Journal of Fluency Disorders最新文献

{"title":"The Fifth Croatia Stuttering Symposium: Part III. Mental health and early stuttering","authors":"Mark Onslow ,&nbsp;Robyn Lowe ,&nbsp;Suzana Jelčić Jakšić ,&nbsp;Marie-Christine Franken ,&nbsp;Anna Hearne ,&nbsp;Irma Uijterlinde ,&nbsp;Kurt Eggers","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.106000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.106000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The Fifth Croatia Stuttering Symposium of 2022 continued the Fourth Croatia Stuttering Symposium 2019 theme of the connection between research and clinical practice. At the 2022 Symposium, there were 145 delegates from 21 countries. This paper documents the contents of the third of three Symposium modules.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The module topic was mental health and early stuttering, and that pre-schoolers who stutter are at risk of developing mental health issues. A clinical situation was considered where a parent of a 3-year-old child asked a clinician what the early signs of mental health issues might be for a child who stutters.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A distinguished scholar presented a 5-minute video interpretation of research about this topic. Three master clinicians then each presented a 2-minute video demonstration of how that research might be applied in a clinical situation. Following that, the convenors moderated a discussion between the distinguished scholar, master clinicians, and delegates regarding the research and how it applies to clinical practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 106000"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10200213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in auditory verbal working memory between adults who do and do not stutter on an N-back task","authors":"Zoi Gkalitsiou ,&nbsp;Courtney Byrd","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate auditory verbal working memory in adults who do (AWS) and do not (AWNS) stutter using a highly demanding linguistic N-back task.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Fifteen AWS and 15 AWNS matched in age, gender and educational level were asked to hear series of words and respond by pressing a “yes” button if the word they just heard was the same as the word one, two, or three trials back. Words were either phonologically similar (i.e., Phonological Linguistic Condition) or phonologically dissimilar (i.e., Neutral Linguistic Condition). Accuracy and false alarms rates as well as reaction time on correct target trials, missed target trials and false alarms were collected and analyzed.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Differences were not found between AWS and AWNS in accuracy. Both groups were more accurate and significantly faster in 1- followed by 2- followed by 3-back trials. However, AWS were significantly slower than AWNS in the 2-back level, regardless of linguistic condition. Furthermore, AWS demonstrated more false alarms compared to AWNS.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Results revealed differences in auditory verbal working memory and interference control between AWS and AWNS when processing highly linguistically demanding stimuli.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 105998"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10606752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Norwegian speech-language pathologists treatment practices for preschool children who stutter: An explorative study","authors":"Melanie Kirmess ,&nbsp;Linn Stokke Guttormsen ,&nbsp;Hilde Hofslundsengen ,&nbsp;Kari-Anne Bottegaard Næss ,&nbsp;Elaina Kefalianos","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105999","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This study investigated the treatment practices of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) with preschool children who stutter to explore variations in service delivery and, consequently to better inform and support evidence-based practice.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>121 Norwegian SLPs completed an online survey about stuttering treatment for preschool children aged up to six years. They reported on treatment training, choices, setting, dosage, and outcomes. Data was analysed descriptively. Correlation analyses between years of clinical experience and clinician perceived outcomes were conducted.</p></div><div><h3>Result</h3><p>Sixty-eight percent of SLPs were trained in one or more stuttering treatment programs. The majority of SLPs (83 %) provided treatment in person in preschool centers; 59 % reported providing treatment once a week. Thirty-four percent of SLPs reported that they <em>often</em> or <em>always</em> delivered the whole treatment program. Treatment practice addressed various elements, including advising parents about language and communication strategies, supporting the child's self-image, and perceived outcomes. The SLPs reported their clinician perceived outcomes as ‘always’ or ‘often’ reduction of audible stuttering (70 %), reduced cognitive and emotional reactions (55 %), and improved communication skills (58 %). Factors influencing treatment choices were identified at the systemic level (e.g., work place regulations) and individual level (e.g., SLPs competency, child’s best).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Stuttering treatment services in Norway differ from those reported in existing literature as treatment is given in preschool settings, only 34 % of SLPs deliver programs as intended whilst the majority use treatment elements only, and still experience positive changes. Provision is variable, and seems influenced by SLP training and competence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 105999"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10208443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental stuttering, physical concomitants associated with stuttering, and Tourette syndrome: A scoping review","authors":"Christelle Nilles ,&nbsp;Lindsay Berg ,&nbsp;Cassidy Fleming ,&nbsp;Davide Martino ,&nbsp;Tamara Pringsheim","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105992","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105992","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and purpose</h3><p>Developmental stuttering and Tourette syndrome (TS) are common neurodevelopmental disorders. Although disfluencies may co-occur in TS, their type and frequency do not always represent pure stuttering. Conversely, core symptoms of stuttering may be accompanied by physical concomitants (PCs) that can be confused for tics. This scoping review aimed to explore the similarities and differences between stuttering and tics in terms of epidemiology, comorbidities, phenomenology, evolution, physiopathology, and treatment. We also described the nature of PCs in stuttering and disfluencies in TS.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A literature search on Medline, Embase and PsycInfo was executed in March 2022. From 426 studies screened, 122 were included in the review (a majority being narrative reviews and case reports).