Journal of Fluency Disorders最新文献

{"title":"More than meets the eye: Self-rated covert stuttering is linked to reduced psychosocial and communicative outcomes","authors":"Michael P. Boyle,&nbsp;Amy L. Rosen","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The purpose of this study was to investigate whether self-rated covert stuttering (i.e., the extent of being able to keep stuttering hidden from others) was associated with anxiety, quality of life, social role satisfaction, speech usage, and salience of stuttering among adults who stutter.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A sample of 316 adults who stutter was asked about the extent to which they believed they were successful in concealing their stuttering so that others did not know that they stuttered. The sample was divided into two groups, one comprised of people who believed they were more often than not overtly stuttering, and those who believed they were more covert. Groups were compared on variables of anxiety, quality of life, social role satisfaction, speech usage, and salience of stuttering, taking into account demographic and speech-related variables.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There were significant correlations between level of self-rated covertness and all dependent variables. The group that reported being more covert reported significantly higher levels of stuttering salience, and significantly lower levels of quality of life, social role satisfaction, and speech usage compared to the less covert group, after taking into account demographic variables.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Focusing on stuttering visibility in therapy or research, without taking covert stuttering into account, may not optimize outcomes important psychosocial and communicative factors important to people who stutter. Taking into account the extent to which a person who stutters tries to hide their stuttering in assessment and treatment may help improve psychosocial and communicative outcomes, regardless of their physical speech disruption severity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 106162"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Working life experiences of people who stutter in Finland: Recommendations for enhancing inclusive communication at work","authors":"Johanna Nissinen,&nbsp;Nelly Penttilä,&nbsp;Melisa Stevanovic,&nbsp;Veera Pirinen","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>People who stutter (PWS) face public stigma, characterized by negative societal beliefs and stereotypes. Due to lack of awareness, PWS may be perceived as inferior and less intelligent, capable, and social, affecting their psychological well-being. While some aspects of the impact of stuttering—such as income, role entrapment, and discrimination—have been explored in previous research, less is known about the deeper personal experiences of PWS in working life. This study highlights the workplace experiences of PWS, their personal aspirations, and ideas for improvement. By understanding more of PWS' experiences and emotions related to communication at work, it is possible to create a more inclusive working life.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Data were collected through an online survey from 45 Finnish participants over the age of 18 who stutter and have work experience. The data were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) and thematic analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Over half the participants (n = 25, 56 %) reported that they do not speak openly about their stuttering within their current or previous work community. PWS described their experiences in terms of fears of public stigma, internalized stigma, and resisting stigma-driven assumptions. PWS expressed a desire for increased awareness of stuttering and for the promotion of greater inclusivity in working life.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Negative experiences of PWS often reflect broader societal attitudes. Participants suggested implementing flexible communication strategies to create inclusive workplaces, reducing microaggressions, supporting productivity, and enhancing job satisfaction. Embracing communication diversity can unlock employee potential and foster inclusivity. Respecting privacy and not requiring disclosure of personal information is crucial.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 106175"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145558169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence of different grey matter volume patterns in men and women who stutter – An explorative structural MRI study","authors":"Siv Andresen ,&nbsp;Frøydis Morken ,&nbsp;Karsten Specht ,&nbsp;Per A. Alm","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developmental stuttering is a disorder with a high degree of heterogeneity, both behaviourally and neurologically. Research from different perspectives of stuttering indicates that sex is a potentially differentiating factor. In our study we explored if sex is related to variability of grey matter volume (GMV) patterns in adults with developmental stuttering. We used MRI to collect data on GMV from 24 righthanded adults who stutter (9 women and 15 men) and 29 righthanded fluent controls (10 women and 19 men). We analysed the following for 24 ROIs of the language system: 1) whole-group differences between the stuttering group and controls and 2) interaction between group (adults with stuttering versus controls) and sex. Our explorative results indicate that differences in grey matter volume between adults with stuttering and fluent adults are sex-specific for several areas involved in speech and language processing. We found an interaction between group and sex for the right BA45. The interaction indicates that men who stutter have larger GMV in this area compared to fluent men while women who stutter have smaller GMV compared to fluent women. Further, we found indications of sex-specific patterns in other areas of the bilateral inferior frontal cortex, but not the BA44, as well as in the cerebellum and the striatum.