Journal of Infection in Developing Countries最新文献

{"title":"D-Dimer, ferritin, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as predictors of mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.","authors":"Fierna D Hanafi, Tenri Esa, Asvin Nurulita, Andi A Mumang","doi":"10.3855/jidc.18833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.18833","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Several laboratory parameters may be predictors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality. This study aimed to analyze the potential of D-dimer, ferritin, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to predict mortality in severe COVID-19 patients.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A retrospective cohort study, including 147 patients, was examined using secondary data from medical records of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. D-dimer, ferritin, and LDH levels were obtained from the patients' blood analysis on first hospitalization. Patients were then categorized into a survival group (97 patients) and a non-survival group (50 patients) based on final outcome. Proportions and means were analyzed using Chi square and Mann-Whitney tests. Further, the correlation and accuracy were analyzed using partial correlations test and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The combination of multiple predictors was also analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The non-survival group had significantly higher levels of D-dimer (32.11 ± 13.05 vs. 9.57 ± 16.65; p < 0.001), ferritin (1719.84 ± 539.52 vs. 808.83 ± 664.81; p < 0.001), and LDH (1782.92 ± 1537.92 vs. 622.848 ± 274.79; p < 0.001) than the survival group. These parameters also had a moderate correlation with mortality (r > 0.500) and robust sensitivity and specificity for predicting mortality, especially ferritin (AUC = 0.906; sensitivity = 92.3%; specificity = 87.5%; p < 0.001), and the combination of ferritin and LDH with or without D-dimer (AUC = 0.959; sensitivity = 100%; specificity = 87.5%; p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The levels of these parameters are significantly higher, have robust sensitivity and specificity, and can be used as predictors of mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 9.1","pages":"S27-S32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142583646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human infection with Hymenolepis diminuta: case report of a child in rural Vietnam.","authors":"Lam Binh Vu Thi, Dung Do Trung, Tho Tran Huy, Van Nguyen Le, Quynh Nguyen Thi Nhu, Anh Do Ngoc","doi":"10.3855/jidc.18978","DOIUrl":"10.3855/jidc.18978","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cases of human infection with Hymenolepis diminuta are very rare, and only a few hundred cases have been described. We report a rare case of H. diminuta infection in a 16-month-old boy living in a rural area of Bac Giang province, Vietnam.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>The patient was admitted to the hospital with mild diarrhea, abdominal pain, and several tapeworm segments in his stool, and no other symptoms. The worm was identified as H. diminuta by morphological examination of eggs in a concentrated stool specimen and genetic sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene of the worm. The patient was successfully treated with single oral dose of praziquantel, and he fully recovered.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This report presents a rare case of human infection with H. diminuta in Vietnam; and contributes to enhancing our understanding of the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and treatment protocols of human hymenolepiasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 9","pages":"1458-1460"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constructing a predictive model based on peripheral blood signs to differentiate infectious mononucleosis from chronic active EBV infection.","authors":"Jin Hua Yuan, Chong Jie Pang, Shuang Long Yuan","doi":"10.3855/jidc.19233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.19233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To develop a prediction model based on peripheral blood signs to distinguish between infectious mononucleosis and chronic active EBV infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective data was collected for 60 patients with IM (IM group) and 20 patients with CAEBV infection (CAEBV group) who were hospitalized and diagnosed at the General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University between December 2018 and September 2022. The analyses used were univariate and LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Univariate analyses revealed that both IM and CAEBV-infected patients displayed overlapping and intersecting clinical manifestations, such as fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, and enlargement of the liver and spleen, and that in contrast to inflammatory responses in peripheral blood, CAEBV-infected patients had more severe inflammatory responses. Nine biomarkers-HGB, lymphocyte count, percentage of lymphocytes, ALB, fibrinogen, CRP, IFN-, IL-6, and EBV-DNA load-were subsequently selected by LASSO logistic regression modeling to serve as discriminatory models.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our investigation offers a solid foundation for diagnosing IM and CAEBV infection using the LASSO logistic regression model based on the significance and availability of peripheral blood indicators. Infected patients with CAEBV require early medical attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 9","pages":"1429-1434"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fiberoptic bronchoscopy for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","authors":"Haowei Tang, Zhi Yuan, Jingjie Li, Qun Wang, Weijie Fan","doi":"10.3855/jidc.17866","DOIUrl":"10.3855/jidc.17866","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) causes increased time of mechanical ventilation (MV), prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and a higher mortality risk. The systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacies between fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) and general sputum suction for the prevention of VAP in patients with invasive MV.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were obtained via a search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Wanfang, and CNKI databases. A random-effects model was used to pool the results if significant heterogeneity was observed. Otherwise, a fixed-effects model was used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixteen RCTs were included. Compared to general sputum suction, sputum suction with FOB was associated with a significantly reduced risk of VAP (risk ratio [RR]: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.47 to 0.67, p < 0.001; I2 = 0%). Subgroup analyses showed that the combination of FOB-assisted sputum suction with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) further reduced the risk of VAP as compared to FOB-assisted sputum suction alone (p for subgroup difference = 0.04). In addition, FOB-assisted treatment was also associated with a reduced MV time (mean difference [MD]: -2.19 days, 95% CI: -2.69 to -1.68, p < 0.001; I2 = 18%), a shorter ICU stay (MD: 2.9 days, 95% CI: -3.68 to -2.13, p < 0.001; I2 = 34%), and a reduced mortality risk (RR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.90, p = 0.02; I2 = 0%) in patients with invasive MV.