Journal of Fluency Disorders最新文献

{"title":"Uh and um production: Persistent filled pause characteristics in English school-age children with a late-talking history","authors":"Yanting Sun ,&nbsp;Hongwei Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study examined filled pause usage in 5-year-old English-speaking children with a history of late talking who had received intervention, compared to typically developing peers, revealing persistent distributional, temporal, and acoustic differences in filled pause usage despite intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analysed spontaneous speech samples from 73 children (36 with a late-talking history and 37 typical) using CHILDES Clinical English Ellis Weismer Corpus, focusing on filled pauses ‘um’ and ‘uh’. Filled pauses were categorised by turn-taking position and inter-pausal units, with frequency and lexical choice (uh-rate, um-rate, um-ratio) examined. Duration differences across conversational stages were also assessed. Acoustic analysis visualised pitch contours, periodic energy, and power representations. Cross-correlation analyses explored their relationships in filled pauses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The distributional analysis revealed that children with a history of late talking produced more ‘um’ in turn-initial and turn-only positions, whilst typically developing children used more in turn-medial positions. Temporal characteristics showed that children who were previously late talkers exhibited longer ‘um’ durations across all conversational stages and slower speech rates. Acoustic analysis demonstrated that their filled pauses displayed consistently higher pitch values and showed distinct cross-correlation patterns, with delayed coordination between pitch and energy compared to typically developing peers, particularly in ‘um’ production.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Children with a late-talking history show increased turn-initial ‘um’ use, longer durations, elevated pitch, and delayed pitch-energy synchronisation, primarily indicating persistent prosodic and processing difficulties despite receiving language intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 106173"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145558177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cortical emotional reactivity, caregiver-reported emotional control, and stuttering frequency in young children","authors":"Hatun Zengin-Bolatkale ,&nbsp;Alexandra P. Key ,&nbsp;Robin M. Jones","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The present study aimed to determine whether cortical associates of emotional reactivity and caregiver-reported emotional control skills are associated with stuttered speech in young children who do (CWS) and do not stutter (CWNS).</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Twenty young CWS and 24 young CWNS passively viewed neutral and affective pictures while their event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Children’s speech fluency was assessed during a free-play conversational speech sample before the ERP task. Participants’ caregivers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>For CWS and CWNS, greater cortical reactivity to unpleasant pictures was associated with higher stuttering frequency. Parents of CWS rated their children poorer on the Emotional Control dimension of the BRIEF than parents of CWNS. However, the between-group difference on Emotional Control was no longer significant when group differences in expressive language scores were taken into account. Within-group analyses revealed that poorer Emotional Control scores were associated with higher stuttering frequency for CWS. Lastly, for CWS, poorer Emotional Control scores on BRIEF were associated with greater cortical reactivity to unpleasant pictures.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Overall, findings replicate those of previous studies that reported a significant association between stuttering and emotion-related behavioral and physiological measures. Further, this study extends past work and provides the first evidence that cortical measures of emotional reactivity are associated with stuttering frequency. Potential mechanisms that may explain the nature of the association between emotional processes and stuttering frequency are discussed but must await further study to be elucidated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 106139"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polish adaptation of the Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale: Scale development and analysis","authors":"Marta Wesierska ,&nbsp;Natalia Świsłocka ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Węsierska ,&nbsp;Michael P. Boyle","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>There is currently no available assessment of self-stigmatization for people who stutter in Polish, and previous research has identified a clear need for such a measure to be implemented in therapy settings. The aim of this study was to adapt the Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale (4S) to Polish.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The study recruited 108 Polish adults who stutter (48.1 % female, 51.9 % male), ranging in age from 18 to 67. Participants were mainly recruited via speech language pathologists (SLPs) and self-help group leaders. Participants completed the Polish translation of the 4S scale, as well as questions on general mental health welfare and life satisfaction, their own speech assessment, perceptions of difficulties associated with stuttering, and perceived level of support.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The highest score of the Polish 4S was for stigma awareness. The overall scale and individual subscales were significantly correlated with each other and the scale showed good internal consistency. Mean scores were generally in line with Boyle’s (2015) scale evaluation results. Levels of internal consistency were comparable to those in Boyle (2015) and to other translations. The results show that a large proportion of participants were aware of the stigma associated with stuttering (reflected in 67.59 % of participants scoring above the theoretical midpoint on the Stigma Awareness Score) and a substantial proportion of participants applied highly negative stigmatizing attitudes to themselves personally (38.89 % of participants scored above the theoretical midpoint on the Stigma Application Score).