Western North American Naturalist最新文献

{"title":"Physical Habitat Complexity Partially Offsets the Negative Effect of Brook Trout on Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in the Peripheral Goose Creek Subbasin","authors":"Daniel C. Dauwalter, Michael A. Baker, S. Baker, Richard Lee, John D. Walrath","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0403","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Nonnative Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis often reduce the long-term persistence of native Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii populations in the western United States. However, there are some instances where the 2 species have co-occurred for decades, and healthy and diverse stream habitat conditions have been suggested to facilitate sympatry. Our goal was to evaluate how habitat diversity may interplay in the negative interactions between Brook Trout and Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout O. c. bouvieri in the Goose Creek subbasin in the western United States. We determined that neither species was abundant when they occurred in sympatry. Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout were present at 8 of the 41 sites sampled, and they were sympatric with Brook Trout at 4 sites. Quantile regression revealed that Brook Trout represented a limiting factor for age-1 and older Cutthroat Trout density (fish/100m2). Lower variation in water depth reflecting poor physical habitat conditions also appeared to be a limiting factor. Age-0 Cutthroat Trout were also in poorer body condition in the presence of Brook Trout. Multiple linear regression showed Brook Trout of all sizes to have a negative effect, and diversity of cover elements a positive but lesser effect, on age-0 Cutthroat Trout body condition. Brook Trout appear to negatively influence the early life stages of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in the Goose Creek subbasin, similar to the negative impacts observed elsewhere. However, our data also suggested that habitat complexity may partially offset this negative interaction at some level by affording more niche space for partitioning and adding habitat capacity. If further research showed this pattern to exist more broadly, then protection and restoration of habitat complexity and diversity may play an important role in mediating the negative impacts of Brook Trout on Cutthroat Trout and potentially facilitating sympatry where Brook Trout eradication is not feasible. Resumen. La presencia de trucha de arroyo no nativa Salvelinus fontinalis suele reducir la persistencia a largo plazo de las poblaciones autóctonas de trucha degollada Oncorhynchus clarkii en el oeste de EE.UU. Sin embargo, hay casos en los que las dos especies han coexistido durante décadas, y se ha sugerido que condiciones saludables y diversas del hábitat de los arroyos facilitan la simpatría. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar cómo la diversidad del hábitat puede influir en las interacciones negativas entre la trucha de arroyo y la trucha degollada de Yellowstone O. c. bouvieri en la subcuenca de Goose Creek, en el oeste de EE.UU. Determinamos que ninguna de las dos especies fue abundante cuando se encontró en simpatría. La trucha degollada de Yellowstone se encontró en ocho de los 41 sitios muestreados, y fue simpátrica con la trucha de arroyo en cuatro sitios. La regresión por cuantiles mostró que la trucha de arroyo representó un factor limitante para la densidad de truchas degolladas de Yellowsto","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"102 1","pages":"660 - 676"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88125946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Beaver Dams on Stream and Riparian Conditions on Public Lands in the United States' Inland Northwest","authors":"B. Roper","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0402","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A before-after control-impact (BACI) design was used to simultaneously evaluate how stream habitat, macroinvertebrate communities, stream temperatures, and riparian conditions responded to beavers building dams within a stream reach. Summarized conditions describing beaver-dammed and undammed stream reaches suggested that 13 of the 18 evaluated metrics differed. After accounting for beavers' selection of lower-gradient stream reaches with less forested cover, the number of stream and riparian metrics that differed significantly dropped to 5. Beaver dams increased pool area and depth, despite failing to increase the frequency of wood >10 cm in diameter. This suggests that beavers build dams utilizing pieces of wood smaller than most monitoring programs count. Changes in stream and riparian conditions due to beavers were insufficient to alter macroinvertebrate metrics commonly used to assess water quality. The presence of beaver dams in a reach was associated with less vegetative and woody cover along the stream's edge. The reduction of shrub cover and the presence of upstream beaver dams likely played a role in the small increases observed in water temperatures. The fact that beavers tended to build dams in reaches with elevated water tables may have minimized water temperature increases. Based on the beaver occupancy rate found in this study, changes