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>FOB for sputum suction and BAL in patients with invasive MV is effective in reducing the incidence of VAP.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 9","pages":"1413-1420"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of the severity of the clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with respiratory function parameters in the post-COVID period.","authors":"Slobodan Belic, Andjelka Ivanovic, Aleksandra Todorovic, Nikola Maric, Sandra Milic, Jovan Perić, Mihailo Stjepanović, Snjezana Krajisnik, Ivana Milosevic, Jelena Jankovic","doi":"10.3855/jidc.19471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.19471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Since COVID-19 first surfaced in 2019, it has seriously threatened public health. The most prevalent symptoms are respiratory ones. This study aimed to present the correlation between the severity of the clinical presentation of the disease and the results of respiratory function tests conducted within 6 months after hospital discharge.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This retrospective study included 99 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Of all patients 24.2% had accentuated bronchovascular pattern, 9.1% had unilateral, and 29.3% had bilateral pneumonia. In comparison, 35.4% patients had diffuse changes, which were described as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) on computed tomography (CT).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with unilateral, bilateral pneumonia or diffuse lung damage had significantly lower forced vital capacity (FVC) values. They were treated with non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) or invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) and had lower FVC values (0.039). A negative, weak correlation existed between CT findings during the infection and Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) measured after the infection (0.003). A negative, weak correlation was found between oxygen therapy, the use of NIV, and MV findings during the infection with DLCO. A negative correlation was noted between leukocyte values during the infection and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and FVC after the infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patients with COVID-19 infection who need oxygen support and MV continue to suffer from loss of respiratory function after the resolution of COVID-19 infection. These findings highlight the negative predictive value of pulmonary tests in the long-term follow-up for the development of PC-ILD as well as decreased pulmonary capacity.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 9","pages":"1347-1352"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring humoral responses against three SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in a university population from Chihuahua, Mexico.","authors":"Inés V Chavarría-Bencomo, Carlos Chavez-Trillo, Monica G López-Quiñonez, Jaime R Adame-Gallegos, Sandra Zurawski, Gerardo P Espino-Solis, Gerard Zurawski","doi":"10.3855/jidc.18707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.18707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spread worldwide since 2019. Survey of the antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 is one of the most important measures of immunity since it can give an idea on the effectiveness of administered vaccines and the serologic status of individuals. We determined the concentrations of blood IgM and IgG against three SARS-CoV-2 proteins in vaccinated teachers and students among a university population from Chihuahua, Mexico.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Humoral response surveillance against the 3C-like proteinase (3CLpro), nuclear protein (NP), and receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 was carried out. A total of 239 samples were analyzed: 67 from teachers who were vaccinated with CanSino and 172 from students (27.9% were vaccinated with AstraZeneca, 32.6% with Sinovac, 24.4% with Pfizer-BioNTech, 15.1% with other vaccines).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences in the levels of IgG were observed between serum from individuals prior to vaccination (preimmunization serum) and from those that were vaccinated with CanSino. However, samples from asymptomatic individuals did not show differences between the preimmunization and post-immunization serum. The three vaccinated groups (AstraZeneca, Pfizer and Sinovac) did not show significant differences in anti-RBD IgG antibody titers compared to the positive control group, except for a Pfizer non-COVID-19 subgroup where the level of antibodies in the Pfizer group was 1.7 times higher. Neither vaccine group showed significant differences between those individuals who previously had COVID-19 and uninfected individuals.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results provide a picture of the situation at the time when in-person classes resumed.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 9.1","pages":"S135-S146"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142584528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nasal irrigation for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infection by SARS-CoV-2: a narrative review.","authors":"Song Li, Xi-Cai Sun, Zhong-Fei Wu, Li Hu, Jing-Jing Wang, Min Yin, Lei Cheng, De-Hui Wang","doi":"10.3855/jidc.19234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.19234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The World Health Organization declared an end to the global emergency status of COVID-19 in May of 2023. However, the impact of COVID-19 is far from over. Individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 continue to experience physiological, psychological, or cognitive symptoms, such as fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, and loss of smell or taste, known as long COVID. This review aims to describe the clinical characteristics of the upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) caused by SARS-CoV-2, and provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by using nasal irrigation. COVID-19 and nasal irrigation: Nasal irrigation presents a promising adjunct to standard COVID-19 prevention and treatment protocols. This practice is theorized to diminish viral presence in the upper respiratory tract, a region identified as a primary site for SARS-CoV-2 replication and shedding. By facilitating the removal of viral particles and enhancing mucociliary clearance, nasal irrigation could potentially lessen the severity of URTI symptoms and slow transmission rates. The review consolidates current evidence of the efficacy and safety of this approach across various