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The study findings align with previous assessments and adaptations, suggesting the 4S can reliably be used in the Polish context. As the field of speech and language therapy in Poland is increasingly more concerned with the internal feelings and emotions of people who stutter rather than solely focusing on treatment of physical speech disruption, an assessment of self-stigma is an important addition to the speech-language pathologists’ toolkit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 106138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jordanian healthcare workers’ attitudes toward stuttering and people who stutter","authors":"Khalid G. Al-Shdifat ,&nbsp;Shahed M. Fuda ,&nbsp;Mahmoud T. Alwidyan","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Studies that have the attitudes of healthcare workers toward stuttering and people who stutter (PWS) in different parts of the world and in Jordan mainly focused on SLPs. However, no studies have examined Jordanian healthcare workers’ attitudes in general. Aim: This study explored the attitudes of Jordanian healthcare workers toward stuttering and PWS using the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes-Stuttering (POSHA-S) and compared them to each other and to people on the POSHA-S database, people from the same culture (i.e., Middle Eastern) and Jordan. Methods: 241 healthcare workers in Jordan were invited to answer the Arabic version of the POSHA-S online. They were divided into six groups, i.e., doctors, pharmacists, speech-language pathologists (SLPs), occupational and physical therapists (OTs and PTs), nurses, and other health professionals. ANOVA and post hoc tests were utilized to analyze the data. Results: The overall stuttering score for the whole sample of the study was relatively low compared to the POSHA-S database, but slightly positively higher than the scores of the general population from the same culture and Jordan. SLPs and OTs and PTs had the highest overall stuttering scores. Group mean differences were significant between SLPs and the other groups. Conclusions: Jordanian healthcare workers had low positive attitudes toward stuttering and PWS. SLPs’ higher positive attitudes than the rest of the healthcare workers might reflect their training and knowledge gained through working with PWS. However, there is still a need to raise awareness and knowledge about stuttering among all healthcare workers in Jordan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 106125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring anticipation of stuttering: Validation and revision of the English Premonitory Awareness in Stuttering Scale (PAiS-R)","authors":"Robert T. Bies ,&nbsp;Michael P. Robb ,&nbsp;Ai Leen Choo","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Anticipation of stuttering is experienced by nearly all adults who stutter (AWS). The Premonitory Awareness in Stuttering Scale (PAiS) is an existing tool validated in German and Turkish that measures the intensity of stuttering anticipation. The present study aimed to provide initial validation of the PAiS in English.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A total of 78 AWS (47 males; <em>M</em> = 41.2 years) completed an online English version of the PAiS and rated their stuttering severity on a 9-point Likert scale. Two weeks later, 49 participants completed a retest. A range of psychometric analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA), were performed to assess reliability and structural validity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The PAiS demonstrated strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability in this initial validation. Item-level analyses and PCA identified weaknesses among four of the 12 scale items.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The English version of the PAiS demonstrated strong psychometric properties, particularly when reduced to eight items. The revised PAiS (PAiS-R) showed good initial reliability and structural validity for measuring anticipation of stuttering among English-speaking AWS. The PAiS-R holds promise as an assessment of anticipation, both clinically and in research settings, although further psychometric evaluation is warranted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 106142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144580833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug-induced stuttering: A case study","authors":"Thales De Nardo ,&nbsp;Elizabeth A. Minton","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 26-year-old female presented with an onset of severe stuttering four days after taking the medications Gabapentin and Lexapro. Gabapentin has been associated with acquired stuttering previously but, unlike previous cases, the stutter persisted for years after the discontinuation of the drug. Neurological and motor speech exams were normal aside from stuttering. The patient did not respond to fluency shaping strategies. Speech therapy focused on reducing secondary behaviors, affective, and cognitive aspects related to stuttering and was successful in improving cognitive, affective, quality of life, and stuttering severity measures. This case study supports the use of therapy procedures that focuses on factors beyond speech fluency in the treatment of acquired stuttering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 106124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144231950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the response quality and readability of ChatGPT in stuttering","authors":"Saeed Saeedi ,&nbsp;Mehdi Bakhtiar","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106149","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;This study aimed to examine how frequently asked questions regarding stuttering were comprehended and answered by ChatGPT.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;In this exploratory study, eleven common questions about stuttering were asked in a single conversation with the GPT-4o mini. While being blind relative to the source of the answers (whether by AI or SLPs), a panel of five certified speech and language pathologists (SLPs) was requested to differentiate if responses were produced by the ChatGPT chatbot or provided by SLPs. Additionally, they were instructed to evaluate the responses based on several criteria, including the presence of inaccuracies, the potential for causing harm and the degree of harm that could result, and alignment with the prevailing consensus within the SLP community. All ChatGPT responses were also evaluated utilizing various readability features, including the Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), Gunning Fog Scale Level (GFSL), and Dale-Chall Score (D-CS), the number of words, number of sentences, words per sentence (WPS), characters per word (CPW), and the percentage of difficult words. Furthermore, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was employed to examine relationship between the evaluations conducted by the panel of certified SLPs and readability features.