Public Health Ethics最新文献_第4页

Health as Complete Well-Being: The WHO Definition and Beyond 健康是完全的福祉:世卫组织的定义及其以后

3区哲学

Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2023-07-27 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad017

Thomas Schramme

引用次数: 0

Can Geographically Targeted Vaccinations Be Ethically Justified? The Case of Norway During the COVID-19 Pandemic. 有地域针对性的疫苗接种在伦理上合理吗？挪威在 COVID-19 大流行期间的案例。

IF 1.4 3区哲学

Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2023-07-26 eCollection Date: 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad011

Håkon Amdam, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Carl Tollef Solberg, Jasper R Littmann

{"title":"Can Geographically Targeted Vaccinations Be Ethically Justified? The Case of Norway During the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Håkon Amdam, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Carl Tollef Solberg, Jasper R Littmann","doi":"10.1093/phe/phad011","DOIUrl":"10.1093/phe/phad011","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the fairness of geographically targeted vaccinations (GTVs). During the initial period of local and global vaccine scarcity, health authorities had to enact priority-setting strategies for mass vaccination campaigns against COVID-19. These strategies have in common that priority setting was based on personal characteristics, such as age, health status or profession. However, in 2021, an alternative to this strategy was employed in some countries, particularly Norway. In these countries, vaccine allocation was also based on the epidemiological situations in different regions, and vaccines were assigned based on local incidence rates. The aim of this article is to describe and examine how a geographical allocation mechanism may work by considering Norway as a case study and discuss what ethical issues may arise in this type of priority setting. We explain three core concepts: priority setting, geographical priority setting and GTVs. With a particular focus on Norway, we discuss the potential effects of GTV, the public perception of such a strategy, and if GTV can be considered a fair strategy. We conclude that the most reasonable defence of GTV seems to be through a consequentialist account that values both total health outcomes and more equal outcomes.","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":"16 2","pages":"139-151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/cb/1a/phad011.PMC10401490.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10007387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Drug Legalization, Democracy and Public Health: Canadian Stakeholders’ Opinions and Values with Respect to the Legalization of Cannabis 毒品合法化、民主和公共卫生:加拿大利益攸关方对大麻合法化的意见和价值观

IF 2.1 3区哲学

Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2023-07-21 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad016

Marianne Rochette, Matt J. Valiquette, C. Barned, E. Racine

{"title":"Drug Legalization, Democracy and Public Health: Canadian Stakeholders’ Opinions and Values with Respect to the Legalization of Cannabis","authors":"Marianne Rochette, Matt J. Valiquette, C. Barned, E. Racine","doi":"10.1093/phe/phad016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phad016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The legalization of cannabis in Canada instantiates principles of harm-reduction and safe supply. However, in-depth understanding of values at stake and attitudes toward legalization were not part of extensive democratic deliberation. Through a qualitative exploratory study, we undertook 48 semi-structured interviews with three Canadian stakeholder groups to explore opinions and values with respect to the legalization of cannabis: (1) members of the general public, (2) people with lived experience of addiction and (3) clinicians with experience treating patients with addiction. Across all groups, participants tended to be in favor of legalization, but particular opinions rested on their viewpoint as stakeholders. Clinicians considered the way legalization would affect an individual’s health and its potential for increasing rates of addiction on a larger scale. People with lived experience of addiction cited personal autonomy more than other groups and stressed the need to have access to quality information to make truly informed decisions. Alternatively, members of the public considered legalization positive or negative in light of whether one’s addiction affected others. We elaborate on and discuss how scientific evidence about drug use impact values relates and how can different arguments play in democratic debates about legalization.","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47454811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

A Woman in Berlin: Reappraising Mass Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Public Health 柏林的一位妇女:重新评价公共卫生中的群体性暴力和基于性别的暴力

IF 2.1 3区哲学

Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad014

E. Bansal

引用次数: 0

From Sanitation Science to Geroscience: Public Health Must Transcend ‘Folkbiology’ 从卫生科学到老年科学:公共卫生必须超越“民间生物学”

IF 2.1 3区哲学

Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2023-07-12 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad013

C. Farrelly

{"title":"From Sanitation Science to Geroscience: Public Health Must Transcend ‘Folkbiology’","authors":"C. Farrelly","doi":"10.1093/phe/phad013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phad013","url":null,"abstract":"Folkbiology refers to people’s everyday understanding of the biological world. The early twentieth-century pioneers of public health C.-E.A Winslow (1877–1957), and his mentor H. Biggs (1859–1923), conceptualized public health as the ‘purchasable’ science of preventing disease and death from unfavorable economic and living conditions. Their ideas were foundational in shaping public health’s strategy of a ‘war against disease’ (Winslow, 1903), a strategy that was very successful in preventing the early-life mortality risks from infectious diseases, and was eventually extended to combating the chronic diseases of late life (like cancer). However, the initial framing of public health, through the lens of sanitation science, was predicated upon folkbiological premises that geroscience must abate in order to direct public health interventions toward the goal of improving the quality of life for older persons in the twenty-first century. Three folkbiological premises of sanitation science’s ‘war against disease’ are identified and critiqued: (i) the belief that health is the ‘normal’ condition of the human mechanism and disease ‘unnecessary’; (ii) the belief that the proximate causes of disease are the only modifiable risk factors public health interventions can alter; and (iii) the belief that the rate of biological aging is universal.","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47901654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Can Voluntary Health Insurance for Non-reimbursed Expensive New Treatments Be Just? 非报销昂贵新疗法的自愿健康保险是否公正?

