Acta Geotechnica最新文献

{"title":"Microbial-induced desaturation and precipitation in stratified soils with fine sand and silt layers","authors":"Patrick Kwon,&nbsp;Deepesh Karmacharya,&nbsp;Edward Kavazanjian Jr.,&nbsp;Claudia E. Zapata,&nbsp;Leon A. van Paassen","doi":"10.1007/s11440-024-02324-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11440-024-02324-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A tank test was performed simulating two-dimensional planar flow conditions at a meter scale to evaluate the effectiveness of microbial-induced desaturation and precipitation (MIDP) in stratified soil conditions. The tank setup (116.5 cm tall, 122 cm wide, and 5.25 cm thick) was filled with two layers of fine sand (a target layer of 40 cm and nontarget layer of 21 cm above) that were confined by silt layers above (6 cm), between (9 cm) and below (9 cm) the sand layers. Multiple flushes of substrate solution, containing calcium, nitrate, and acetate, were injected into the lower sand layer to stimulate indigenous nitrate-reducing bacteria to produce biogenic gas, biominerals, and biomass. Embedded sensors were used to measure the changes in electrical conductivity, volumetric water content, and pore pressure in both the target and nontarget sand layers during and between treatment cycles. Time-lapse camera images were used to determine flow velocity distributions in the target layer and identify modes of gas migration. At the end of the test, hydraulic conductivity, calcium carbonate content, and soil–water characteristic curves (SWCCs) were measured on intact samples of the treated material. The results showed that most of the reaction products were formed in the targeted sand layer. During the first treatment cycle, the degree of saturation in the target sand layer decreased to 75% within 5–12 days, at which point it started to migrate upwards until it got trapped and formed a lens underneath the silt layer above. During the second and subsequent treatment cycles, seepage velocity increased due to the entrapment of biogenic gas, the reaction rate increased due to the accumulation of biomass, and the gas formed channels through the silt and migrated further upwards into and through the upper sand and silt layers by irregular venting events. After 4–5 cycles, an equilibrium condition was reached at which the degree of saturation fluctuated from 65 to 80% when gas was being produced and vented to 80–90% when substrates were depleted. The CaCO₃ content after 10 cycles over 12 weeks ranged from 1.6% close to the inlet to 0.5% close to the outlet, with an average of 0.68%. The formation of biomass and CaCO₃ had a relatively large impact on the saturated hydraulic conductivity but a very limited impact on the SWCC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49308,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geotechnica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140674191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the source of hysteresis in the soil–water characteristic curve using the multiphase lattice Boltzmann method","authors":"Reihaneh Hosseini, Krishna Kumar, Jean-Yves Delenne","doi":"10.1007/s11440-024-02295-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-024-02295-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) is the most fundamental relationship in unsaturated soil mechanics, relating the amount of water in the soil to the corresponding matric suction. From experimental evidence, it is known that SWCC exhibits hysteresis (i.e., wetting/drying path dependence). Various factors have been proposed as contributors to SWCC hysteresis, including air entrapment, contact angle hysteresis, ink-bottle effect, and change of soil fabric due to swelling and shrinkage; however, the significance of their contribution is debated. From our pore-scale numerical simulations, using the multiphase lattice Boltzmann method, we see that, even when controlling for all these factors, SWCC hysteresis still occurs, indicating that there is some underlying source that is not accounted for in these factors. We find this underlying source by comparing the liquid/gas phase distributions for simulated wetting and drying experiments of 2D and 3D granular packings. We see that during wetting (i.e., pore filling) many liquid bridges expand simultaneously and join together to fill the pores from the smallest to the largest, allowing menisci with larger radii of curvature (lower matric suction). Whereas, during drying (i.e., pore emptying), only the limited existing gas clusters can expand, which become constrained by the size of the pore openings surrounding them and result in menisci with smaller radii of curvature (higher matric suction).