Journal of Fluency Disorders最新文献

{"title":"Exploring employers’ beliefs, reactions, and knowledge regarding people who stutter","authors":"Megan M. Young ,&nbsp;Courtney T. Byrd","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Vocational role entrapment and employment disparities have been well documented in adults who stutter. Employers’ understanding of and attitudes toward stuttering may contribute, at least, in part, to these inequities. The primary purpose of this study was to expand prior research by exploring employers’ beliefs, reactions, and knowledge regarding people who stutter. A secondary purpose was to determine the influence of age, gender, racial and ethnic background, and/or familiarity with a person who stutters on employers’ attitudes (i.e., beliefs and reactions).</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A sample of 331 employers from the six largest employment sectors in the U.S. participated in the study. To assess knowledge and attitudes toward stuttering, respondents completed the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes-Stuttering (POSHA-S; St. Louis, 2011)<em>.</em> Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Most employers reported knowing nothing to very little about stuttering. Additionally, many were unsure about the veracity of common stuttering stereotypes relating to personality traits and etiology. Race and ethnicity, gender, and familiarity with a person who stutters were significant predictors of employers’ attitudes toward people who stutter.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Employers’ misunderstandings of stuttering may perpetuate ableism and contribute to employment disparities impacting adults who stutter. Findings reveal a critical need for education and training for hiring professionals in the United States.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 106123"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parents recounting their journey with stuttering: A preliminary exploration of experiences and adaptation","authors":"Sadaf Salehi,&nbsp;Derek E. Daniels","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/purpose</h3><div>Parents' attitudes and emotions toward stuttering have the potential to impact their reactions to their child's speech. Many parents lack sufficient knowledge about stuttering, which often leads to guilt, uncertainty, and helplessness when their child begins to stutter. However, these experiences may evolve later. This study aimed to explore parents' experiences, as well as their reflections on how these experiences have changed since the onset.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 5 parents of individuals who stutter, and 9 other parents chose to complete an anonymous online survey with similar questions. Content analysis was used to identify patterns in parents’ experiences, and thematic analysis was used to delineate the components of their change and adaptation process.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Four main themes emerged: 1) dynamic emotions of parents, reflecting the fluctuating feelings parents experienced; 2) social compromises, where parents made sacrifices because of their child’s stuttering; 3) proactive and protective parenting, involving efforts to support and protect their child; and 4) beyond stuttering, emphasizing the recognition of the child's strengths. Furthermore, a preliminary framework was developed to describe parents' process of adaptation, encompassing six components: emotional struggles, concern and uncertainty, transition to action, seeking support and education, preparation and empowerment, and acceptance. These components were experienced in a non-linear fashion.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study enhances our understanding of the socio-emotional journey that parents undergo in relation to their child's stuttering. The findings highlight the need for interventions that support both the child and the family and address the challenges parents face.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 106122"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment and treatment of acquired stuttering: A single subject study","authors":"Wallis Grout-Brown ,&nbsp;Catherine Theys","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Acquired stuttering typically has an onset in adulthood and can be neurogenic or functional (DSM-5)/dissociative (ICD-11) in nature. Differential diagnosis may not always be straightforward. Unfortunately, there is a lack of systematic prospective research providing detailed assessment and treatment information in this area. This single subject case study provides a detailed overview of the assessment and diagnostic process followed with a client referred with acquired stuttering, treatment techniques used and their outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This single case study involved a client with a 9-month history of acquired</div><div>stuttering who participated in 2 baseline assessment sessions followed by 8 treatment</div><div>sessions over two weeks. Treatment was tailored to the needs of the participant and based on assessment findings indicating fluency improvements during singing. Five follow up sessions were held in the 6 months post-treatment to monitor progress and maintenance. Speech disfluencies were coded, and questionnaires were used to assess impact of stuttering.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Baseline assessment results supported a diagnosis of acquired functional stuttering. Following treatment, the frequency of syllables stuttered reduced in all speech tasks: conversation, picture description and reading. The participant regained previous natural fluency, showed overall quality of life improvements and was able to resume work shortly after treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This acquired functional stuttering report showed that while initial differential diagnosis may be difficult, comprehensive assessment facilitates this process and may guide treatment decisions. Treatment led to a regain of previous fluency and a significant improvement in quality of life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 106121"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A phenomenological exploration of the contextual variability of stuttering","authors":"Amanda Ortiz-Alvarez ,&nbsp;Richard Arenas","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>It is well documented that stuttering is contextually variable, as its frequency and duration can vary widely across contexts and emerge from interactions across internal and external factors (i.e., corresponding to the speaker and communication contexts in which a speaker may find themselves, respectively). While much of the previous literature has described contextual variability from listeners' vantage points, there is scant research capturing speaker-centered perspectives. As such, this study explored the beliefs and experiences of 10 people who stutter (PWS) regarding: a) how their stuttering varies; b) potential contributors to its variability; and c) how stuttering variability can impact quality of life.