic population structure of the camas pocket gopher (Thomomys bulbivorus), a species endemic to the Willamette Valley, Oregon, an area strongly affected by human development. Pocket gophers collected across much of the range of the species were analyzed for genetic structure, diversity, and influences of landscape on gene flow using microsatellite markers identified in closely related gopher species. We used k-means clustering to group individuals into genetically similar clusters based on their locations along principal component axes, and we evaluated the strength of evidence for this clustering using discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). We used mixed-effects modeling to evaluate the influence of rivers and hills (represented by slopes) as explanatory variables for pairwise individual genetic distances along principal component axes. Results supported a clinal, isolation-by-distance or isolation-by-resistance model, with greater genetic diversity near the central portion of the range. A model with both rivers and slopes was best supported, compared to either variable alone or a simple distance model. The Willamette River, which divides the range of the camas pocket gopher, appeared to have some restrictive effect on gene flow but was not a complete barrier. In population-level analyses, we observed strong genetic differentiation as well as persistent Wahlund effects, suggesting that complex genetic structure exists within a population connected across gradients of distance, rivers, and hills. The camas pocket gopher has persisted despite persecution as an agricultural pest and intensive habitat fragmentation due to agriculture, but the future may hold new conservation challenges as human population and urban development increase in the limited range of this endemic Oregon species. Resumen. Las especies animales que viven en poblaciones pequeñas con áreas de distribución reducidas pueden ser especialmente vulnerables a la pérdida y fragmentación del hábitat. Investigamos la estructura genética de las poblaciones de tuzas (Thomomys bulbivorus), una especie endémica del valle de Willamette, Oregon, una zona muy afectada por el desarrollo humano. Analizamos la estructura y diversidad genética, así como la influencia del paisaje en el flujo genético de las tuzas T. bulbivorus en gran parte de su área de distribución, utilizando marcadores de microsatélites identificados en especies de tuzas estrechamente relacionadas. Utilizamos el método de k-means para agrupar a los individuos en conglomerados genéticamente similares, basado en su ubicación a lo largo de los ejes de componentes principales, y se evaluó la fuerza de la evidencia de esta agrupación utilizando el análisis discriminante de componentes principales (DAPC por sus siglas en inglés). Mediante un modelo de efectos mixto","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"8 1","pages":"479 - 493"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85677993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) of Montane and Alpine Lakes of Northern Colorado (USA)","authors":"Moh'd A. Al Mousa, P. Nachappa, D. Ruiter, D. R. Givens, M. Fairchild","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0311","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Adult caddisflies of 138 montane and alpine lentic habitats, primarily lakes, of 7 northern Colorado counties are reported for the first time. Our objective was to provide species records of adult caddisflies from high-altitude lentic habitats that may potentially be impacted by current and future global climate change. Field collections of adults and captive rearing of larval specimens were coupled with unpublished records and an extensive review of published records, resulting in 541 confirmed caddisfly species records. Forty-nine caddisfly species, representing 24% of all known Colorado species are documented. Seven families and 21 genera are represented. The Limnephilidae comprised 76% of the 49 recorded species. The other 6 families were represented by only 1–4 species. One species was documented from alpine lakes only, 25 species from both montane and alpine lakes, 22 species from montane lakes only, and 1 species record could not be attributed to an elevation zone. We documented 6 regionally endemic species, 2 of which were recognized as vulnerable to extinction. Montane and alpine lakes are vulnerable ecosystems likely to be impacted by climate change. Comprehensive faunal surveys are key to understanding long-term biodiversity changes and establishing conservation needs and priorities. Species lists of taxa are important to monitor future faunal biodiversity changes. Resumen. Registramos por primera vez tricópteros adultos en 138 hábitats lénticos montañosos y alpinos, principalmente compuestos por lagos, de siete condados del norte de Colorado. Nuestro objetivo fue proporcionar registros de especies de tricópteros adultas de hábitats lénticos de gran altitud que podrían verse afectados por el cambio climático global actual y futuro. Las recolecciones de tricópteros adultos en el campo y la cría en cautividad de especímenes larvarios se combinaron con registros inéditos y una amplia revisión de los registros publicados, lo que dio como resultado 541 registros confirmados de especies de tricópteros. Se documentaron 49 especies de tricópteros, que representan el 24% de todas las especies conocidas de Colorado. Están representadas siete familias y 21 géneros. Los Limnephilidae comprenden el 76% de las 49 especies registradas. Las otras seis familias estaban representadas por sólo 1–4 especies. Una especie se documentó únicamente en lagos alpinos, 25 especies en lagos montañosos y alpinos, 22 especies se documentaron únicamente en lagos montañosos y un registro de especie no pudo atribuirse a una zona de elevación. Documentamos