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 106164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phonological processing and encoding in the repetition and recognition of nonwords: A comparative study of Turkish-speaking school-aged children who stutter and their fluent peers","authors":"İrem Akkaya ,&nbsp;Özlem Öge-Daşdöğen","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study compares the performance of Turkish-speaking school-aged children who stutter (CWS) and their fluent peers (CWNS) in nonword recognition (NW_rec) and nonword repetition (NW_rep) tasks. The effects of syllable length on NW_rec accuracy and NW_rep accuracy, number of attempts, and first-attempt accuracy were examined. NW_rep fluency was assessed only in the CWS group.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Seventeen CWS (6–12 years) and 17 age- and sex-matched CWNS participated. NW_rec required identifying a target nonword from three probes across syllable lengths (2-, 3-, and 4-syllables). NW_rep involved repeating 12 nonwords per syllable set, assessing accuracy, attempts, first-attempt accuracy, and fluency.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Group significantly predicted NW_rec (<em>p</em> = .039), with CWNS outperforming CWS. Age positively affected NW_rec (<em>p</em> = .003) and NW_rep accuracy (<em>p</em> &lt; .001). Syllable length influenced NW_rep accuracy (<em>p</em> &lt; .001), number of attempts (<em>p</em> &lt; .001), and fluency (<em>p</em> = .004). Significant Group × Length interactions were found for number of attempts (<em>p</em> &lt; .001) and first-attempt accuracy (<em>p</em> = .006). Post-hoc comparisons were conducted for these interactions and fluency. Two-syllable items were most fluent, and group differences were most pronounced in the four-syllable condition.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>CWNS outperformed CWS in NW_rec. Age influenced NW_rec and NW_rep accuracy. Syllable length did not affect NW_rec but impacted NW_rep: accuracy declined, attempts increased, and first-attempt accuracy and fluency decreased with longer nonwords. Significant interactions emerged for first-attempt accuracy and attempts, with four-syllable items especially challenging for CWS. Findings underscore NW_rep’s phonological–articulatory demands, supporting separate recognition and production assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 106169"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sublexical speech perception and attention networks in bilingual adults who stutter: A behavioral and electrophysiological study","authors":"Annelien Dorme ,&nbsp;Yana Criel ,&nbsp;Kurt Eggers ,&nbsp;Evy Woumans ,&nbsp;Arnaud Szmalec ,&nbsp;Miet De Letter","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Several studies show that adults who stutter have deficient auditory perception and attentional control. Moreover, these studies tend to focus on monolinguals, whereas both stuttering and bilingualism seem to have implications for these processes. This study aimed (1) to compare sublexical speech perception and nonlinguistic, nonauditory attention networks between bilingual adults who stutter (BAWS) and who do not stutter (BANS) and (2) to explore to which extent second language (L2) proficiency influences these processes.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Thirteen BAWS and thirteen BANS were enrolled in an electrophysiological protocol using an inattentive (MMN) and an attentive auditory oddball paradigm (P300) containing a phonemic contrast (place of articulation). The Attention Network Test (ANT) was administered as a behavioral measure of attentional control.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>(1) The amplitude and onset latency of the MMN and P300 effect did not differ between BAWS and BANS, but BAWS did not show a typical differentiation between standard and deviant syllables as measured by the P2. Behaviorally, BAWS displayed a less efficient alerting network and executive attention network. (2) L2 proficiency had no significant effect on sublexical speech perception, but was negatively associated with executive attention in BAWS.