in stream and riparian conditions due to new beaver dams should be expected in 5% to 15% of the stream reaches similar to those in this study over the next 2 decades. An increasing number of beavers occupying stream reaches represents an important passive restoration approach that will improve the quality of aquatic systems on public lands. Resumen. Se utilizó el diseño experimental “before-after control-impact” (BACI, por sus siglas en inglés) para evaluar simultáneamente cómo el hábitat del arroyo, las comunidades de macroinvertebrados, la temperatura del arroyo y las condiciones ribereñas respondieron a la construcción de presas por parte de los castores dentro de un tramo del arroyo. El resumen de las condiciones que describen los tramos de arroyo con represas de castores y sin represas, sugirieron que 13 de las 18 métricas evaluadas difirieron. Después de tener en cuenta la selección de los castores de tramos de arroyo de menor pendiente y con menos cobertura forestal, el número de parámetros de arroyo y ribera que diferían significativamente se redujo a cinco. Las presas de los castores aumentaron el área y la profundidad de las charcas, a pesar de no aumentar la frecuencia de madera de más de 10 cm de diámetro. Esto sugiere que los castores utilizan en sus presas trozos de madera más pequeños de lo que estiman la mayoría de los programas de monitoreo. Los cambios en las condiciones del arroyo y de la ribera ocasionados por la presencia de castores fueron insuficientes para alterar las métricas de macroinvertebrados utilizadas habitualmente para evaluar la calidad del agua. La existen","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"80 1","pages":"638 - 659"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88589774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Local Extirpation of an Imperiled Freshwater Mussel Population from Wildfire Runoff","authors":"A. Lawrence, Cindy Matuch, Jacquelyn J. Hancock, A. Rypel, Laura A. Eliassen","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0405","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Effects of wildfire and subsequent hydric erosion on freshwater communities are of increasing interest. While freshwater biodiversity is in a global state of decline, examples of climate-driven wildfire impacts to freshwater mussel populations are especially limited. We discovered a population of native floater mussels (Anodonta californiensis/nuttalliana), documented fish species, and recorded data on river substrate characteristics before and after an influx of wildfire runoff in Monterey County, California, USA. Pre-wildfire runoff surveys documented robust and naturally reproducing populations of mussels and 3 species of native fishes (Monterey sucker, Catostomus occidentalis mnioltiltus; Monterey roach, Lavinia symmetricus subditus; and Sacramento pikeminnow, Ptychocheilus grandis). Post-wildfire, we did not detect live mussels using visual, tactile, and environmental DNA; and live fish observations included only Monterey roach and speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus). River substrates shifted to sand, and thalweg depth decreased from 1.77 m to only 0.2 m. The potential for future extreme wildfire runoff to impact aquatic systems, and freshwater mussels specifically, should be more broadly evaluated. Increasing duration and severity of wildfire seasons in particular appear to be major future and additional challenges to freshwater mussels and ecosystems worldwide. Resumen. Los efectos de los incendios forestales y la subsecuente erosión hídrica en las comunidades de agua dulce son de creciente interés. Mientras la biodiversidad de agua dulce se encuentra en un estado global de declive, los ejemplos del impacto de los incendios forestales provocados por el clima en las poblaciones de mejillones de agua dulce son especialmente limitados. Descubrimos una población de mejillones flotantes nativos (Anodonta californiensis/nuttalliana), documentamos especies de peces y registramos datos acerca de las características del sustrato del río antes y después de una afluencia de escorrentía de incendios forestales en el condado de Monterey, California, EE. UU. Los estudios realizados antes de la escorrentía de incendios forestales documentaron poblaciones robustas de mejillones que se reproducían de forma natural y tres especies de peces autóctonos (Monterey sucker, Catostomus occidentalis mnioltiltus; Monterey roach, Lavinia symmetricus subditus; y el Sacramento pikeminnow, Ptychocheilus grandis). Posteriormente a los incendios forestales, no detectamos mejillones vivos y sólo observamos Monterey roach y speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus). Los sustratos fluviales pasaron a ser arenosos y la profundidad del talud disminuyó de 1.77 m a sólo 0.2 m. El potencial de que futuras escorrentías extremas, producto de incendios forestales afecten a los sistemas acuáticos, específicamente a los mejillones de agua dulce, debe ser evaluado a mayor profundidad. El aumento de la duración y la gravedad de las temporadas de incendios forestales, en particular, ","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"23 1","pages":"695 - 703"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82807620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mammals of the Jesús María