seis especies endémicas de la región, dos de las cuales fueron reconocidas como propensas a extinguirse. Los lagos montañosos y alpinos son ecosistemas vulnerables que pueden verse afectados por el cambio climático. Los estudios exhaustivos de la fauna son fundamentales para comprender los cambios de la biodiversidad a largo plazo y establecer necesidades y prioridades de conservación. Las listas de especies","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"58 1","pages":"563 - 576"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82088889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Holocene Record of Vegetation Change and Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreaks at Lake of the Woods, Montana, USA","authors":"Jennifer H. Watt, A. Brunelle, S. Brewer, Barbara Bentz, J. Morris, R. DeRose","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0308","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Recent mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreaks have been characterized as unprecedented largely in the absence of information about their occurrence prior to historical documentation. The ability to reconstruct presettlement outbreaks from sediment cores requires the identification and validation of appropriate proxies. In this paper, we provide a Holocene record of vegetation change indicating putative mountain pine beetle outbreaks in a lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)/mixed-conifer forest at Lake of the Woods, Montana. Using a normalized difference pollen index, we positively identified postsettlement mountain pine beetle outbreaks, which served as calibration points for identifying other outbreaks through the Holocene. The Lake of the Woods record indicates that vegetation change was being driven primarily by precipitation and that the multiple reconstructed contemporary and presettlement mountain pine beetle outbreaks occurred during periods when the forest composition was dominated primarily by Pinus spp. The occurrence of one of these outbreaks at ∼8200 cal yr BP is coincident with 2 other records from the Northern Rockies, suggesting a large regional outbreak at this time. Resumen. Los recientes brotes de escarabajos del pino de montaña (Dendroctonus ponderosae) se han caracterizado por no tener precedentes, en gran medida por la ausencia de información sobre su aparición antes de la documentación histórica. La capacidad de reconstruir brotes previos a los asentamientos, a partir de núcleos de sedimentos requiere la identificación y validación de indicadores apropiados. En este trabajo, proporcionamos un registro del cambio de la vegetación durante el Holoceno que indica posibles brotes del escarabajo del pino de montaña en un bosque de pino lodgepole (Pinus contorta) y de coníferas mixtas en Lake of the Woods, Montana. Utilizando un índice de diferencia de polen normalizado, identificamos positivamente brotes de escarabajos del pino de montaña posteriores al asentamiento, que sirvieron como puntos de calibración para identificar otros brotes a lo largo del Holoceno. El registro obtenido de Lake of the Woods indica que el cambio de la vegetación fue promovido principalmente por las precipitaciones y que los múltiples brotes de escarabajos del pino de montaña reconstruidos, contemporáneos y anteriores al asentamiento, se produjeron durante períodos en los que la composición del bosque estaba dominada principalmente por Pinus spp. La aparición de uno de estos brotes en ∼8200 cal yr BP es consistente con otros dos registros en las Rocosas del Norte, lo que sugiere un gran brote regional durante esta época.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"80 1","pages":"524 - 536"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75383910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population Structure, Diet, and Bioenergetics of Introduced Smallmouth Bass in an Intermountain West Reservoir","authors":"Skylar L. Wolf, Natalie Boren, Benjamin R. Vasquez, Jack Dudding, Robert C. Shields","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0306","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu is a recreationally important sport fish throughout much of North America, but population metrics are lacking in the Intermountain West, where the species is not native and where its performance may differ from other geographic portions of its range. We characterized population structure and condition, growth, and the feeding habitats and bioenergetics of a self-sustaining Smallmouth Bass population in Starvation Reservoir, located in northeast Utah. In this reservoir, Smallmouth Bass may experience environmental conditions (e.g., shorter growing season and greater water-level fluctuation) that are uncommon to other portions of its range. We found growth rates to be intermediate within the context of surveyed populations across its distribution, with fish reaching quality length (280 mm TL) at approximately age 4 and relative growth index values ranging from 86 to 112 for fish ages 2–10. Fish condition (relative weight) was at or above average across all size classifications encountered (stock, quality, preferred, and memorable), and diet analyses indicated that fish used a variety of prey types that differed by season. Bioenergetics models indicated that proportional feeding was highest for age-2 fish (P = 0.54) and declined incrementally through age class, relating to trends of relative growth. Our results suggest that the Smallmouth Bass population in Starvation Reservoir is performing well within the constraints of a midelevation, Intermountain West reservoir. Our study may provide managers with useful data to compare with other Smallmouth Bass populations in this geographic region. Resumen. La lubina de boca chica Micropterus dolomieu es un pez deportivo de