IF 2.1 3区哲学

Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad015

Jilles Smids, Eline M Bunnik

{"title":"Can Voluntary Health Insurance for Non-reimbursed Expensive New Treatments Be Just?","authors":"Jilles Smids, Eline M Bunnik","doi":"10.1093/phe/phad015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phad015","url":null,"abstract":"Public healthcare systems are increasingly refusing (temporarily) to reimburse newly approved medical treatments of insufficient or uncertain cost-effectiveness. As both patient demand for these treatments and their list prices increase, a market might arise for voluntary additional health insurance (VHI) that covers effective but (very) expensive medical treatments. In this paper, we evaluate such potential future practices of VHI in public healthcare systems from a justice perspective. We find that direct (telic) egalitarian objections to unequal access to expensive treatments based on different ability to afford VHI do not stand up to scrutiny. However, such unequal access might lead to loss of self-respect among individuals, or loss of fraternity within society, rendering it more difficult for citizens to interact on equal moral footing. This would be problematic from a relational egalitarian perspective. Moreover, the introduction of VHI might turn out to have negative consequences for the comprehensiveness and/or the quality of the public healthcare services that are offered to all patients equally through basic health insurance. These consequences must be weighed against potential health gains and the value of liberty. We conclude that governments should be careful when considering the introduction of VHI in public healthcare systems.","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":"16 2","pages":"191-201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10401491/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10309739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Pharmaceutical Pollution from Human Use and the Polluter Pays Principle. 人类使用的药物污染与污染者付费原则。

IF 2.1 3区哲学

Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad012

Erik Malmqvist, Davide Fumagalli, Christian Munthe, D G Joakim Larsson

{"title":"Pharmaceutical Pollution from Human Use and the Polluter Pays Principle.","authors":"Erik Malmqvist, Davide Fumagalli, Christian Munthe, D G Joakim Larsson","doi":"10.1093/phe/phad012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phad012","url":null,"abstract":"Human consumption of pharmaceuticals often leads to environmental release of residues via urine and faeces, creating environmental and public health risks. Policy responses must consider the normative question how responsibilities for managing such risks, and costs and burdens associated with that management, should be distributed between actors. Recently, the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) has been advanced as rationale for such distribution. While recognizing some advantages of PPP, we highlight important ethical and practical limitations with applying it in this context: PPP gives ambiguous and arbitrary guidance due to difficulties in identifying the salient polluter. Moreover, when PPP does identify responsible actors, these may be unable to avoid or mitigate their contribution to the pollution, only able to avoid/mitigate it at excessive cost to themselves or others, or excusably ignorant of contributing. These limitations motivate a hybrid framework where PPP, which emphasizes holding those causing large-scale problems accountable, is balanced by the Ability to Pay Principle (APP), which emphasizes efficiently managing such problems. In this framework, improving wastewater treatment and distributing associated financial costs across water consumers or taxpayers stand out as promising responses to pharmaceutical pollution from human use. However, sound policy depends on empirical considerations requiring further study.","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":"16 2","pages":"152-164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10401492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10007385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Reinvigorating Public Health Ethics: Values, Topics and Theory 重振公共卫生伦理:价值、主题和理论

IF 2.1 3区哲学

Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad018

A. Dawson, L. Reid

引用次数: 0

Correction: Inequalities in the Challenges Affecting Children and their Families during COVID-19 with School Closures and Reopenings: A Qualitative Study. 更正:2019冠状病毒病期间影响儿童及其家庭的挑战中的不平等与学校关闭和重新开放:一项定性研究。

IF 2.1 3区哲学

Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad010

引用次数: 0

Taking Risks to Protect Others-Pediatric Vaccination and Moral Responsibility. 冒险保护他人--儿童疫苗接种与道德责任。

IF 1.4 3区哲学

Public Health Ethics Pub Date : 2023-05-04 eCollection Date: 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad005

Jessica Nihlén Fahlquist

{"title":"Taking Risks to Protect Others-Pediatric Vaccination and Moral Responsibility.","authors":"Jessica Nihlén Fahlquist","doi":"10.1093/phe/phad005","DOIUrl":"10.1093/phe/phad005","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic during 2020-2022 raised ethical questions concerning the balance between individual autonomy and the protection of the population, vulnerable individuals and the healthcare system. Pediatric COVID-19 vaccination differs from, for example, measles vaccination in that children were not as severely affected. The main question concerning pediatric vaccination has been whether the autonomy of parents outweighs the protection of the population. When children are seen as mature enough to be granted autonomy, questions arise about whether they have the right to decline vaccination and who should make the decision when parents disagree with each other and/or the child. In this paper, I argue that children should be encouraged to not only take responsibility for themselves, but for others. The discussion of pediatric vaccination in cases where this kind of risk-benefit ratio exists extends beyond the 2020-2022 pandemic. The pandemic entailed a question that is crucial for the future of public health as a global problem, that is, to what extent children should be seen as responsible decision-makers who are capable of contributing to its management and potential solution. I conclude that society should encourage children to cultivate such responsibility, conceived as a virtue, in the context of public health.","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":"16 2","pages":"127-138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10401494/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10007384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0