</p>","PeriodicalId":49308,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geotechnica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140637430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pressure infiltration characteristics of bentonite slurry affected by the salty water: experimental study and mechanistic understanding","authors":"Chenghao Zhang, Adam Bezuijen","doi":"10.1007/s11440-024-02337-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-024-02337-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The pressure infiltration of fresh and salty bentonite slurries against a medium-fine sand has been investigated in a laboratory setup. In the tests, two series of salty bentonite slurries were used: non-pre-hydrated salty slurry, for exploring what will happen if directly salty water is used to make bentonite slurry, and pre-hydrated salty slurry, for identifying the consequence of pre-hydrated fresh bentonite slurry mixing with the salty water in the soil pores. The salty water employed was a mixture of different percentages of freshwater and seawater. Experimental results show that the test with non-pre-hydrated salty slurry exhibited a significantly faster and shorter (time) mud spurt, or even no mud spurt at all, compared to the test with fresh or pre-hydrated salty slurry. The influence of salty water on the pre-hydrated fresh bentonite is less than on the non-pre-hydrated slurry and depends on the seawater content in the salty water. Compared with the test with fresh bentonite slurry, a slower and shorter (time) mud spurt could be seen in the test with the pre-hydrated salty slurry when the seawater content was not more than 20%. As seawater content exceeded 20%, a faster mud spurt showed up; however, the timespan of the mud spurt may be shorter or longer, mainly depending on the viscosity and sedimentation behavior of the bentonite. A model to estimate the slurry infiltration distance during mud spurt is introduced, which agrees well with the experimental results using the measured input parameters. After the mud spurt, a filter cake would form in each test. The permeability of the filter cake increased with the increase in seawater content. Directly mixing salty water remarkably increased the permeability of the filter cake, while the pre-hydration of bentonite could reduce this increase. For instance, with the salty water containing 10% seawater, the permeabilities of the filter cakes formed by fresh bentonite slurry, non-pre-hydrated salty slurry, and pre-hydrated salty slurry with the 50 g/L bentonite concentration were 1.69 × 10⁻⁹ m/s, 2.26 × 10⁻⁸ m/s, and 3.23 × 10⁻⁹ m/s, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":49308,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geotechnica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140637499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of tunnel localized water leakage influences on adjacent lateral pile responses in saturated clay","authors":"Wenbo Gu,&nbsp;Liyuan Tong,&nbsp;Wenyuan Liu,&nbsp;Xin Yan,&nbsp;Hongjiang Li","doi":"10.1007/s11440-024-02274-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11440-024-02274-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the realm of constructing urban underground spaces, it is imperative to address the impact of tunnel leakage on the surrounding environment. This paper introduced a theoretical analysis to investigate the localized water leakage's influence on adjacent pile foundations. A pore pressure distribution function, accounting for localized leakage water, was formulated. Integrated with the seepage control equation, this function facilitated the calculation of additional stress imposed on piles due to tunnel localized water leakage. Employing the Pasternak foundation model, an analytical solution was developed to assess the lateral performance of adjacent piles under localized water leakage conditions. This approach was compared with numerical simulations to validate the reliability of soil seepage fields and pile lateral performance resulting from localized tunnel leakage at different positions. Through comprehensive parameter analysis, it was observed that the width of the leakage joint significantly influenced pile lateral responses, manifesting in three distinct stages: linear increase, nonlinear gradual augmentation, and stabilization. Different positions of the lining leakage joint yielded varying effects on adjacent piles' lateral responses, with closer proximity intensifying the impact on the pile. When leakage joints were situated near the pile toe, a pronounced negative bending moment was generated. Furthermore, this study summarized the influence range of tunnel localized leakage adjacent to piles. It established that the maximum pile-tunnel horizontal distance inducing lateral pile responses due to tunnel localized leakage was set at 8 times the pile diameter (8 <i>D</i>_p). Additionally, tunnel leakage influences should be considered when the pile length exceeded 0.6 times the depth of the tunnel axis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49308,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geotechnica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140628428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lateral pressure on pile foundations in cohesive soils due to horizontal soil movements","authors":"Jörg Bauer,&nbsp;Oliver Reul","doi":"10.1007/s11440-024-02319-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11440-024-02319-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In soft soil layers, piles are frequently loaded laterally by horizontal soil movements. In many cases, the lateral pressure acting on piles due to horizontal soil movements is calculated with empirically or analytically based approaches, respectively. However, most