importancia recreativa en gran parte de América del Norte, pero se carece de métricas poblacionales en el oeste intermontañoso, donde la especie no es nativa y su desempeño puede diferir de otras partes geográficas de su área de distribución. Caracterizamos la estructura, la condición, el crecimiento, los hábitats de alimentación y la bioenergética de una población autosuficiente de lubina de boca chica en el embalse de Starvation, situado en el noreste de Utah. En este embalse, la lubina de boca chica puede experimentar condiciones ambientales que son poco comunes en otras partes de su área de distribución (e.g. una temporada de crecimiento más corta y una mayor fluctuación del nivel del agua). Las tasas de crecimiento fueron intermedias en el contexto de las poblaciones estudiadas a lo largo de su distribución, con peces que alcanzaron una longitud de calidad (280 mm TL) aproximadamente a la edad de cuatro años y valores de índice de crecimiento relativo que oscilaron entre 86 y 112 en las edades de dos a 10. La condición de los peces (peso relativo) fue igual o superior al promedio en todas las clasificaciones de tamaño encontradas (stock, calidad, preferido y memorable), y los análisis de la dieta indicaron que los peces utilizaban una va","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"52 1","pages":"494 - 509"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82686858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Persistence of Desert Rodent Species in a Great Basin Sagebrush Community: Potential Effects of Fire, Invasive Annuals, and Warming Temperatures","authors":"L. Dimitri, W. S. Longland","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0316","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. To test long-term stability of a desert rodent community and potential impacts of wildfire on the community's stability, we live-trapped desert rodents from 2019 to 2021 at a site in western Nevada where we had previously trapped from 1989 to 1993. Trapping occurred in unburned sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and in adjacent burned habitat where sagebrush cover was removed by a fire in 1985. We also used online data to test for trends in estimated cover of annual and perennial vegetation and in ambient temperatures and precipitation over the >30-year period spanned by the trapping data. White-tailed antelope squirrels (Ammospermophilus leucurus) were captured significantly more frequently in unburned habitat than in burned habitat, and though they were previously captured (infrequently) in the burned habitat, they were not captured there in new trapping efforts. Among heteromyid rodent species, 2 kangaroo rats (Merriam's kangaroo rat [Dipodomys merriami] and Panamint kangaroo rat [D. panamintinus]) were also captured significantly more often in unburned sagebrush habitat than in burned habitat. Habitat affinities of Panamint kangaroo rats switched over time, as they were previously captured more often in burned habitat but were much more common in the unburned habitat in new trapping sessions. Ord's kangaroo rat (D. ordii) was the only species captured significantly more often in the burned habitat, where their capture frequencies have also increased in comparison with old data. Three heteromyid species that were previously captured (infrequently) were not trapped in new trapping sessions. These apparent changes in rodent numbers over time were accompanied by increased ambient temperatures and, in the burned habitat, by an increase in annual plant cover (mainly introduced cheatgrass [Bromus tectorum]) and a decrease in herbaceous perennials (mainly Indian ricegrass [Achnatherum hymenoides]). Changes in the rodent community probably resulted from these vegetation changes, which in turn may at least partly result from the warming trend. Resumen. Para probar la estabilidad a largo plazo de una comunidad de roedores del desierto y el potencial impacto de los incendios forestales en la estabilidad de la comunidad, capturamos roedores del desierto desde 2019 hasta 2021 en un sitio en el oeste de Nevada, donde previamente capturamos roedores desde 1989 hasta 1993. Las tram-pas se colocaron en arbustos no quemados (Artemisia tridentata) y en un hábitat quemado adyacente, donde en 1985 un incendio eliminó los arbustos. También, utilizamos datos disponibles en línea para comprobar las tendencias en la cobertura estimada de la vegetación anual y perenne, y en las temperaturas ambientales y las precipitaciones durante el periodo de más de 30 años que abarcan los datos de trampeo. Se capturaron ardillas antílope de cola blanca (Ammospermophilus leucurus) con mucho mayor frecuencia en el hábitat no quemado comparado con el quemado, y aunque previame","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"29 1","pages":"603 - 610"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89488366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roosts of Northern Long-Eared Myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) at the Western Edge of the Great Plains","authors":"Brett R. Andersen, Keith Geluso","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0313","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The northern long-eared myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) is a forest-obligate, tree-roosting bat of the United States and Canada. Most prior studies on roost characteristics were conducted in contiguous forested habitats of eastern North America, where roosting opportunities are potentially numerous. At the western end of its distribution in the Great Plains, M. septentrionalis inhabits narrow, forested riparian waterways. Because these ribbons of forest differ from habitats farther east, roost selection by M. septentrionalis at the western edge of its distribution might differ and