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>TS and stuttering have several epidemiological, phenomenological, comorbidity, and management similarities suggesting shared risk factors and physiopathology (involving the basal ganglia and their connections with speech and motor control cortical regions). PCs in stuttering commonly involve the face (eyelids, jaw/mouth/lip movements) and sometimes the head, trunk and limbs. PCs can be present from early stages of stuttering and vary over time and within individuals. The function of PCs is unknown. Some individuals with TS have a distinct disfluency pattern, composed of a majority of typical disfluencies (mostly between-word disfluencies), and a mix of cluttering-like behaviors, complex phonic tics (e.g. speech-blocking tics, echolalia, palilalia), and rarely, atypical disfluencies.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Future investigations are warranted to better understand the complex relationships between tics and stuttering and address the management of disfluencies in TS and PCs in stuttering.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 105992"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10204840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cross-sectional investigation of disfluencies in typically developing Spanish-English bilingual children","authors":"Raúl Rojas ,&nbsp;Farzan Irani ,&nbsp;Svenja Gusewski ,&nbsp;Natalia Camacho","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105988","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This study examined the language skills and the type and frequency of disfluencies in the spoken narrative production of typically developing Spanish-English bilingual children.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>A cross-sectional sample of 106 bilingual children (50 boys; 56 girls) enrolled in kindergarten through Grade 4, produced a total of 212 narrative retell language samples in English and Spanish. A specialized fluency coding system was implemented to index the percentage of total (%TD) and stuttering-like disfluencies (%SLD) in each language. Large-scale reference databases were used to classify children’s dual language proficiency profiles (balanced, English dominant, Spanish dominant) based on language sample analysis measures of morphosyntax and lexical diversity.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The bilingual Spanish-English children in this study did not demonstrate significant cross-linguistic differences for mean %TD or %SLD. However, the mean %TD and %SLD in both languages exceeded the risk threshold based on monolingual English-speaking norms. English dominant bilingual children demonstrated significantly lower %TD in English than Spanish. Spanish dominant children demonstrated significantly lower %SLD in Spanish than English.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This study included the largest sample size of bilingual Spanish-English children investigated to date from a fluency perspective. The frequency of disfluencies was found to be variable across participants and change dynamically as a function of grade and dual language proficiency profiles, indicating the need for studies that employ larger sample sizes and longitudinal designs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 105988"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10261985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactions and responses to anticipation of stuttering and how they contribute to stuttered speech that listeners perceive as fluent – An opinion paper","authors":"Patrick M. Briley","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105997","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105997","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The experience of stuttering is wide ranging and includes a variety of perceived and unperceived behaviors and experiences. One of those experiences is anticipation of stuttering. While anticipation of stuttering is commonly discussed in terms of being a prediction of an upcoming event, it has also been equated to an internal realization of stuttering – which is the conceptualization applied here. The aim of this paper is to impress upon the reader that anticipated moments of stuttering (whether at a conscious or subconscious level) must be met with an adaptive reaction or response (which may also occur consciously or subconsciously). While these adaptive reactions and responses may differ based on whether they promote positive or negative communicative behaviors, they still represent adaptations by the speaker. Among the broad category of reactions and responses to anticipation of stuttering are motoric adaptations to speech, which include characteristic stuttering behaviors and other adaptations that may contribute to speech that is perceived by listeners as fluent. An outcome of this conceptualization is, even when adaptations result in listener perceived fluency, the speech of the person who stutters is still controlled by stuttering – meaning that some observable or unobservable adaptation is required. It is critical that speech-language pathologists recognize that the behaviors of people who stutter may reflect reactions and responses to an internal realization of stuttering and observable and unobservable reactions and responses must be considered in both assessments and interventions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 105997"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10207891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stuttering experience of people in China: A cross-cultural perspective","authors":"Yan Ma ,&nbsp;Judith D. Oxley ,&nbsp;J. Scott Yaruss ,&nbsp;John A. Tetnowski","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This study uses the Simplified Chinese version of the <em>Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering</em> for Adults (<em>OASES-A-SC</em>) to examine the stuttering experience of people in China and determine if there are differences between the data collected in China and other countries.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A total of 139 responses to the <em>OASES-A-SC</em> were collected in an online self-help community of people in China who stutter. Descriptive analyses were conducted to obtain the understanding of how stuttering impacts the life experience of people in China who stutter. Comparisons were conducted regarding the groups of gender, highest education, and therapy history. Cross-cultural comparisons among the data collected from China, Australia, the Netherlands, Japan, Sweden, and the USA were also conducted.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The data for the <em>OASES-A-SC</em> showed a skewed distribution toward the severe end of the <em>OASES-A</em> impacting scale. About 93.5% participants rated the overall impact of stuttering on their life at and above the “Moderate” category. The mean scores of the General Information, Reaction to Stuttering, and Qualify of Life sections fell in the moderate-to-severe category. Compared with the data in other five countries, the Chinese data were significantly higher in the impact severity level.