Viruses-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Interactions Between Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cattle: Aspects of Pathogenesis and Immunity.","authors":"Lariane da Silva Barcelos, Alexandra K Ford, Matheus Iuri Frühauf, Nadalin Yandra Botton, Geferson Fischer, Mayara Fernanda Maggioli","doi":"10.3390/v16111753","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v16111753","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a major respiratory pathogen in cattle and is relevant to the livestock industry worldwide. BRSV is most severe in young calves and is often associated with stressful management events. The disease is responsible for economic losses due to lower productivity, morbidity, mortality, and prevention and treatment costs. As members of the same genus, bovine and human RSV share a high degree of homology and are similar in terms of their genomes, transmission, clinical signs, and epidemiology. This overlap presents an opportunity for One Health approaches and translational studies, with dual benefits; however, there is still a relative lack of studies focused on BRSV, and the continued search for improved prophylaxis highlights the need for a deeper understanding of its immunological features. BRSV employs different host-immunity-escaping mechanisms that interfere with effective long-term memory responses to current vaccines and natural infections. This review presents an updated description of BRSV's immunity processes, such as the PRRs and signaling pathways involved in BRSV infection, aspects of its pathogeny, and the evading mechanisms developed by the virus to thwart the immune response.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"16 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598946/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142734018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of the Emerging C1-like Lineage of Enterovirus A71 in Two Uruguayan Children with Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Neurological Complications.","authors":"Andrés Lizasoain, Natalia Martínez, Carla de Mora, Edivia Rodríguez, Nathalie Ledezma, Rodney Colina","doi":"10.3390/v16111752","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v16111752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a major cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), particularly in cases that involve complications affecting the nervous system or cardiopulmonary function. In South America, EV-A71 has primarily been identified through studies of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and other neurological disorders. In September 2022, two children from a small city in Uruguay were hospitalized with presumptive rhombencephalitis, exhibiting symptoms of HFMD. EV-A71 was identified through RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing of stool and skin lesion samples. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the P1 coding region classified the Uruguayan strains as part of an emerging lineage, primarily reported in Europe over the past decade, known as the C1-like lineage. The findings presented here represent the first detection of the EV-A71 C1-like lineage in cases of HFMD and encephalitis reported from South America, underscoring the urgent need to enhance surveillance for HFMD, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and AFP, in countries facing challenges in establishing effective surveillance programs related to enteroviruses and associated diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"16 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142734005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, Characteristics, and Distribution of Human Papillomavirus According to Age and HIV Status in Women of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.","authors":"Zizipho Z A Mbulawa, Sinazo Kondlo, Sinalo Toni, Lindiwe M Faye, Charles B Businge","doi":"10.3390/v16111751","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v16111751","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection associated with the development of cervical cancer. This study investigated cervical HPV prevalence, characteristics, and distribution according to age and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status among women attending a public community health facility in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. A total of 325 participants (aged 18 to 60) visiting a community health facility for any reason were recruited. Cervical HPV infection was detected using the Seegene Anyplex™ II HPV28 assay (Seegene Inc., Seoul, South Korea). Overall HPV prevalence was 65.2% (95% CI: 59.9-70.2%), with the highest prevalence of 80.9% (95% CI: 67.2-89.8%) observed in the 18-25-year-old age group and the lowest prevalence of 46.3% (95% CI: 35.8-57.1%) in the 46-60-year-old age group. HR-HPV infection was found to decrease with increasing age (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in the overall population and according to HIV status. In contrast, LR-HPV infection was found to significantly decrease with age among HIV-negative women (<i>p</i> = 0.001) but not for the overall population and HIV-positive women. A proportion of 12.9% were infected with one or more HPV types covered by the Cervarix^® HPV vaccine (HPV-16 and/or -18), 18.8% (by those covered by Gardasil^®4 (HPV-6, -11, -16 and/or -18), and 42.2% by those covered by Gardasil^®9 (HPV-6, -11, -16, -18, -31, -33, -45, -52 and/or -58). The alpha-9 HPV species was the most dominant species (40.6%), followed by the alpha-7 species (29.8%). High overall HPV, HR-HPV, and alpha-9 species prevalence were observed among the women attending the public health facility. These findings contribute to the limited HPV distribution data among the Eastern Cape women, which could be used to improve HPV-related policy and assess the effectiveness of the HPV vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"16 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598844/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142733841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing Host microRNA: Virus Interactions of <i>Orthoavulavirus javaense</i>.","authors":"Megan C Mears, Abhijeet Bakre","doi":"10.3390/v16111748","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v16111748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-transcriptional gene regulation mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs) relies on sequence complementarity between the miRNA seed site and the target gene transcript(s). This complementarity can completely inhibit or reduce translation into protein. We hypothesized that