Journal of Infection in Developing Countries最新文献

{"title":"Hematological profile among cutaneous leishmaniasis patients before and after treatment with sodium stibogluconate in Diyala, Iraq.","authors":"Ghuffran Muhammed Hassan, Hayder Z Ali, Watheq Muhammed Hussein","doi":"10.3855/jidc.18962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.18962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a common protozoan disease in Iraq characterized by localized ulcers, primarily on exposed skin. This study aimed to investigate the hematological parameters of infected patients using a complete blood count (CBC) in the endemic area of Diyala Governorate, northeast of Baghdad. This has been studied in newly diagnosed, untreated individuals and patients receiving sodium antimony gluconate.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Hematological screening was performed on blood samples from 161 patients with microscopically diagnosed cutaneous leishmaniasis before and after treatment. Anti-Leishmania IgG was also assessed by ELISA in seropositive and seronegative subjects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The newly diagnosed, untreated patients showed no significant differences in blood cell counts, whereas treated patients had significant changes in white blood cell composition, including absolute neutrophil count (ANC), absolute monocytes (MID), eosinophils Granulocytes and Neutrophil-Lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), platelets count (PLT) and Mean Platelets Volume (MPV), following the administration of five consecutive sodium stibogluconate injection. In addition, the anti-Leishmania IgG seroprevalence was highest (85%) in the newly diagnosed, untreated group and gradually decreased with continued treatment. However, there was no significant difference in red blood cell components including red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit test (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red cell distribution width (RDW) before and after treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The current data gave an insight into certain hematological factors regarding WBC subtypes, along with cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment. In addition, the anti-Leishmania IgG may be considered a marker for therapeutic monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 11","pages":"1772-1779"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142856238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic performance of biopsy-based methods for determination of Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic Mozambican patients.","authors":"Nashon D Majaliwa, Muhammad Ismail, Edília Botão, Carla Carrilho, Regina Victor, Luzmira Dimande, Sheila Machatine, Liana Mondlane, Elisa Taviani, Jorge Mb Vítor, Filipa F Vale, Jahit Sacarlal","doi":"10.3855/jidc.19518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.19518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative bacterium capable of colonizing the human stomach, which can lead to various gastrointestinal conditions. Several invasive and non-invasive methods exist for diagnosing H. pylori; however, none can be considered the gold standard. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of three biopsy-based methods (rapid urease test - RUT, histopathology - HIST, and polymerase chain reaction - PCR) in diagnosing H. pylori, and to assess their combined effect in confirming the infection.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Eighty dyspeptic patients were recruited for this study, and gastric biopsies were collected from each of them using upper digestive endoscopy. H. pylori was diagnosed using three biopsy-based methods: RUT, HIST, and PCR. RUT was performed using the commercially available PYLO DRYTM Kit, HIST was conducted with Hematoxylin & Eosin and Giemsa staining, and PCR was performed by amplifying the 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genes. The patient had to test positive in at least two combined diagnostic methods to be confirmed as a case.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The three biopsy-based methods (RUT, HIST, and PCR) showed positivity rates of 100% (80/80), 35% (28/80), and 65% (52/80), respectively. When all methods were combined to confirm H. pylori infection, 75% (60/80) of cases were confirmed, while the remaining 25% (20/80) were classified as undetermined, as they were positive only for RUT.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite slight differences, RUT and PCR performed well in diagnosing H. pylori compared to HIST. However, when all three methods were combined, they improved the accuracy of H. pylori diagnosis and infection confirmation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 11","pages":"1702-1708"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142856102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in the Kurdistan region of Iraq.","authors":"Sevan O Majed, Suhad A Mustafa, Paywast J Jalal, Mohammed H Fatah, Abdulkarim Y Karim, Sahar Hassannejad, Monika H Miasko","doi":"10.3855/jidc.18519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.18519","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Since its isolation in the UK, the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant has become an epidemic. This study aimed to decipher the viral appearance and genomic characterization of the Delta variant isolated from patients in the Kurdistan region of Iraq.