of these design approaches do not consider possible influences on the resulting pile loads. This paper presents the results of model tests and numerical simulations on single piles and pile groups in cohesive soil subjected to lateral loads which were carried out to overcome limitations of available design approaches. Based on extensive small-scale 1 × <i>g</i>-model tests and numerical investigations with the finite element method, influencing factors on the lateral pressure, such as the roughness of the pile–soil interface, the pile size, the pile shape and the pile spacing were identified. A parametric study with the numerical model quantified the most relevant factors influencing the development of lateral pressure on piles due to adjacent surface loads and lead to the development of a simplified analysis approach.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49308,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geotechnica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11440-024-02319-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140612426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D failure envelope of rigid inclusion reinforced foundations","authors":"Ramon Alcala-Ochoa,&nbsp;Zheng Li,&nbsp;Panagiotis Kotronis,&nbsp;Giulio Sciarra","doi":"10.1007/s11440-024-02309-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11440-024-02309-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The paper focuses on the identification of the 3D failure envelope of a shallow foundation on soft soil reinforced by rigid inclusions. A nonlinear 3D finite element model is first validated against literature results and novel centrifuge experimental data. The failure envelope, defined in the vertical force (<i>V</i>), bending moment (<i>M</i>) and horizontal force (<i>H</i>) space, is then constructed using numerical swipe tests. Analytical formulas are introduced to describe the 3D failure envelope shape and inclination, considering the influence of the coverage area, the thickness, and the friction angle of the load transfer platform. Finally, the efficiency of a rigid inclusion foundation is highlighted by comparing its failure envelope to that of the same foundation without rigid inclusions. The proposed analytical failure envelope can be used by engineers to quantify the bearing capacity of rigid inclusion foundations and by researchers to develop novel macroelements submitted to complex coupled loads.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49308,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geotechnica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140612276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven discovery of interpretable water retention models for deformable porous media","authors":"Hyoung Suk Suh,&nbsp;Jun Young Song,&nbsp;Yejin Kim,&nbsp;Xiong Yu,&nbsp;Jinhyun Choo","doi":"10.1007/s11440-024-02322-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11440-024-02322-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The water retention behavior—a critical factor of unsaturated flow in porous media—can be strongly affected by deformation in the solid matrix. However, it remains challenging to model the water retention behavior with explicit consideration of its dependence on deformation. Here, we propose a data-driven approach that can automatically discover an interpretable model describing the water retention behavior of a deformable porous material, which can be as accurate as non-interpretable models obtained by other data-driven approaches. Specifically, we present a divide-and-conquer approach for discovering a mathematical expression that best fits a neural network trained with the data collected from a series of image-based drainage simulations at the pore-scale. We validate the predictive capability of the symbolically regressed counterpart of the trained neural network against unseen pore-scale simulations. Further, through incorporating the discovered symbolic function into a continuum-scale simulation, we showcase the inherent portability of the proposed approach: The discovered water retention model can provide results comparable to those from a hierarchical multi-scale model, while bypassing the need for sub-scale simulations at individual material points.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49308,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geotechnica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11440-024-02322-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140612437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of underground pipelines subjected to landslide thrust with fiber optic strain sensing nerves","authors":"De-yang Wang,&nbsp;Hong-hu Zhu,&nbsp;Bing Wu,&nbsp;Xiao Ye,&nbsp;Jing Wang,&nbsp;Dao-yuan Tan,&nbsp;Bin Shi","doi":"10.1007/s11440-024-02311-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11440-024-02311-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High-accuracy deformation monitoring is crucial for investigating landslide–pipeline interaction problems, in which the fiber optic nerve system (FONS) holds enormous potential. This paper presents a theoretical framework for interpreting landslide–pipeline interactions using the FONS and