viruses employ sequence complementarity/similarity with host miRNAs to inhibit or increase the miRNA-mediated regulation of host gene expression specifically during viral infection(s). In this study, we focus on <i>Orthoavulavirus javaense</i> (OAVJ), the causative of Newcastle disease, a poultry disease with significant economic impact. A computational analysis of OAVJ genomes from low-virulence (lentogenic) versus virulent (velogenic) viruses was carried out to identify viral signature motifs that potentially either mimic or complement host miRNA seed sequences. Data show that OAVJ genomes harbor viral seed mimics (vSMs) or viral seed sponges (vSSs) and can mimic host miRNAs or inhibit their regulation of host genes, disrupting cellular pathways. Our analyses showed that velogens encode a statistically significant higher number of vSMs and a lower number of vSSs relative to lentogens. The number of vSMs or vSSs did not correlate with gene length. The analysis of the secondary structures flanking these vSMs and vSSs showed structural features common to miRNA precursors. The inhibition or upregulation of vSS-miR-27b-5p altered P gene expression in a sequence-dependent manner. These data demonstrate that viral transcripts can interact with host miRNAs to alter the outcomes of infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"16 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11599118/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142734024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children and Older Patients Hospitalized with Asthma: A Seven-Year Longitudinal Population-Based Study in Spain.","authors":"Rosa María Gomez-Garcia, Rodrigo Jiménez-Garcia, Ana López-de-Andrés, Valentín Hernández-Barrera, David Carabantes-Alarcon, José J Zamorano-León, Natividad Cuadrado-Corrales, Ana Jiménez-Sierra, Javier De-Miguel-Diez","doi":"10.3390/v16111749","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v16111749","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: To describe hospitalizations due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection among children and elderly patients with asthma. (2) Methods: We used a nationwide discharge database to select patients with asthma aged 0 to 15 years and ≥65 years admitted to Spanish hospitals from 2016 to 2022. (3) Results: We identified 49,086 children and 471,947 elderly patients hospitalized with asthma (3.52% and 0.51%, respectively, with RSV). The proportion of RSV increased over time in children with asthma (from 1.44% to 7.4%, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and in elderly individuals (from 0.17% to 1.01%, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Among children with RSV infection, the presence of influenza (OR 3.65; 95% CI 1.46-9.1) and pneumonia (OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.02-3.55) increased the risk of poor outcome. The presence of RSV was associated with severity in these patients, defined by use of mechanical ventilation and/or admission to the intensive care unit (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.11-1.86). In elderly patients with RSV infection, older age, congestive heart failure, COVID-19, and pneumonia increased the risk of in-hospital mortality (IHM). However, RSV infection was not associated with IHM (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.68-1.15) in these patients. (4) Conclusion: Our results highlight the impact of RSV infection in children and elderly patients hospitalized with asthma. Strategies to improve surveillance, prophylaxis, and management of RSV infection should be evaluated.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"16 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11599133/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142734019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Analysis of Binding Antibody Levels Against 39 Human Adenovirus Types in Sera from 60 Regular Blood Donors from Greifswald, Germany, over 5 Years from 2018 to 2022.","authors":"Xiaoyan Wang, Konstanze Aurich, Wenli Zhang, Anja Ehrhardt, Andreas Greinacher, Wibke Bayer","doi":"10.3390/v16111747","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v16111747","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adenoviruses are important human pathogens that are widespread and mainly associated with respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. In a previous study on human adenovirus (HAdV) seroprevalence, we observed reduced binding antibody levels against a range of HAdV types in sera collected from students in 2021 compared to sera collected before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In this follow-up study, we wanted to verify this observation in a cohort of regular blood donors for whom serial samples were available. Therefore, HAdV-specific binding antibody levels were analyzed in sera collected over a 5-year period from 2018 to 2022 in a cohort of 60 regular donors to the blood bank of the University Hospital in Greifswald, Germany. Using ELISA-based assays, we quantified the binding antibody responses against 39 HAdV types. On the cohort level, we found largely stable antibody levels over the analyzed time period, with the highest antibody responses against HAdV-C1, -D25, -D26, -E4, -D10, -D27, -C5, -D75, -C2, and -C6. Only minor but significant reductions in comparison to the first serum samples from 2018 were detected for antibody levels in 2021 and 2022 against the low-prevalent types HAdV-A31, -D8, -D20, -D37, -D65, and -D69. On the other hand, we detected fluctuations in antibody levels on the individual level, with strong increases in antibody levels indicative of novel antigen contact. Interestingly, we frequently found simultaneous changes in antibody responses against multiple HAdV types, resulting in strong correlations of antibody responses against distinct clusters of HAdVs suggesting extensive cross-reactivity of HAdV-specific antibodies. To our knowledge, this is the first study of antibodies against a broad range of HAdV types in serum samples collected from a cohort of individuals over a prolonged period, and our data provide important insight into the long-term stability of HAdV-specific antibody levels. In this cohort of regular blood donors, we did not observe any major impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on HAdV immunity. Correlations of changes in antibody levels against different types indicate cross-reactivity of HAdV-specific antibodies that are important to consider for HAdV vector development. Our data also reveal possible candidates for future development of HAdV-based vectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"16 