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Samples were collected from the West Erbil Emergency Hospital, and infection by SARS-CoV2 was confirmed using Real-Time PCR. The sequenced samples were analyzed and compared to the previously published data on Delta variants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis showed that the variant belongs to SARS-CoV2 Delta variant B.1.617.2, including most of the previously detected mutations in India. The variant includes 13 mutations (11 substitutions and 2 deletions) on the spike region. Some substitutions are the same as the previous Delta isolate (T19R, G142D, T478K, D614G, L452R, P681R, and D950N). However, other substitutions (E156G, T250I, T19A, and L861W) were unique in the spike protein of the Delta variant (EPI_ISL_7405941) found in the Iraq variants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The impact of the novel mutations needs more study, but the common ones are shown to enhance transmission and escape from immunity. Future studies need to focus on the impact of the different vaccines in the Kurdish population on the Delta variant and the effect of the novel mutations on transmissibility and escape from immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 11","pages":"1653-1662"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142856236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Instant messaging for outpatient intramuscular antibiotic therapy adherence: proof of concept.","authors":"Joel Isai Alcala-Gonzalez, Adrian Camacho-Ortiz, Marco Antonio Hernandez-Guedea, Laura Marina Nuzzolo-Shihadeh, Luis Adrian Salinas-Garza, Eduardo Perez-Alba","doi":"10.3855/jidc.19345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.19345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Outpatient antimicrobial therapy works but often requires in-person oversight. Advancements enable seamless communication. We used instant messaging to track adherence, cost, efficacy, and adverse events for outpatient intramuscular antibiotic therapy.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>We invited eligible inpatients with bacterial isolates susceptible to ceftriaxone, cefepime, ceftazidime, meropenem, or ertapenem and a positive clinical response to infection to join the study. Participants received antibiotics and submitted daily photos of the used vial through an instant messaging application. After treatment, we conducted virtual follow-ups on days 14 and 28. We asked subjects about adverse events or ongoing symptoms. Any concerns prompted a recommendation to come back for additional evaluation. We calculated the economic impact using the number of outpatient days as reduced hospitalization days, the cost of materials, and nursing personnel expenses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 30 patients were included; 90% of the subjects showed good adherence, while five exhibited protocol deviations. We observed a 38.3% reduction in hospital costs. Treatment failure occurred in 13.7%, resulting in one readmission. We found no significant adverse events.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Integrating WhatsApp enhances healthcare through a free, user-friendly model. It boosts communication, privacy, and antibiotic effectiveness, improving outcomes. Our low-cost approach aids monitoring, particularly in resource-limited settings. Some limitations include no control group, specific intramuscular criteria, and limited expertise. These findings guide future projects and IT-based care models.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The 90% adherence rate in this study serves as a proof-of-concept for instant messaging as an adherence tool for timely deviation identification and enhancing institutional savings during outpatient antibiotic therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 11","pages":"1721-1725"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142856358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invasive aspergillosis in an immunocompetent patient: A retrospective case report and review of the literature.","authors":"Xiaobing Zhang, Chuanling Hou, Yuhua Feng, Qi Zhang, Mingxia Yang, Xuebin Yu","doi":"10.3855/jidc.18760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.18760","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is rare in immunocompetent patients. We present the case of a 44-year-old female with IA invading the lungs, mediastinum, heart, and brain, with a disease duration of 11 years.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>The patient was initially diagnosed with lung aspergillosis that had invaded the mediastinum on October 8, 2008. Irregular uptake of itraconazole led to the aggravation of lung lesions. Echocardiography and enhanced magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large irregular mass in the left atrium and an enhanced 1-cm nodular lesion in the right frontal lobe respectively in 2016. The patient refused to undergo a biopsy of the cardiac mass. Oral itraconazole (200 mg, twice daily) was recommended for subsequent days. The intracranial lesion gradually enlarged, and a complete tumor resection of the right frontal lobe was performed on February 23, 2017. The patient`s condition was well controlled with oral voriconazole by the end of follow-up until April 11, 2019. We conducted a search across multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct. We aimed to identify cases of aspergillosis that simultaneously invaded the lungs, heart, and brain. The details of these cases are summarized.