affect management practices in the region. Moreover, M. septentrionalis is imperiled by a deadly fungal pathogen, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of white-nose syndrome. Additionally, declining species tend to persist along the periphery of distributional ranges. In northwestern Nebraska, the Pine Ridge region is a landscape characterized by pine-dominated rocky escarpments and represents the westernmost distribution of M. septentrionalis in the state. In this study, we identified roosts for 21 M. septentrionalis, mainly lactating females, during the summers of 2015 and 2016. Bats were located roosting in live trees, snags, and fallen logs, as well as in a wooden fence post. Roost trees varied greatly in height (5.0–27.2 m) and diameter (18.1–114.3 cm), but all roost structures possessed cracks, holes, exfoliating bark, or a combination of these small retreats. Despite their prevalence in the study region, ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa) surrounding small watercourses were not typically used as roosts, with M. septentrionalis regularly roosting in deciduous trees along watercourses. Individuals switched roosts frequently, but subsequent roosts were typically in close proximity to one another. The high proportion of live trees used was a major difference in roost characteristics compared to other studies farther east, where roosts primarily occur in snags. Scattered deciduous trees in narrow riparian corridors were best described as open-canopy woodlands, which differs from use of closed-canopy forests in eastern parts of the species' distribution. Our data on roost characteristics in an open woodland habitat for this species, which is a previously undescribed habitat type for M. septentrionalis, will assist in regional management for this federally threatened bat, as some aspects of roost selection appear to be site-specific across its distribution. Resumen. El Myotis de orejas largas del norte (Myotis septentrionalis) es un murciélago que usa como percha los árboles de Estados Unidos y Canadá. La mayoría de los estudios previos sobre las características de los dormideros se realizaron en hábitats boscosos contiguos del este de Norteamérica, donde existen numerosos dormideros. En el extremo occidental de su distribución en las Grandes Llanuras, M. septentrionalis habita en estrechas vías fluviales boscosas. Debido a que estas franjas de bos","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"311 1","pages":"586 - 595"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81197515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Potential of Rare Plant Species: Mentzelia mollis and M. packardiae (Loasaceae)","authors":"J. Brokaw, Megan R. Howard, B. Douglas","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0301","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Mentzelia mollis and M. packardiae are narrowly distributed plants occurring primarily in the Owyhee Desert of southeastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho. Previous molecular studies have suggested a relatively old allopolyploid origin of M. mollis (4×) followed by the allopolyploid formation of M. packardiae (8×) from the combination of M. mollis and a second extinct progenitor superimposed with ongoing genetic introgression from other species in Mentzelia section Trachyphytum. Here we report the sequencing of the chloroplast intergenic spacer ndhF–rpl32 from 15 populations of M. mollis and 4 populations of M. packardiae as well as diagnostic analyses of their edaphic habitats to better understand the genetic patterns of variation and edaphic adaptations created by these processes. Chemical and physical analyses suggest that high levels of sodium, potassium, and overall salinity in soils, as well as unusual textures and structures of soils and substrate conglomerates, could account for the narrow distributions of both species and the low productivity of their respective habitats. A nonparametic MANOVA shows that the edaphic niches of M. mollis and M. packardiae are significantly different from those of all other species in Mentzelia section Trachyphytum, including each other, and a principal component analysis shows that these niches are extreme with respect to the rest of the section. Molecular analyses revealed high levels of haplotype diversity within M. mollis with respect to other related species and suggest that M. mollis became a narrow endemic before giving rise to a new species (M. packardiae) and participating in introgression with other distantly related species in Mentzelia section Trachyphytum. Furthermore, M. mollis harbors chloroplast lineages obtained through introgression that are likely extinct in the original host plant lineages that created them. Together these findings support and expand upon earlier hypotheses of origins and introgression and further suggest that M. mollis remains an active and significant participant in the ongoing evolution of Mentzelia section Trachyphytum, despite its rarity and ecological specialization. Resumen. Mentzelia mollis y M. packardiae son plantas de distribución reducida que se encuentran principalmente en el desierto de Owyhee, en el sureste de Oregón y el suroeste de Idaho. Estudios moleculares previos han sugerido un origen alopoliploide relativamente antiguo de M. mollis (4×) seguido de la formación alopoliploide de M. packardiae (8×) a partir de la combinación de M. mollis y un segundo progenitor extinto superpuesto con la introgresión genética en curso de otras especies en Mentzelia sección Trachyphytum. En este estudio reportamos la secuenciación del espaciador intergénico del cloroplasto ndhF-rpl32 de 15 poblaciones de M. mollis y cuatro poblaciones de M. packardiae, así como los análisis de diagnóstico de sus hábitats edáficos, con el fin de comprender mejor