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598854/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142734080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soybean <i>Bradyrhizobium</i> spp. Spontaneously Produce Abundant and Diverse Temperate Phages in Culture.","authors":"Vanessa A Richards, Barbra D Ferrell, Shawn W Polson, K Eric Wommack, Jeffry J Fuhrmann","doi":"10.3390/v16111750","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v16111750","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soybean bradyrhizobia (<i>Bradyrhizobium</i> spp.) are symbiotic root-nodulating bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen for the host plant. The University of Delaware <i>Bradyrhizobium</i> Culture Collection (UDBCC; 353 accessions) was created to study the diversity and ecology of soybean bradyrhizobia. Some UDBCC accessions produce temperate (lysogenic) bacteriophages spontaneously under routine culture conditions without chemical or other apparent inducing agents. Spontaneous phage production may promote horizontal gene transfer and shape bacterial genomes and associated phenotypes. A diverse subset (n = 98) of the UDBCC was examined for spontaneously produced virus-like particles (VLPs) using epifluorescent microscopy, with a majority (69%) producing detectable VLPs (>1 × 10⁷ mL^-1) in laboratory culture. Phages from the higher-producing accessions (>2.0 × 10⁸ VLP mL^-1; n = 44) were examined using transmission electron microscopy. Diverse morphologies were observed, including various tail types and lengths, capsid sizes and shapes, and the presence of collars or baseplates. In many instances, putative extracellular vesicles of a size similar to virions were also observed. Three of the four species examined (<i>B. japonicum</i>, <i>B. elkanii</i>, and <i>B. diazoefficiens</i>) produced apparently tailless phages. All species except <i>B. ottawaense</i> also produced siphovirus-like phages, while all but <i>B. diazoefficiens</i> additionally produced podovirus-like phages. Myovirus-like phages were restricted to <i>B. japonicum</i> and <i>B. elkanii.</i> At least three strains were polylysogens, producing up to three distinct morphotypes. These observations suggest spontaneously produced phages may play a significant role in the ecology and evolution of soybean bradyrhizobia.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"16 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11599138/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142734068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Insights into Memory Natural Killer Cells and Clinical Applications.","authors":"Jonida Kokiçi, Anucha Preechanukul, Helena Arellano-Ballestero, Frances Gorou, Dimitra Peppa","doi":"10.3390/v16111746","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v16111746","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that can rapidly mount a response to their targets by employing diverse mechanisms. Due to their functional attributes, NK cells have been implicated in anti-viral and anti-tumour immune responses. Although traditionally known to mount non-specific, rapid immune responses, in recent years, the notion of memory NK cells with adaptive features has gained more recognition. Memory NK cells emerge in response to different stimuli, such as viral antigens and specific cytokine combinations. They form distinct populations, accompanied by transcriptional, epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming, resulting in unique phenotypic and functional attributes. Several clinical trials are testing the efficacy of memory NK cells due to their enhanced functionality, bioenergetic profile and persistence in vivo. The therapeutic potential of NK cells is being harnessed in viral infections, with wider applications in the cancer field. In this review, we summarise the current state of research on the generation of memory NK cells, along with their clinical applications in viral infection and cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"16 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11599065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142733643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRIM Proteins: Key Regulators of Immunity to Herpesvirus Infection.","authors":"Zuberwasim Sayyad, Dhiraj Acharya, Michaela U Gack","doi":"10.3390/v16111738","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v16111738","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herpesviruses are ubiquitous DNA viruses that can establish latency and cause a range of mild to life-threatening diseases in humans. Upon infection, herpesviruses trigger the activation of several host antiviral defense programs that play critical roles in curbing virus replication and dissemination. Recent work from many groups has integrated our understanding of TRIM (<i>tripartite motif</i>) proteins, a specific group of E3 ligase enzymes, as pivotal orchestrators of mammalian antiviral immunity. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the modulation of innate immune signaling by TRIM proteins during herpesvirus infection, with a focus on the detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1, a prototype herpesvirus) by cGAS-STING, RIG-I-like receptors, and Toll-like receptors. We also review the latest progress in understanding the intricate relationship between herpesvirus replication and TRIM protein-regulated autophagy and apoptosis. Finally, we discuss the maneuvers used by HSV-1 and other herpesviruses to overcome TRIM protein-mediated virus restriction.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"16 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11599090/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142733645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Epstein Barr Virus Causes Lymphomas.","authors":"Ya-Fang Chiu, Khongpon Ponlachantra, Bill Sugden","doi":"10.3390/v16111744","DOIUrl":"10.3390/v16111744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) was isolated 60 years ago, it has been studied clinically, epidemiologically, immunologically, and molecularly in the ensuing years. These combined studies allow a broad mechanistic understanding of how this ubiquitous human pathogen which infects more than 90% of adults can rarely cause multiple types of lymphomas. We survey these findings to provide a coherent description of its oncogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":49328,"journal":{"name":"Viruses-Basel","volume":"16 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11599019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142733995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}