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results suggest that BAWS display difficulties in maintaining an alert state and inhibiting irrelevant and selecting relevant information, rather than selecting information from sensory input. In sensory processing, BAWS showed an atypical pattern compared to BANS, but no disparities in phoneme discrimination or categorization, regardless of an inattentive or attentive listening mode. Lastly, L2 proficiency influenced nonlinguistic, nonauditory attention in BAWS, emphasizing the need for more comprehensive research on bilingual profiles in people who stutter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 106160"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145103135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attitudes toward stuttering of speech-language pathology students from Puerto Rico before and after completing the degree","authors":"Edna J. Carlo ,&nbsp;Bárbara M. Pratts-Pérez ,&nbsp;Kenneth O. St. Louis","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study examines the attitudes towards stuttering of 18 Hispanic students from the University of Puerto Rico, before and after their master’s speech-language pathology (SLP) training, using the <em>Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes–Stuttering</em> (<em>POSHA–S</em>).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Two cohorts of students completed the Spanish version of the <em>POSHA–S</em> during initial graduate orientation and post-graduation interviews.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Statistically significant changes were observed in attitudes, with an overall improvement in the Overall Stuttering Score (OSS), Beliefs, and Self Reactions. Fifteen of 62 comparisons</div><div>(24 %) were significant, with an average change of 1.6 standard deviations, indicating a “very large” effect size. Pre-training student attitudes were similar to those of the Puerto Rican public but worse than those of Puerto Rican teachers. Compared to &gt; 200 samples in the international <em>POSHA–S</em> database, students’ mean rank increased from pre- to post-training from the 58th percentile to the 79th percentile, reflecting more positive attitudes compared to global data.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of graduate training in improving SLP students' attitudes towards stuttering, highlighting a significant positive shift from initial attitudes similar to the public to a more informed perspective post-education. This suggests that SLP training can effectively influence perceptions and beliefs about stuttering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 106161"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of a parent-child program for 3- to 6-year-old children with stuttering: A retrospective controlled wait-list group pilot study","authors":"Nicole E. Neef ,&nbsp;Imke Niemann ,&nbsp;Anna Merkel ,&nbsp;Kristina Anders ,&nbsp;Katja Hente ,&nbsp;Johanna Margarete Joisten ,&nbsp;Alexander Wolff von Gudenberg ,&nbsp;Christian H. Riedel","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We evaluated the efficacy of Frankini, a 12-month early parent-child intervention that combines online parent counseling with hybrid speech restructuring to reduce stuttering severity and promote fluency-supportive interaction. This retrospective, nonrandomized pilot trial included cases enrolled between September 2019 and November 2023. For analysis, only participants who completed Module 1 (indirect parental training) and Module 2 (the first hybrid speech restructuring module) were included. A total of 51 cases met all inclusion criteria, and 30 of these completed all three modules. To simulate a wait-list-controlled design, eligible participants were divided into early and delayed groups using median split. The early group completed Module 2 nine months after baseline, the delayed group twelve months after baseline. Groups were matched on key characteristics and differed only in the timing of the first direct intervention. Blinded raters assessed stuttering severity. Primary outcomes included the Stuttering Severity Index, parental severity rating, and a 10-item parent report. At 9 months, the early group showed reduced stuttering severity, while the delayed group showed no change (mean difference = −8.33 95 %CI [−12.98, −3.68], <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001, with <em>d</em> = −1.14). By 12 months, both groups improved, and group difference were no longer significant (mean difference = −3.37 95 %CI [−8.23, 1.50], <em>p</em> = 0.168 and <em>d</em> = −0.48). Parental ratings mirrored these outcomes showing consistent improvement after each module. Speech restructuring significantly improved speech fluency and parent counseling enhanced parents' confidence, supporting the value of initiating treatment before age 6; however, follow-up is needed to assess long-term effects.</div><div><strong>Trial Registration:</strong> DRKS00034731.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 106167"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145416856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EEG responses to auditory cues during speech preparation predict stuttering severity and intervention outcome","authors":"Mónica Filipa Rocha ,&nbsp;Jaqueline Carmona ,&nbsp;João Mendonça Correia","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stuttering is a variable speech disorder whose brain mechanisms remain unknown. Sensorimotor brain circuits, critical in motor-speech control, including the prediction and monitoring of speech consequences, have been linked to the disorder. Despite considerable advances, it remains unclear whether auditory neural circuits relate to stuttering severity, and whether interventions to persons who stutter can induce underlying brain changes. We employed electroencephalography (EEG), in a group of persons who stutter (PWS), in combination with