River Basin, Western Mexico: Alpha and Beta Diversity in an Area of High Environmental Heterogeneity","authors":"C. López-González, D. García-Mendoza, Teresa Salas-H","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0404","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The Jesús María River basin in the state of Nayarit, Mexico, is located at the intersection of Nearctic and Neotropical regions in the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) in western Mexico. Because of its biological importance, the basin is considered a terrestrial priority region (RTP-059) by CONABIO, the institution responsible for inventorying Mexican biodiversity. Several vegetation types occur in this relatively small area (cloud and tropical forests, conifer forests, subtropical scrub). However, the area has been undersampled because of its difficult access and topographic complexity. Based on our own collections, review of museum specimens, and literature records, we recorded 92 species at 10 major sites throughout the basin. Twenty-three species are endemic to Mexico, 9 of which are endemic to the SMO. Six species were recorded for the first time in the state of Nayarit, and 2 in the state of Jalisco. These findings increased the species count for the SMO of Nayarit by 17 species. Turnover rate was high throughout the region. The number of endemisms of RTP-059 equals or surpasses that of most megadiverse protected areas in Mexico, and this area is likely to be a center of origin for several taxa. No protected areas exist within RTP-059 because its social and natural complexity makes it difficult to establish effective conservation strategies. Resumen. La cuenca del Río Jesús María, en el estado de Nayarit, México, se localiza en la intersección entre las regiones biogeográficas Neártica y Neotropical en la Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO), en el oeste de México. Debido a su importancia biológica, es considerada como región terrestre prioritaria (RTP-059) por CONABIO, la institución encargada del inventario de la biodiversidad en México. Varios tipos de vegetación ocurren en esta área relativamente pequeña (bosques de niebla, bosques tropicales y de coníferas, y matorral subtropical). Sin embargo, el área ha sido poco muestreada debido a su difícil acceso y complejidad topográfica. Con base en nuestras colectas, revisión de ejemplares de museo, y registros bibliográficos, documentamos 92 especies en 10 sitios distribuidos en la cuenca. Veintitrés especies son endémicas de México, de las cuales 9 lo son de la SMO. Se registraron por primera vez para Nayarit 6 especies, así como 2 para el estado de Jalisco. Se incrementó el inventario de mamíferos para la SMO de Nayarit en 17 especies. La tasa de recambio fue alta en toda la cuenca. El número de endemismos para esta región es igual o mayor que el de la mayoría de las áreas protegidas megadiversas en México, y es probablemente el centro de origen de numerosos taxa. No existen áreas protegidas dentro de RTP-059, y su complejidad natural y social hacen difícil la implementación de estrategias efectivas de conservación.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"44 1","pages":"677 - 694"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77429651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robert Kingston Vickery, Jr.—In Memoriam","authors":"E. Mcarthur","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0318","url":null,"abstract":"Dr. Robert Kingston Vickery, Jr., emeritus professor in the School of Biological Sciences of the University of Utah, passed away at age 99 on 20 July 2022 in Salt Lake City with his wife of 71 years, Marcia Hoak Vickery, in attendance. His life was filled with adventure, accomplishment, and love. He was born in Saratoga, California, to Robert Kingston Vickery, Sr., and Ruth Bacon Vickery on 18 September 1922—the oldest child and only son; he had 2 younger sisters, Mary and Ruth. Bob started school in Europe, with stops in England, France, and Italy, where his father was assigned to grow Cal Spray, the company he worked for. When Bob was in first grade at a Montessori-type school in Rome, he showed an early love for plants by growing flowers, vegetables, and other plants in a planter box, rather than tending to more traditional subjects. Returning to the Bay Area of California when he was 7, Bob completed primary and secondary schools and entered college at Stanford, with a class or two at University of California, Berkeley. He emphasized architecture, science, and engineering. When World War II intervened, Bob enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Corps, where he was trained in meteorology and communications, was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant, and received an A.B. degree in civil engineering (February 1944) from Stanford, with his Air Corps training contributing to the graduation requirements. After some brief stateside postings, he was sent to Hickam Field in Hawaii in the Army Airways Communication System, and then as a new 1st lieutenant to Iwo Jima, where from his arriving ship he saw the raising of the Stars and Stripes on Mt. Suribachi. He was the officer in charge of control towers on Iwo Jima, and he built the first one out of scrap materials. At the end of the war, he came home on a stretcher as a