los patrones ge","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"11 1","pages":"423 - 438"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79017617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immediate Effects of a wildfire on Bats in a Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) Forest","authors":"Keith Geluso","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0312","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Suppression of wildfires and variation in climatic patterns during the last century have caused increases in tree density and understory debris throughout forests of western North America. These structural changes enabled wildfires to ascend into forest canopies, causing high-intensity, stand-replacing fires that affect wildlife differently than low-intensity understory fires. Bats are common inhabitants of western forests. They forage on forest-dwelling insects, and some species roost in trees. Herein, I report on the relative abundance and species richness of bats immediately after a wildfire in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest of southwestern New Mexico. Of 7 netting sites throughout the state with similar paired netting efforts from late May to early July 2006, the greatest decrease (54%) in overall captures of bats occurred at the single site that experienced a canopy, stand-replacing wildfire around most of the site. Most other netting sites with paired sampling yielded increases in bat captures, whereas a few sites had minimal decreases during a summer with little precipitation. At the site affected by a wildfire, captures of Arizona myotis (Myotis occultus) decreased the most, with a 94% decline in females. However, captures of male M. occultus were similar prefire and postfire. Silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) also declined in number, with a 59% reduction in captures. For all species combined, captures of females declined 84%, whereas captures of males declined 35%. The number of species detected during both sampling sessions were relatively similar, with only a few more species detected at the site prior to the fire. Species that commonly roost in ponderosa pines, especially those that form maternity colonies, appeared most affected by this intense fire. These opportunistically collected data help us to understand the possible immediate effects of stand-replacing fires on bats in ponderosa pine forests of the southwestern United States for which little information previously was known. Resumen. La supresión de los incendios forestales y la variación de los patrones climáticos durante el último siglo provocaron un aumento de árboles y acumulaión de restos de sotobosque en los bosques del oeste de Norteamérica. Estos cambios estructurales han permitido que los incendios forestales asciendan a las copas de los árboles y provoquen incendios de gran intensidad que sustituyen a los bosques y que afectan a la fauna de forma diferente a los incendios de baja intensidad del estrato inferior. Los murciélagos son habitantes frecuentes de los bosques occidentales, estos se alimentan de insectos que viven en el bosque y algunas especies se refugian en los árboles. En este artículo, reporto la abundancia relativa y la riqueza de especies de murciélagos inmediatamente después de un incendio forestal en un bosque de pino ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa) del suroeste de Nuevo México. De 7 sitios de captura con redes en todo e","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"50 1","pages":"577 - 582"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86750401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of the Native Freshwater Mussels Anodonta nuttalliana and Margaritifera falcata in Utah and Western Wyoming Using Environmental DNA","authors":"T. Rodgers, Lusha M. Tronstad, Bernardo González, Madison S. Crawford, K. Mock","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0302","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Native freshwater mussels have seen dramatic declines in western North America, but effective monitoring and management of these organisms can be difficult due to their cryptic nature. We used environmental DNA sampling—a sensitive, noninvasive genetic technique—to examine the contemporary distribution of 2 native freshwater mussel species, Anodonta nuttalliana and Margaritifera falcata, in Utah and western Wyoming. We sampled water bodies with historical presence, as well as additional water bodies and locations with promising habitat for the species. We detected A. nuttalliana from 39% of the 31 water bodies sampled and M. falcata from 16% of the 25 water bodies sampled. We demonstrated that environmental DNA technology is an efficient method for determining the distributions of freshwater mussels. Resumen. Mejillones de agua dulce nativos han visto reducciones dramáticas en el oeste norteamericano; sin embargo, pueden ser difícil de detectar debido a su comportamiento críptico. Usamos el ADN del ambiente, una técnica genética sensitiva y no invasiva, para examinar la distribución contemporánea de 2 especies de mejillones de agua dulce, Anodonta nuttalliana y Margaritifera falcata, en los estados de Utah y el Oeste de Wyoming. Muestreamos masas de agua con presencias históricas, así como masas de agua adicionales con hábitat para las especies. Detectamos a A. nuttalliana en 39% de 31 masas de agua muestreadas, y M. falcata de 16% de 25 masas de agua muestreadas. Demostramos que la tecnología que implica al ADN del ambiente es un método efectivo de determinar las distribuciones de los mejillones de agua dulce.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"4 1","pages":"439 - 450"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81910400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}