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Ten PWS participated in phenomenological interviews to discuss their lived experiences of stuttering. Analyses of interviews yielded experiential themes and corresponding subthemes encompassing unique and shared insights across participants.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants' depictions of contextual variability revealed four broad experiential themes: \"randomness and cyclical patterns of stuttering,\" \"internal state factors,\" \"specific cues,\" and \"perceived judgment within social contexts.\"</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The current investigation highlighted various factors that participants felt were associated with stuttering variability based on their lived experiences. Notably, alignment of several findings (e.g., saliency of perceived judgement) with previous conceptualizations of stuttering variability (e.g., concern for social approval) yielded descriptions grounded within speakers’ perspectives that contextualized prevailing (i.e., listener-oriented) narratives of stuttering which have been historically dominant across therapy and research. Thus, results from the present study underscored the vital importance of accounting for lived experiences to advance our current understanding of stuttering and contextual variability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 106120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Working memory capacity and rumination in adults who stutter","authors":"Geoffrey A. Coalson ,&nbsp;Robyn Croft ,&nbsp;Courtney T. Byrd","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Difficulty discarding irrelevant negative stimuli activated in working memory has been linked to increased rumination. Adults who stutter (AWS) report (a) rumination about communication events, and (b) difficulties during tasks that require manipulation of information held in working memory compared to non-stuttering adults (AWNS). Given the link between rumination and working memory, this study examined whether AWS discard negative stimuli faster or slower compared to AWNS, and whether speed of discarding negative information is linked to generalized rumination.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>To assess the relationship between working memory and rumination, 26 participants (14 AWS, 12 AWNS) completed a version of the Modified Sternberg Task. Participants first memorized wordlists with positive or negative emotional valence. Participants were then cued to recall a specific wordlist, followed by a prompt word that either matched or conflicted with the wordlist. Manual response latency was compared between groups.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>AWS and AWNS exhibit comparable speed when discarding irrelevant stimuli, with both groups slower to discard negative rather than positive irrelevant stimuli. Latency of discarding negative information was not associated with self-reported rumination in AWS.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Preliminary data indicate no differences in the rate at which AWS and AWNS regulate negative stimuli. Additionally, rumination does not appear to be uniquely associated with the speed at which negative information is discarded. Further research is warranted to determine what role, if any, working memory has in the repetitive negative thinking reported by some, but not all, individuals who stutter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 106119"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143906337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiences and therapy expectations of parents of preschool children who stutter","authors":"Havva Nur Yırtık ,&nbsp;Nurdan Cankuvvet","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Purpose:</em> The study aimed to inquire about the experiences and therapy expectations of parents of preschool children who stutter in Türkiye. <em>Methods:</em> This qualitative research used a phenomenological design. Eight parents (four mothers and four fathers) of preschool children (between 4 and 6 years) who stutter participated in the study. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed via thematic analysis. <em>Results:</em> Analysis of data resulted in four main themes and nine sub-themes. The findings showed that children and their parents had been adversely affected by stuttering before therapy. The parents may unintentionally engage in behaviors such as interrupting, finishing sentences, or pressuring their child to speak fluently; had limited knowledge about stuttering; and consulted information sources other than speech and language pathologists before therapy. During therapy, the adverse effects of stuttering on parents decreased; parental attitudes changed; and parents’ knowledge about stuttering increased. Parents expected that therapy would reduce the adverse impacts of stuttering during therapy, to obtain accurate information, and to see a quality interaction between speech and language pathologists and their children. <em>Conclusion:</em> The study reveals that therapy process transforms parents' negative experiences and corrects the inaccuracies in their knowledge about stuttering. The research highlights the importance of considering parents' experiences and expectations, as well as the cultural background of families when conducting therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 106117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Turkish adaptation of the palin parent rating scales: A validity and reliability assessment","authors":"M. Emrah Cangi ,&nbsp;Nihal Aydin ,&nbsp;Sharon K. Millard","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The Palin Parent Rating Scales (Palin PRS) is a standardized tool designed to measure (1) the impact of stuttering on a child, (2) the severity of stuttering and its impact on parents, and (3) parents' knowledge about stuttering and their confidence in managing it. This study examines the validity and reliability of the Turkish adaptation of the scale.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants included 193 parents of 118 children who stutter aged 3;0–14;1 years. Analyses included confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), item response theory using the graded response model, internal consistency analyses (Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega, and Guttman's lambda), composite reliability, and test-retest reliability.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The CFA supported the scale’s original structure and validated the model after reordering three item pairs within the factors, with the final model showing acceptable fit indices (χ² = 387.78, χ²/df = 2.67, <em>p</em> &lt; .01; IFI =.91; CFI =.90, and RMSEA =.09). The results supported measurement invariance between mothers and fathers, with values from .71 to 6.44. Composite reliability values ranging from .82 to.92 provided evidence of convergent validity. Reliability coefficients were satisfactory (≥.83), and test-retest results confirmed temporal stability (<em>r</em> = .64–.72).