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fourteen cases with available data met the requirements, and the mortality rate of these 14 cases was 100%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IA can occur even in immunocompetent patients receiving antifungal therapy. Therefore, timely diagnosis and effective long-term antifungal treatments are crucial. Voriconazole is an effective antifungal drug that is used to treat cerebral aspergillosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 11","pages":"1798-1805"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142856360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Misdiagnosis of a fungus ball in the middle ear as chronic suppurative otitis media.","authors":"Yuan-Yuan Yang, Lian-Rong Guo","doi":"10.3855/jidc.19395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.19395","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Middle ear infections caused by fungi are commonly identified through laboratory tests like fungal smears, culture, and DNA detection. There are two types of ear infections caused by fungi: middle ear fungal infections and fungal otitis media. Both fungal otitis media and fungus balls in the middle ear are increasingly rare.</p><p><strong>Case description: </strong>A middle-aged immunocompetent woman suffered from long-term recurrent pus formation in the middle ear and associated hearing loss. Physical examination revealed a perforation in the pars tensa of the tympanic membrane; a pure tone audiometry test revealed mild conductive hearing loss. The woman had previously self-medicated with oral antibiotics and/or ear drops multiple times in the past. She did not have a history of diabetes mellitus. She was diagnosed with chronic suppurative otitis media and surgical treatment (tympanoplasty) was advised. Otoscopy-guided tympanoplasty revealed a fungal mass with a cheese-like consistency filling the entire mesotympanum, and important structures such as the ossicular chain and the facial nerve were unharmed. Lesions were meticulously excised from the tympanic cavity of the affected ear. The patient no longer experienced pus formation in the middle ear and loss of hearing was restored after the surgery. After tympanoplasty, the patient did not experience any symptom recurrence during the 10-month follow-up period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>If a patient has good immune function and no history of diabetes mellitus, despite repeated antibiotic use resulting in a diagnosis of chronic otitis media, doctors should consider the possibility of a fungal infection in the middle ear.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 11","pages":"1793-1797"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142856365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is the current state of patient and family education on infection control? A descriptive study during COVID-19.","authors":"Sahar Hammoud, Faten Amer, Haitham Khatatbeh, Béla Kocsis","doi":"10.3855/jidc.19481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.19481","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>With the rise of multidrug-resistant healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and the recent emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), patient and family member engagement in infection control (IC) has gained increased attention. This study aimed to assess the level of education provided to patients and family members on IC measures in Hungary.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 412 patients and family members from seven hospitals in Hungary during the COVID-19 pandemic. A previously developed questionnaire, based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for isolation precautions, specifically the section on patient and family education, was used to assess education on several IC measures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 412 participants, 89.6% were patients, 59.2% were female, and 18.7% were experiencing their first hospital admission. The highest percentages of education were on respiratory hygiene (89.8%), HAIs (82.5%), and hand hygiene (82%). Regression analysis showed that counties were significant predictors of education on nearly all IC measures.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study reveals a high percentage of education on IC measures among patients and family members education in Hungary, in comparison to the existing literature. To sustain this high level of education, it is recommended that Hungarian health authorities incorporate IC patient and family education into the government regulations governing IC practices in hospitals. Additionally, hospitals should foster a more participatory environment for patients and family members in IC.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 10","pages":"1474-1484"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142773940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycobacterium paragordonae pulmonary disease with rapidly growing solitary lesions: a case report and literature review.","authors":"Wei-Wei He, Wen-Jing Wang, Zhi-Xin Huang, Yu-Lei Li, Qiu-Yuan Xia, Yi Shi, Bin Yang, Hui-Ming Sun","doi":"10.3855/jidc.18664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.18664","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Mycobacterium paragordonae (MPG) is a novel and uncommon nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM). We describe a case of MPG pulmonary disease (MPGPD) with a single, rapidly growing, pulmonary mass, which has rarely been reported.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>A chest CT scan of a 66-year-old woman revealed a rapidly growing solitary mass-like lesion in the upper lobe of the right lung, which was not seen in the previous chest CT scan six months ago. H&E-stained section of the CT-guided percutaneous lung tissue biopsy specimen showed chronic inflammatory changes with epithelioid granulomas. