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Property Claims on Antibiotic Effectiveness 抗生素有效性的财产主张
IF 2.1 3区 哲学
Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2021-06-14 DOI: 10.1093/PHE/PHAB015
C. Timmermann
{"title":"Property Claims on Antibiotic Effectiveness","authors":"C. Timmermann","doi":"10.1093/PHE/PHAB015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/PHE/PHAB015","url":null,"abstract":"The scope and type of property rights recognized over the effectiveness of antibiotics have a direct effect on how those claiming ownership engage in the exploitation and stewardship of this scarce resource. We examine the different property claims and rights the four major interest groups are asserting on antibiotics: (i) the inventors, (ii) those demanding that the resource be treated like any other transferable commodity, (iii) those advocating usage restrictions based on good stewardship principles and (iv) those considering the resource as common heritage of humankind.","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42901800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Ethics of Reproductive Genetic Carrier Screening: From the Clinic to the Population. 生殖遗传载体筛查的伦理问题：从临床到人口。
IF 2.1 3区 哲学
Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2021-06-14 eCollection Date: 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phab017
Lisa Dive, Ainsley J Newson
{"title":"Ethics of Reproductive Genetic Carrier Screening: From the Clinic to the Population.","authors":"Lisa Dive, Ainsley J Newson","doi":"10.1093/phe/phab017","DOIUrl":"10.1093/phe/phab017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reproductive genetic carrier screening (RCS) is increasingly being offered more widely, including to people with no family history or otherwise elevated chance of having a baby with a genetic condition. There are valid reasons to reject a prevention-focused public health ethics approach to such screening programs. Rejecting the prevention paradigm in this context has led to an emphasis on more individually-focused values of freedom of choice and fostering reproductive autonomy in RCS. We argue, however, that population-wide RCS has sufficient features in common with other public health screening programs that it becomes important also to attend to its public health implications. Not doing so constitutes a failure to address the social conditions that significantly affect people's capacity to exercise their reproductive autonomy. We discuss how a public health ethics approach to RCS is broader in focus than prevention. We also show that additional values inherent to ethical public health-such as equity and solidarity-are essential to underpin and inform the aims and implementation of reproductive carrier screening programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":"14 2","pages":"202-217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3b/6b/phab017.PMC8510688.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39519062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Vulnerability, Disability, and Public Health Crises 脆弱性、残疾和公共卫生危机
IF 2.1 3区 哲学
Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2021-06-11 DOI: 10.1093/PHE/PHAB016
C. Riddle
{"title":"Vulnerability, Disability, and Public Health Crises","authors":"C. Riddle","doi":"10.1093/PHE/PHAB016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/PHE/PHAB016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article suggests that those individuals typically acknowledged as vulnerable during public health crises, such as pandemics, are often-times doubly so. I suggest that individuals can be vulnerable in a person-affecting way (in a way that suggests they are at greater risk to their physical person) as well as in a personhood-affecting way (in a manner that results in individuals being at risk of having their personhood or status as valuable members of a society challenged). I suggest that the former notion of vulnerability coincides with many existing accounts of vulnerability and that subsequently, many of the more standard arguments for moral and justice-based obligations to minimize such vulnerability, hold. I also suggest that the latter notion of vulnerability adds another layer of vulnerability to those that we typically view to be at risk. I argue that personhood-vulnerability constitutes a novel interpretation of vulnerability than expands our ideas of the kinds of harm that emerge during public health crises.","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44595721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Opt-Out to the Rescue: Organ Donation and Samaritan Duties 选择退出救援:器官捐赠和撒玛利亚人的责任
IF 2.1 3区 哲学
Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2021-05-31 DOI: 10.1093/PHE/PHAB010
S. F. Midtgaard, A. Albertsen
{"title":"Opt-Out to the Rescue: Organ Donation and Samaritan Duties","authors":"S. F. Midtgaard, A. Albertsen","doi":"10.1093/PHE/PHAB010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/PHE/PHAB010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Deceased organ donation is widely considered as a case of easy rescue―that is, a case in which A may bestow considerable benefits on B while incurring negligent costs herself. Yet, the policy implications of this observation remain unclear. Drawing on Christopher H. Wellman’s samaritan account of political obligations, the paper develops a case for a so-called opt-out system, i.e., a scheme in which people are defaulted into being donors. The proposal’s key idea is that we may arrange people’s options in specific ways for the sake of others.","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44052392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