populations, underscoring its practicality in both preventive and therapeutic contexts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We recommend that saline nasal irrigation is an effective, safe and convenient strategy to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and alleviate the symptoms of URTI across various age groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 9.1","pages":"S81-S91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142584529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from outbreaks in Erbil hospitals after the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Hazheer M Hamad, Hanan T Subhi","doi":"10.3855/jidc.17885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.17885","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Acinetobacter baumannii is endemic in hospital environments, and since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, multidrug-resistant A. baumannii has become more potent. This potential evolution is driven by the undetectable numbers of gene resistances it has acquired. We evaluated the antibiotic-resistance genes in isolates from patients in Erbil hospitals.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This is the first study to demonstrate the antimicrobial resistance epidemic in Erbil, Iraq. A total of 570 patients, including 100 COVID-19 patients were tested. Isolate identification, characterization, antibiotics susceptibility test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the antibiotic resistance genes in both bacterial chromosome and plasmid, 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer (ITS) sequencing using the Sanger DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis were used in this study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only 13% of A. baumannii isolates were from COVID-19 patients. All isolates were multi-drug resistant due because of 24 resistance genes located in both the bacterial chromosome or the plasmid. blaTEM gene was detected in the isolates; however, aadB was not detected in the isolated bacteria. New carbapenemase genes were identified by Sanger sequencing and resistance genes were acquired by plasmids.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study identified metabolic differences in the isolates; although all the strains used the coumarate pathway to survive. Several resistance genes were present in the isolates' plasmids and chromosome. There were no strong biofilm producers. The role of the plasmid in A. baumannii resistance development was described based on the results.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 9.1","pages":"S56-S66"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142584862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-cost high-throughput targeted sequencing for the accurate detection of respiratory tract pathogens.","authors":"Changyan Ju, Chengbosen Zhou, Zhezhi Deng, Jingwei Gao, Weizhao Jiang, Hanbing Zeng, Haiwei Huang, Yongxiang Duan, David X Deng","doi":"10.3855/jidc.19685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.19685","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The current gold standard for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) diagnosis by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is limited by the number of genes that can be detected. In this study, we developed a low-cost and high-throughput next-generation sequencing technology that can overcome the limitations of real time RT-PCR.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A targeted sequencing panel (TSP) consisting of approximately 500 amplicons was designed. This panel could simultaneously detect a broad range of gene loci of SARS-CoV-2, and genes for the most common infectious viruses that affect the respiratory tract, in a single run and could include up to 96 samples. Four hundred and forty-eight samples and 31 control samples were analyzed independently with both TSP and RT-PCR, and the results were compared for accuracy and other indicators.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TSP identified 50 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples with a 99.33% match to RT-PCR results. It is not surprising that TSP also identified multiple infections from the 96 samples, whereas RT-PCR could not. Thus, TSP was able to accurately diagnose the samples which could not be identified based on single RT-PCR test.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our data demonstrated that TSP is a fast and accurate testing method for identifying multiple pathogen infections of the respiratory tract.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 9.1","pages":"S50-S55"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142584501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of galectin-3, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha on disease prognosis and mortality in COVID-19 patients.","authors":"Merve Sancıoğlu Demir, Ferit Kuşcu, Behice Kurtaran, Aslıhan Candevir, Ayse Seza İnal, Süheyla Kömür, Yeşim Taşova","doi":"10.3855/jidc.19706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.19706","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>COVID-19 is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. It is crucial to identify biomarkers that can aid in predicting patients' prognosis and mortality. This study evaluated the relationship between galectin-3 (Gal-3), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels and the prognosis and mortality of COVID-19 patients.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>The study included 69 COVID-19 patients (32 outpatients, 37 inpatients) and 19 healthy controls. Gal-3, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in serum samples were measured using an ELISA test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In a comparison between the patient and healthy control groups, it was observed that the patient group had significantly higher levels of Gal-3, IL-6, and TNF-α. Comparison between the outpatient and inpatient groups revealed that the hospitalized patient group had significantly higher levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, while the Gal-3 levels were lower in this group. In the analysis of subgroups to assess disease severity, critical COVID-19 patients exhibited elevated levels of Gal-3 and IL-6 compared to those with severe COVID-19. Moreover, Gal-3 and IL-6 were identified as having predictive value for mortality in hospitalized patients, while both IL-6 and TNF-α demonstrated diagnostic accuracy across all patient groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study results indicate that the levels of IL-6 TNF-α play a crucial role in determining the hospitalization and mortality of COVID-19 patients. Additionally, it was observed that Gal-3 and IL-6 levels can be utilized to assess the severity of the disease and predict mortality in patients who require hospitalization.</p>","PeriodicalId":49160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","volume":"18 9.1","pages":"S33-S39"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142583664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}