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The results showed that people in China who stutter have more adverse experiences related to stuttering compared with their counterparts in western or developed countries. Higher negative attitudes toward stuttering in China, social stigma against people with disabilities, and the fewer professional supports were discussed to be associated with this more adverse experience. Cultural differences such as a greater power distance and higher collectivism in Chinese culture were considered to be associated with the elevated level of adverse impact of stuttering in China.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 105994"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10205378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex working memory in adults with and without stuttering disorders: Performance patterns and predictive relationships","authors":"Naomi Eichorn ,&nbsp;Jessica Hall ,&nbsp;Klara Marton","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Available studies of working memory (WM) in speakers who stutter tend to rely on parent report, focus on phonological WM, or measure WM in combination with other processes. The present research aimed to: (1) compare complex WM in adults who stutter (AWS) and adults who do not stutter (AWNS); (2) characterize group performance patterns; and (2) determine whether WM predicts stuttering severity.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Eighteen AWS and 20 AWNS completed parallel verbal and spatial span tasks in which to-be-remembered items were interleaved with a distracting task across varying set sizes. Dependent variables included the number of correctly recalled items, accuracy on distraction tasks, and detailed analyses of item-level responses. We further examined whether span scores predicted subjective and objective measures of stuttering severity.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Relative to AWNS, AWS showed poorer recall, specifically on short set sizes in the spatial task. Groups performed similarly on distraction tasks and showed comparable error patterns. Predictive relationships differed by span task and severity measure. Lower verbal span scores predicted greater stuttering impact and more overt stuttering behaviors; lower spatial span scores predicted lower impact and was unrelated to overt behaviors.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Findings suggest that AWS differ subtly from AWNS in WM performance. Group differences became more apparent under certain task conditions but could not be attributed to specific underlying processes. Data further indicated a complex relationship between WM and stuttering severity. Overall, results corroborate previous studies linking stuttering to domain-general weaknesses, but highlight the need for additional research to clarify the nature of this relationship.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 105993"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10206844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of attentional focus on speech motor control in adults who stutter with and without social evaluative threat","authors":"Kim R. Bauerly ,&nbsp;Antje Mefferd","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>We sought to investigate the effects of cued attentional shifts on speechmotor control in adults who stutter (AWS) and adults who do not stutter (ANS) when speaking under low and high social stress conditions.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>Thirteen AWS’ and 10 ANS’ lip aperture (LA) and posterior tongue (PT) movements were assessed under a Cued-Internal and Cued-External attentional focus condition with and without social stress induction (i.e. speaking to an audience). Skin conductance levels were used to measure a stress response. Speech motor control was assessed by measuring movement duration and variability of movement for LA and PT using the spatial temporal index (STI).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A significant Group x Condition interaction was found for LA STI. Post-hoc comparisons indicated AWS’ LA STI significantly decreased under Cued External Focus conditions during both low and high social stress. No significant Group x Condition interaction was found for PT STI. AWS showed significantly slower tongue movements (PT) across all low and high social stress conditions; however, there was no significant Group x Condition interaction for PT or LA.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>Findings yield preliminary insights into the role of attentional focus on speech motor control when speaking during high social stress. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 105995"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10207872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The experience of Polish individuals who stutter based on the OASES outcomes","authors":"Katarzyna Węsierska ,&nbsp;J. Scott Yaruss ,&nbsp;Kalina Kosacka ,&nbsp;Łukasz Kowalczyk ,&nbsp;Aleksandra Boroń","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Prior research has shown that stuttering is a complex and individualized condition. The <em>Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering</em> (OASES; Yaruss &amp; Quesal, 2016) is a well-researched tool that measures the impact of stuttering on an individual's life. This study has used the Polish version of the OASES to examine the experience of stuttering among Polish people who stutter.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>The original, English version of the OASES was translated into Polish. Reliability and validity for the Polish version were evaluated. Comparisons were made between samples from Poland and the United States for all of the sections and for the overall results of the OASES-S, OASES-T, and OASES-A. To explore the structure of the stuttering experience, a factor structure of the OASES was conducted.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Like other versions of the OASES, the OASES-Polish (OASES-PL) demonstrated good reliability and validity. Cross-cultural comparisons have shown that Polish school-age children had significantly lower knowledge and awareness of stuttering than children in the United States (USA). Factor analysis further revealed that the structure of the experience of stuttering is similar across all age groups, but the importance of the particular aspects of stuttering varies at different stages of life.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The OASES-PL is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring the impact of stuttering on Polish people who stutter and can therefore be used as a clinical tool. Polish results were relatively similar to those from the USA, though there were subtle cross-cultural differences that are worthy of further exploration.</p></div><div><h3>Educational objectives</h3><p>After reading the article, the participant will be able: (1) to describe the diverse experiences of Polish people who stutter at different ages, (2) to explain the importance of quality of life analysis in diagnosis and speech therapy with people who stutter, and (3) to explain the breadth of the stuttering phenomenon among Polish individuals who stutter.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 105991"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10209777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}