The Precautionary Principle in Zoonotic Disease Control. 人畜共患病控制中的预防原则。
IF 2.1 3区 哲学
Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2021-05-25 eCollection Date: 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phab012
J van Herten, B Bovenkerk
{"title":"The Precautionary Principle in Zoonotic Disease Control.","authors":"J van Herten, B Bovenkerk","doi":"10.1093/phe/phab012","DOIUrl":"10.1093/phe/phab012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that zoonotic diseases are a great threat for humanity. During the course of such a pandemic, public health authorities often apply the precautionary principle to justify disease control measures. However, evoking this principle is not without ethical implications. Especially within a One Health strategy, that requires us to balance public health benefits against the health interests of animals and the environment, unrestricted use of the precautionary principle can lead to moral dilemmas. In this article, we analyze the ethical dimensions of the use of the precautionary principle in zoonotic disease control and formulate criteria to protect animals and the environment against one-sided interpretations. Furthermore, we distinguish two possible conceptions of the precautionary principle. First, we notice that because of the unpredictable nature of zoonotic diseases, public health authorities in general focus on the idea of precaution as preparedness. This reactive response often leads to difficult trade-offs between human and animal health. We therefore argue that this policy should always be accompanied by a second policy, that we refer to as precaution as prevention. Although zoonotic diseases are part of our natural world, we have to acknowledge that their origin and global impact are often a consequence of our disturbed relation with animals and the environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":"14 2","pages":"180-190"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/17/e5/phab012.PMC8194555.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39515700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Health Agency and Perfectionism: The Case of Perinatal Health Inequalities. 健康代理和完美主义:围产期健康不平等的案例。
IF 2.1 3区 哲学
Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2021-05-24 eCollection Date: 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phab009
Hafez Ismaili M'hamdi, Inez de Beaufort
{"title":"Health Agency and Perfectionism: The Case of Perinatal Health Inequalities.","authors":"Hafez Ismaili M'hamdi,&nbsp;Inez de Beaufort","doi":"10.1093/phe/phab009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phab009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poor pregnancy outcomes and inequalities in these outcomes remain a major challenge, even in prosperous societies that have high-quality health care and public health policy in place. In this article, we propose that justice demands the improvement of what we call the 'health agency' of parents-to-be as part of a response to these poor outcomes. We take health agency to have three aspects: (i) the capacity to form health-goals one has reason to value, (ii) the control one perceives to have over achieving those health-goals and (iii) the freedom(s) one has to achieve those health-goals. We will moreover argue that this demand of justice can be best based on a perfectionist rather than neutralist method of justification. Subsequently, we will argue that perfectionist policy may be paternalistic but not wrongfully paternalistic. This leads us to conclude that perfectionism should be adopted to inform and justify public health policy that is aimed at improving health agency in general and counteracting poor pregnancy outcomes and inequalities in perinatal health outcomes in particular.</p>","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":"14 2","pages":"168-179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/phe/phab009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39519061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Law, Virtue, and Public Health Powers 法律、美德与公共卫生权力
IF 2.1 3区 哲学
Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2021-05-20 DOI: 10.1093/PHE/PHAB014
E. Ip
{"title":"Law, Virtue, and Public Health Powers","authors":"E. Ip","doi":"10.1093/PHE/PHAB014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/PHE/PHAB014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article contributes to philosophical reflections on public health law by drawing on virtue jurisprudence, which rests on the straightforward observation that a political community and its laws will inevitably shape the character of its officials and subjects, and that an excellent character is indispensable to fulfilment. Thus, the law is properly set to encourage virtue and discourage vice. This opens a new perspective onto the ultimate purpose of public health law that is human flourishing. The means of pursuing this end is to entrust public health powers to officials to virtuously serve the common good, of which population health is one of its most important constituents, within the bounds of the law of the land. This article calls for the adoption of a Prudent Public Health Official standard into the law, in order to cultivate prudent, just, courageous and temperate characters in officialdom. Interestingly, this standard already chimes with certain pre-existing core principles of public health judicial doctrine in the USA, the European Union and the UK.","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48301310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Post-COVID-19 WHO Reform: Ethical Considerations. 后 COVID-19 世卫组织改革：伦理考虑。