proposes a novel method for calculating characteristic parameters of pipe–soil interfaces based on distributed strain measurements. The feasibility of this method is validated through a full-scale model test, and its application for studying pipeline behaviors is demonstrated in the Xinpu landslide, situated in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, China. The field monitoring results reveal that short-duration, high-intensity rainfall events triggered immediate acceleration of landslide movements, leading to pipeline elongation and flexure. Strain measurements of the underground pipeline allow for the identification of the local slipping interface of the landslide. Furthermore, the relationships between reservoir water level (RWL) fluctuations, rainfall events, landslide deformation, and the structural response of the pipe are analyzed. The findings suggest that the deformation of the landslide in the leading and middle parts exhibits high correlations with the combined effect of rainfall and RWL drawdown.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49308,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geotechnica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140612178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-field numerical modeling of slurry infiltration in saturated soil","authors":"Maosong Huang, Jianxin Ning, Jian Yu","doi":"10.1007/s11440-024-02330-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-024-02330-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Existing numerical methods for modeling slurry infiltration often employ a fluid continuity equation commonly used in groundwater flow analysis. However, it is essential to account for the changes in fluid density and viscosity due to shifts in slurry concentration. In view of this, a multi-field numerical model is developed to simulate the slurry infiltration in saturated soil considering the coupling relationship between particle transportation, fluid seepage, and soil deformation. The governing equations of slurry infiltration are derived based on the mass conservation law. The permeability coefficient is modified through spatiotemporal variation of slurry viscosity, which is governed by concentration modifications. The calculated results are validated using the existing test data, which rectifies the issue of non-conservation of mass in the existing model based on the continuity condition of the liquid phase. Finally, the method is applied to a model of a slurry trench to simulate the process of slurry infiltration, including the spatiotemporal variation of deposition, fluid pressure, and concentration. The time of mud cake formation is determined based on the pressure–time distribution. It is found that the time of mud cake formation in the slurry trench can be shortened by increasing the slurry concentration.</p>","PeriodicalId":49308,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geotechnica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140612425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating soil arching evolution in dense sand via fully-instrumented trapdoor tests","authors":"Yu-Xin Gao,&nbsp;Hong-Hu Zhu,&nbsp;Jing-Wen Su,&nbsp;Xu-Hui Guo,&nbsp;Tian-Xiang Liu,&nbsp;Hannah Wan-Huan Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s11440-024-02327-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11440-024-02327-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary dynamics of soil arches is crucial for accurately predicting soil deformations above sinkholes and assessing stability of underground structures. In this study, a series of trapdoor tests were conducted to investigate the progressive development of soil arching in dense sand. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was utilized to capture soil deformation patterns, while fiber optic strain sensing cables were used to validate the displacement influence zone of soil by measuring strain profiles of the foundation. The ground reaction curves, derived from the measurements of earth pressure cells, shed light on the evolution process of stress redistribution and the rotation of principal stresses. The test results reveal that the formation of soil arching alters the overlying pressure on the trapdoor, transferring loads from yielding soil to adjacent stationary soil. The development of soil failure surfaces corresponded with vertical stress variations on the trapdoor. The strain profiles exhibited a characteristic trough above the trapdoor, along with double peaks at its edges. The measurements of micro-anchored strain sensing cables with small anchor spacings provided more accurate distributions of soil shear deformation. Furthermore, the orientation and magnitude of soil arching was inferred from principal stress rotations. The insights gained in this study are valuable for understanding the propagation of soil arching, offering potential implications for the execution of rational geotechnical design and the mitigation of related geological hazards.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49308,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geotechnica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140612175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}