victim of tuberculosis and spent a year recovering in hospitals and at home, during which time he decided to do experimental work with plants as a career. To that end he enrolled at Stanford and completed an M.A. (1948) in which he studied roadside plantings. He then undertook a Ph.D. (1952) at Stanford as well. His dualmajor professors for his doctorate were Dr. Ira L. Wiggins (e.g, see Shreve and Wiggins 1964, Wiggins 1980, and Wiggins and Porter 1971), a renowned classical plant taxonomist, and Dr. Jens C. Clausen (e.g., see Clausen 1951), a pioneering Danish American genecologist with appointments at both the Carnegie Institution of Science and Stanford University. Bob learned a great deal from both of them and other faculty. It turns out that just prior to Bob’s graduate studies, an international group of geneticists met at Carnegie Mather Field Station in the Sierra Nevada and attempted to identify a plant species that could serve as an interdisciplinary experimental organism in genetic studies, much as the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) had served as an animal model. The group suggested that the monkeyflower Western North American Natura","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"256 1","pages":"616 - 624"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75096797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum: “A molecular taxonomy of Cottus in western North America” (2022)","authors":"","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0319","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78078574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pollination Ecology of Island Endemic Plants: A Case Study on the California Channel Islands","authors":"C. S. Sidhu, G. Lozano, M. C. Miner, Emily R. Howe, E. Wilson-Rankin","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0401","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Understanding the pollination requirements of threatened species is critical for the success of long-term conservation strategies. In a series of greenhouse experiments, we assessed the effects of different pollination treatments, including autogamy, facilitated autogamy, and cross-pollination on fruit and seed set for 2 generations of a rare island endemic plant. Santa Cruz Island rockcress, Sibara filifolia (Brassicaceae), is a rare, endangered annual herb that is endemic to the California Channel Islands. While efforts are underway to monitor and conserve this rare plant species, little is known about its pollination biology. We quantified the index of self-compatibility and multiplicative fitness. We also assessed how maternal plant treatment influenced seed germination and seedling survival rates. While S. filifolia is fully self-compatible, we demonstrate that facilitated pollination and outcrossing treatments positively affected all measures of reproductive output and fitness in first-generation plants. Metrics of predispersal fitness (e.g., fruit set and seed production) in the F2 generation also increased significantly in response to facilitated pollination and outcrossing. While our data suggest that S. filifolia fecundity increases with outcrossing, we observed lower fitness benefits of facilitated autogamy and outcrossing on the production of F2 seeds. This highlights the difficulty in providing specific recommendations when the consequences of outbreeding may not be detectable until later generations. More study is required to confirm that multiple generations of interpopulation gene flow can effectively improve population viability and decrease genetic erosion. Resumen. Comprender los requisitos de polinización de las especies amenazadas es fundamental para alcanzar el éxito en las estrategias de conservación a largo plazo. En una serie de experimentos en invernadero, evaluamos los efectos de diferentes tratamientos de polinización, incluyendo autogamia, autogamia facilitada y polinización cruzada, en la producción de frutos y semillas durante 2 generaciones de una planta endémica rara de la isla. El berro de roca de la isla de Santa Cruz, Sibara filifolia (Brassicaceae), es una hierba anual escasa y en peligro de extinción que es endémica de las Islas del Canal (Channel Islands) de California. Aunque se está intentando monitorear y conservar esta especie vegetal poco común, se sabe poco acerca de su biología de polinización. Cuantificamos el índice de autocompatibilidad y adecuación multiplicativa. También, evaluamos cómo el tratamiento de la planta materna influyó en la germinación de las semillas y en las tasas de supervivencia de las plántulas. Si bien S. filifolia es totalmente autocompatible, demostramos que los tratamientos de polinización facilitada y entrecruzamiento afectaron positivamente a todas las medidas de rendimiento reproductivo y de adecuación de las plantas de primera generación. Las medidas de adecuaci","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"28 1","pages":"627 - 637"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84546261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Necrotic Lesions and Associated Mites of the Pinnae of Free-Living Bats Artibeus jamaicensis and Sturnira hondurensis from Mexico","authors":"Silvia S. Zalapa, S. Guerrero-Vázquez, C. Sánchez-Hernández, J. MORALES-MALACARA, G. Castaño-Meneses, J. Navarrete-Heredia, David