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results of the psychometric analyses, including validity and reliability assessments, confirmed the three-factor, 19-item structure of the original version in its Turkish adaptation (Palin PRS-TR). Therefore, the Palin PRS-TR is a valid and reliable instrument for use in clinical and scientific settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 106118"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How reliable and useful are social media videos about stuttering? A comprehensive evaluation of content and credibility","authors":"Derya Çavdar MsC (Corresponding Author) ,&nbsp;Muhsin Dölek ,&nbsp;Özlem Oğuz","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adults who stutter (AWS) often turn to social media platforms to connect with others, exchange personal experiences and access informational content. This study aimed to assess the reliability, quality, understandability, and actionability of videos about stuttering on these platforms, evaluating them based on both content and source. The most relevant YouTube keywords related to stuttering were identified using Google Trends, and popular Instagram hashtags were determined through Later Application. Videos from the first three pages for each keyword were analyzed for YouTube, and the top 100 videos with the highest engagement for each hashtag were selected using Python for Instagram. Speech and Language Therapists (SLTs) rated the videos using the Modified Quality Criteria for Consumer Health Information (M-DISCERN), Global Quality Score (GQS), and Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT). The analysis also included the number of ratings and likes on comments. Videos created by SLTs on YouTube and Instagram are more reliable and of higher quality compared to videos on AWS and non-expert sources (<em>p</em> &lt; .001). On YouTube, videos created by SLTs are superior in quality, reliability, comprehensibility compared to videos produced by other healthcare professionals (<em>p</em> &lt; .001). Additionally, videos on AWS receive a greater number of positive comments compared to videos from SLTs and other healthcare professionals (<em>p</em> &lt; .001). AWS should carefully consider the content and source of the videos they watch. There is a need for greater social awareness, and SLTs should be encouraged to produce high-quality content on social media platforms to ensure the dissemination of accurate and helpful information.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 106116"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep parameters in children who stutter: A comparison with children who do not stutter using actigraphy","authors":"Maria Clara Helena Couto ,&nbsp;Cristiane Moço Canhetti de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Isabella Meneses da Silva ,&nbsp;Ana Luiza Decanini Miranda de Souza ,&nbsp;Mahara Proença ,&nbsp;Tiago V. Barreira ,&nbsp;Luciana Pinato","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aimed to compare objective sleep parameters in children who stutter (CWS) with those in children who do not stutter (CWNS) using actigraphy. Previous research, mainly relying on subjective methods such as questionnaires and sleep diaries, has highlighted the high prevalence of sleep disorders in individuals who stutter.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Sleep parameters, including sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency, sleep duration, and total sleep time, were objectively measured using actigraphy over 14 consecutive days. The study included 30 CWS (aged 4–12 years) and 21 CWNS (also aged 4–12 years). Data were analyzed with SPSS Statistics 28.0 software, expressed as medians with interquartile ranges (25–75 %). Group comparisons were conducted using the Mann-Whitney test. The significance level for all statistical tests was set at p &lt; 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>CWS exhibited significantly longer sleep onset latency (p &lt; 0.001) and lower sleep efficiency (p = 0.01) compared to CWNS. No significant differences were observed in total sleep time or sleep duration between the groups.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>This study provides objective evidence that CWS experience specific alterations in sleep parameters, particularly in sleep onset latency and sleep efficiency. This suggests a higher prevalence of sleep disturbances within this population. These findings highlight the importance of integrating sleep assessments into the clinical management of stuttering to improve therapeutic outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 106115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143714950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palin Stuttering Therapy for School aged Children and usual treatment: A randomised controlled trial feasibility study","authors":"S.K. Millard ,&nbsp;S. Murphy ,&nbsp;G. Barton ,&nbsp;L. Rixon ,&nbsp;L. Shepstone ,&nbsp;E. Sims ,&nbsp;V. Joffe","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Despite a clear need for and evidence-based therapy for some children who stutter aged 8–14, there is no high-level evidence of effectiveness, with Speech and Language Therapists rating knowledge and confidence low. One programme which might address these needs, increase availability of services and improve outcomes, is Palin Stammering Therapy for School aged Children (Palin STSC(8−14)).</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To investigate the feasibility of conducting a definitive randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8−14) with usual treatment<em>.</em> Objectives were to establish: recruitment and retention rates; appropriateness of the outcome measures; acceptability of the research and Palin STSC(8−14) therapy; treatment fidelity; and, appropriateness of the cost-effectiveness measures.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A two-arm, cluster-randomised trial, with randomisation of therapists, stratified by service. Children aged 8;0–14;11, and their parent(s), were allocated to therapist and completed questionnaires pre-therapy and six months later. Assessments were selected for their potential to measure or predict therapy outcome. Therapists completed measures at the start and end of the trial. A process analysis was conducted, incorporating semi-structured interviews and treatment fidelity examination.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Recruitment targets were exceeded (Children n = 67; SLTs n = 37). Research processes were largely acceptable, as was Palin STSC(8−14) therapy. Treatment fidelity was high, with SLT adherence at 85.7 % Mean number of sessions per child for Palin STSC(8−14) was 6.9 compared to 3.5 for usual treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The feasibility targets were met. Based on recruitment, retention and adherence rates and our outcome measures, a full-scale randomised controlled trial appears feasible and warranted to assess the effectiveness of Palin STSC(8−14).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 106114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}