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;A substantial proportion of the AI-generated responses (45.50 %) were incorrectly identified by SLP panel as being written by other SLPs, indicating high perceived human-likeness (origin). Regarding content quality, 83.60 % of the responses were found to be accurate (incorrectness), 63.60 % were rated as harmless (harm), and 38.20 % were considered to cause only minor to moderate impact (extent of harm). In terms of professional alignment, 62 % of the responses reflected the prevailing views within the SLP community (consensus). The means ± standard deviation of FRES, GFSL, and D-CS were 26.52 ± 13.94 (readable for college graduates), 18.17 ± 3.39 (readable for graduate students), and 9.90 ± 1.08 (readable for 13th to 15th grade [college]), respectively. Furthermore, each response contained an average of 99.73 words, 6.80 sentences, 17.44 WPS, 5.79 CPW, and 27.96 % difficult words. The correlation coefficients ranged between significantly large negative value (&lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt; = -0.909, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05) to very large positive value (&lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt; = 0.918, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The results revealed that the emerging ChatGPT possesses a promising capability to provide appropriate responses to frequently asked questions in the field of stuttering, which is attested by the fact that panel of certified SLPs perceived about 45 % of them to be generated by SLPs. However, given the increasing accessibility of AI tools, particularly among individuals with limited access to professional services, it is crucial to emphasize that such tools are intended solely for educati","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 106149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between familiarity with a person who stutters and vocational stereotyping.","authors":"Cody W Dew, Rodney M Gabel","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Previous research has identified vocational stereotyping towards people who stutter. There continues to be a need to understand factors that might influence vocational stereotyping. This study aimed to understand if having a relationship with a person who stutters influences vocational stereotyping.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Using an online survey, participants identified if they know a person who stutters as well as the type and closeness of that relationship. Then, participants completed the Vocational Advice Scale (VAS). Relationships between familiarity with a person who stutters and VAS scale ratings were investigated using multiple statistical analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicate that knowing a person who stutters has no significant effect on VAS scores for any career, including high-communication careers that are typically less advised for a person who stutters. Results also indicate that the closeness or type of relationship with a person who stutters has no significant impact on scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Individuals who have a relationship with a person who stutters appear to demonstrate vocational stereotyping towards people who stutter. In other words, even those closest to people who stutter view careers requiring high communication demands as less appropriate for them. How these results contribute to understanding vocational stereotypes and role entrapment are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"85 ","pages":"106146"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144805161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of stuttering onset and persistence linked to early language skills: Results from the Generation R Study","authors":"S.P.C. Koenraads ,&nbsp;P.W. Jansen ,&nbsp;J.E. Labuschagne ,&nbsp;M.P. van der Schroeff ,&nbsp;M.C. Franken","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Although linguistic factors are considered relevant to stuttering onset and its developmental course, the exact relationship between language and childhood stuttering remains unclear. Low, average and above-average expressive and receptive language skills have been associated with childhood stuttering. This study aimed to evaluate whether early language skills in children are associated with the risk of stuttering onset and persistence, using population-level data.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In a prospective, population-based cohort, we analyzed early-childhood language data from 123 nine-year-old with a history of stuttering (22 persistent, 101 recovered) and 2819 children without such a history. Expressive and receptive language skills were assessed at five time points using parental-reported questionnaires between 18 and 48 months of age. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Higher expressive and receptive language skills at 24 months were significantly associated with a decreased risk of stuttering (Odds Ratio (OR), 0.78, 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) [0.65, 0.93], p-value &lt; 0.01). Language assessments at 18, 30, 36 and 48 months showed no evidence of any association with stuttering (persistence).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings support previous studies indicating that lower language skills in early childhood add to the risk of stuttering onset, but not with the persistence of stuttering. This association does not imply causality, it only demonstrates the association. Therefore, clinicians are advised to screen language skills in pre-school children referred shortly after stuttering onset. Early language assessment may also reveal concomitant, clinically relevant language disorders, which are more prevalent in children already identified with one developmental concern.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 106145"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Let’s read: Building allies through a bibliotherapy stuttering intervention","authors":"Michael Azios ,&nbsp;Farzan Irani ,&nbsp;Teyara Watson-Love ,&nbsp;Anne Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The aim of this exploratory study was to determine whether a school-based bibliotherapy intervention will change the attitudes of school-aged children who do not stutter toward children who stutter (CWS). A secondary purpose was to determine the ease of implementation in a school.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Twenty-six fourth-grade children who do not stutter participated in an intervention consisting of graduate student clinicians using a bibliotherapy framework and guided discussions over the course of four weeks to educate and shift their attitudes about stuttering and peers who stutter. All participants completed the Peer Attitudes Toward Children who Stutter (PATCS) scale pre- and post-intervention to determine if there was a change in attitudes toward CWS. The graduate student clinicians completed the System Usability Scale (SUS) at the end of the intervention to rate the ease of implementing the novel bibliotherapy intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There was a significant, positive effect of bibliotherapy intervention on the attitudes of fourth-grade children towards CWS as measured by the PATCS. Graduate student clinicians who administered the intervention in the school rated it as “good” to “excellent” in terms of ease of implementation on the SUS.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The bibliotherapy-based classroom intervention was effective at modifying peer attitudes toward stuttering in just four weeks and was easy to implement, making it a feasible approach for clinicians who desire to transition to a social model of intervention that targets the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 106143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}