Ávila-Figueroa, Francisco Javier Padilla-Ramírez","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0411","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Lesions of the pinnae of captive bats are common, but there are few reports for free-living bats. In those reports, causal agents of the lesions were attributed to mites, fungus, or a combination of factors, but specific information regarding pinna lesions is generally lacking. This is the first report in Mexico of pinna lesions, associated mites, and histopathological findings for 2 species of free-living bats: the Jamaican fruit-eating bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) and the Honduran yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira hondurensis). Resumen. Reportes de lesiones en las pinas de murciélagos en cautiverio son comunes, pero hay pocos para murciélagos de vida libre. Aunque se han atribuido a agentes causales como ácaros, hongos o una combinación de factores, información específica sobre las causas que afectan las pinas es escasa. Este es el primer reporte en México de lesiones en pinas, ácaros asociados y hallazgos histopatológicos, para el murciélago frugívoro de Jamaica (Artibeus jamaicensis) y el murciélago de hombros amarillos de Honduras (Sturnira hondurensis) en vida libre.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"17 1","pages":"760 - 765"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87212220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The History of Cougars in Yellowstone National Park","authors":"W. J. Ripple, R. Beschta, Luke E. Painter","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0410","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We synthesize reports of cougar (Puma concolor) killings, sightings, and related information in Yellowstone National Park from the early 1900s through the 1970s. Cougars were common before the park was established in 1872 but were heavily persecuted in the late 1800s and early 1900s, when the park attempted extirpation. Despite being greatly reduced, cougars may have persisted, at least intermittently, in the park and vicinity at low levels from the 1920s through the 1950s, at numbers that were likely functionally irrelevant from an ecological perspective. More recently, in field studies conducted during periods between 1987 and 2017, cougar population densities were estimated at a robust ∼2 cougars per 100 km2. Today, a relatively high density of cougars suggests that they are an active component of the Yellowstone ecosystem. Resumen. Sintetizamos los reportes de caza, avistamientos e información relacionada con la presencia de pumas (Puma concolor), en el Parque Nacional de Yellowstone desde principios de 1900 hasta la década de 1970. Antes de que se estableciera el parque en 1872, los pumas eran comunes. Sin embargo, fueron fuertemente perseguidos a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, cuando el parque intentó su extirpación. A pesar de haber sido reducidos en gran medida, los pumas pueden haber persistido, al menos de forma intermitente, en el parque y sus alrededores a niveles bajos desde la década de 1920 hasta la de 1950, en números que probablemente no eran funcionalmente relevantes desde una perspectiva ecológica. Más recientemente, en los estudios de campo realizados durante los períodos comprendidos entre 1987 y 2017, la densidad poblacional de pumas se estimó robustamente en alrededor de 2 pumas/100 km2. En la actualidad, la densidad relativamente alta de pumas sugiere que son un componente activo del ecosistema de Yellowstone.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"61 1","pages":"752 - 759"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89181606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Psilochalcis Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Chalcididae) from the Western United States with Descriptions of Three New Species from Utah and Surrounding States","authors":"Mark J. Petersen, Robert L. Johnson, V. Anderson","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0406","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A review of Psilochalcis Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) species in the western United States is presented, with the addition of 3 new species: Psilochalcis adenticulata Petersen, new species; Psilochalcis minuta Petersen, new species; and Psilochalcis quadratis Petersen, new species. Morphological diagnoses and distributions are given for each species. A dichotomous key to the Psilochalcis species of North America is presented. Resumen. Se presenta una revisión de las especies de Psilochalcis Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) en el oeste de los Estados Unidos, con la incorporación de tres nuevas especies: una nueva especie de Psilochalcis adenticulata Petersen, una nueva especie de Psilochalcis minuta Petersen y una nueva especie de Psilochalcis quadratis Petersen. En este trabajo se presentan diagnósticos morfológicos y distribuciones para cada especie. Además, se ofrece una clave dicotómica de las especies de Psilochalcis de Norteamérica.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"96 1","pages":"704 - 718"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79293276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}