IF 2.1 3区 哲学
Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2021-05-19 eCollection Date: 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phab011
Thana C de Campos-Rudinsky
{"title":"Post-COVID-19 WHO Reform: Ethical Considerations.","authors":"Thana C de Campos-Rudinsky","doi":"10.1093/phe/phab011","DOIUrl":"10.1093/phe/phab011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study argues against the expansive approach to the WHO reform, according to which to be a better global health leader, WHO should do more, be given more power and financial resources, have more operational capacities, and have more teeth by introducing more coercive monitoring and compliance mechanisms to its IHR. The expansive approach is a political problem, whose root cause lies in ethics: WHO's political overambition is grounded on WHO's lack of conceptual clarity on what good leadership means and what health (as a human right) means. This study presents this ethical analysis by putting forth an alternative: the humble approach to the WHO reform. It argues that to be a better leader, WHO should do much less and have a much narrower mandate. More specifically, WHO should focus exclusively on coordination efforts, by ensuring truthful, evidence-based, consistent, and timely shared communications regarding PHEIC among WHO member-states and other global health stakeholders, if the organization desires to be a real global health leader whose authority the international community respects and whose guidance people trust.</p>","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":"14 2","pages":"134-147"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8194585/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39515261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
After the Pandemic: New Responsibilities. 大流行之后：新的责任。
IF 2.1 3区 哲学
Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2021-05-17 eCollection Date: 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phab008
Neil Levy, Julian Savulescu
{"title":"After the Pandemic: New Responsibilities.","authors":"Neil Levy, Julian Savulescu","doi":"10.1093/phe/phab008","DOIUrl":"10.1093/phe/phab008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seasonal influenza kills many hundreds of thousands of people every year. We argue that the current pandemic has lessons we should learn concerning how we should respond to it. Our response to the COVID-19 not only provides us with tools for confronting influenza; it also changes our sense of what is possible. The recognition of how dramatic policy responses to COVID-19 were and how widespread their general acceptance has been allowed us to imagine new and more sweeping responses to influenza. In fact, we not only can grasp how we can reduce its toll; this new knowledge entails new responsibilities to do so. We outline a range of potential interventions to alter social norms and to change structures to reduce influenza transmission, and consider ethical objections to our proposals.</p>","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":"14 2","pages":"120-133"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7989173/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39515260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
'Personal Health Surveillance': The Use of mHealth in Healthcare Responsibilisation. “个人健康监测”:移动医疗在医疗责任中的应用
IF 2.1 3区 哲学
Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2021-05-16 eCollection Date: 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phab013
Ben Davies
{"title":"'Personal Health Surveillance': The Use of mHealth in Healthcare Responsibilisation.","authors":"Ben Davies","doi":"10.1093/phe/phab013","DOIUrl":"10.1093/phe/phab013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is an ongoing increase in the use of mobile health (mHealth) technologies that patients can use to monitor health-related outcomes and behaviours. While the dominant narrative around mHealth focuses on patient empowerment, there is potential for mHealth to fit into a growing push for patients to take personal responsibility for their health. I call the first of these uses 'medical monitoring', and the second 'personal health surveillance'. After outlining two problems which the use of mHealth might seem to enable us to overcome-fairness of burdens and reliance on self-reporting-I note that these problems would only really be solved by unacceptably comprehensive forms of personal health surveillance which applies to all of us at all times. A more plausible model is to use personal health surveillance as a last resort for patients who would otherwise independently qualify for responsibility-based penalties. However, I note that there are still a number of ethical and practical problems that such a policy would need to overcome. The prospects of mHealth enabling a fair, genuinely cost-saving policy of patient responsibility are slim.</p>","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":"14 3","pages":"268-280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/phe/phab013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39719271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
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