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of lung tissue biopsy specimen identified MPG with a sequence number of 1617 and a confidence level of 99%. Because the subsequent MPG droplet digital PCR (MPG-ddPCR) test of the lung tissue biopsy was positive, she was eventually diagnosed with MPGPD. She was administered a quadruple oral regimen comprising clarithromycin, levofloxacin, rifampicin, and ethambutol according to the ATS/IDSA protocol for Mycobacterium gordonae (MG) infection. The chest CT scans showed a significant reduction in the lesion one month after the treatment and almost complete resolution four months later.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MPGPD is a rare NTM infection. The imaging manifestations of MPGPD are diverse and may even show rapid development. mNGS of tissue biopsy can enable prompt diagnosis of MPG infection and is a good alternative to routine NTM microbial testing. The ATS/IDSA protocol for MG infection is an effective treatment for MPG infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 10","pages":"1625-1631"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142773827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of nosocomial infections and their influencing factors in a tertiary general hospital in Qingdao.","authors":"Huan-Fa Ding, Chao Liu, Yu-Xia Xu, Fang Wang, Ming-Xia Luan, Fen Li","doi":"10.3855/jidc.19825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.19825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The goals of this study were to analyze the situation and dynamic change trend of the prevalence of nosocomial infections among inpatients, to investigate the use of antibiotics, and to provide evidence-based support for the development of targeted prevention and control measures for nosocomial infections and rational use of antibiotics.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>The nosocomial infection surveillance system was utilized to conduct a cross-sectional survey of nosocomial infections of all inpatients, followed by a statistical evaluation of the 5-year survey results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average prevalence of nosocomial infections over the 5-year period (2017 to 2021) was 2.28%, and the incidence rate per case was 2.42%. The lower respiratory tract was the primary site of infection, followed by the urinary tract. The most prevalent pathogens of nosocomial infections were Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Escherichia coli; and the main strains of Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) included Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium. The use of antibiotics accounted for 41.31% on average; and the proportion of antibiotics used for treatment was 84.99% on average. The average rate of pathogen examination was 51.09%, indicating an increasing trend (χ2 = 44.196, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The average prevalence of nosocomial infections over the past five years was 2.28% in this tertiary general hospital. Although the prevalence rate of nosocomial infections in the hospital was relatively low, it is necessary to strengthen the measures for prevention and control of infections of the lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, and surgical incision.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 10","pages":"1522-1529"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142773849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"G1 and G2 variants of apolipoprotein L1 among Central African population in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense endemic rural area.","authors":"Dominique M Mupepe, Marie-Noelle Nl Wameso, Hippolyte N Situakibanza, Pépé M Ekulu, Jean Robert R Makulo, Jean Marie N Kayembe, Agathe B Nkoy, Raggue Zm Mvibudulu, Lambertus P Van den Heuvel, Elena N Levtchenko, Kevin L Karume, Victoire A Bikoumou, Nathan B Buila, Benjamin M Longo, Dieudonné N Mumba, Jean René M'Buyamba-Kabangu","doi":"10.3855/jidc.19495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.19495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) risk variants (G1, G2) are known to enhance the protective ability against human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), in addition to their role in kidney and cardiovascular disease. The effects of these variants on trypanosome infection could differ regionally owing to local adaptations of the host and pathogen. This study explored APOL1 risk variants distribution in HAT-infected and non-infected populations from a rural Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T. b. gambiense) endemic area in Central Africa.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional study with 124 participants in Masimanimba, a HAT-endemic region in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Student's and Pearson`s Chi-square test or Fisher's exact tests were used as appropriate. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05, based on two-tailed test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>71 participants (57%) were infected by Trypanosoma, 65 (52%) of whom were symptomatic and 6 (5%) asymptomatic. The overall frequency of risk alleles was 16.5% for G1 and 8.8% for G2. Neither variant was associated with the susceptibility to T. b. gambiense infection (for G1: 19.7% vs. 26.4 %; OR: 0.68 [95% CI: 0.29-1.62], p = 0.394; for G2: 11.3% vs. 13.2% 0.83 [0.27-2.58], p = 0.786). All of the G2 variants were found in symptomatic patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>APOL1 variants are common in populations living in T. b. gambiense endemic areas of the DRC. Neither variant was associated with susceptibility to T. b. gambiense. The G2 variant was the only one associated with symptomatic HAT.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 10","pages":"1610-1616"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142773685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}