auditory probes to tap onto the relevance of auditory cortical regions in stuttering severity. Participants produced flexible speech (i.e., describing pictures) and non-flexible speech (i.e., reading syllables), following an auditory cue. More pronounced P200 auditory evoked potentials in response to the auditory cues were observed in participants with more severe stuttering, mainly in the picture task. Interestingly, while speech therapy intervention led to a reduction (albeit non-significant) of the P200 potential, this reduction was marginally correlated to speech fluency improvements. Moreover, EEG response patterns discriminative of cue tone frequency (400 Hz versus 800 Hz) were also predictive of stuttering severity, suggesting the involvement of fine-grained auditory cortical processing in speech preparation and stuttering. Overall, this study confirms a relationship between auditory processing of external sounds and the mechanisms of stuttering during the preparation to speak and highlights the advantage of a picture description task to investigate the relationship between auditory evoked potentials and stuttering severity under relatively ecological conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 106163"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric evaluation of the Simplified Chinese translation of the Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering-Adult","authors":"Yan Ma ,&nbsp;Ran An ,&nbsp;Jia Bin ,&nbsp;Chenjia Liu ,&nbsp;Ying-Chiao Tsao ,&nbsp;J. Scott Yaruss","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Simplified Chinese translation of the <em>Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering–Adult</em> (<em>OASES-A-SC</em>), a comprehensive self-report tool designed to measure the impact of stuttering on adults.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The <em>OASES-A-SC</em> was administered online to 346 Chinese adults who self-identified as people who stutter. Psychometric analyses included test-retest reliability, internal consistency, item-level analysis, and evaluation of content and construct validity based on participant feedback.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The <em>OASES-A-SC</em> demonstrated excellent test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients &gt;.92) and high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α =.86–.98). Item-level analysis revealed more ceiling effects and fewer floor effects as compared with the data collected in other countries, reflecting more negative stuttering experiences. Feedback from participants supported the content and construct validity of the instrument, highlighting its cultural relevance and comprehensiveness in capturing the lived experience of adults who stutter in China.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The <em>OASES-A-SC</em> is a reliable and valid tool for assessing the overall experience of stuttering among adults in China. The elevated impact ratings and response patterns of the data suggest a more severe psychosocial burden of stuttering in this population, underlining the need for culturally informed clinical approaches and broader public education efforts in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 106170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145524689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speech dysfluency variations across menstrual phases in adult women who stutter: A single-subject study","authors":"Hiwa Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Leila Solouki ,&nbsp;Maryam Fayazfar ,&nbsp;Behzad Mahaki ,&nbsp;Homa Badri","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>There has been a significant paucity of data on the variability of stuttering severity across the biological rhythms associated with sex steroid hormones. The menstrual cycle, a prominent infradian rhythm, provides a unique and naturalistic environment to investigate the impact of fluctuating sex steroid hormones on the severity of stuttering.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A withdrawal/reversal A₁B₁C₁A₂B₂C₂ single-subject design was employed, involving multiple daily assessments of stuttering severity across two consecutive menstrual cycles in adult women who stutter. Five adult women with confirmed developmental stuttering, regular menstrual cycles, and verified ovulation participated in the study. Participants self-rated their stuttering severity daily using a 10-point severity rating scale. Data were analyzed through a combination of visual analysis and effect size calculations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>An increase in self-reported stuttering severity was observed during the follicular phase compared to the preceding menstrual phase. Furthermore, stuttering severity decreased during the luteal phase relative to the preceding follicular phase. These patterns were replicated in most participants; however, replication was not uniform, and some individual cycles showed variability.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings indicate that the follicular phase is associated with increased self-reported stuttering severity in women who stutter, suggesting the influence of menstrual cycle phases on stuttering dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 106166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145416837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}