Evodevo最新文献

{"title":"Sex-specific plasticity and the nutritional geometry of insulin-signaling gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster","authors":"J. McDonald, Pegah Nabili, Lily Thorsen, S. Jeon, A. Shingleton","doi":"10.1101/2020.11.16.385708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.16.385708","url":null,"abstract":"Background Sexual-size dimorphism (SSD) is replete among animals, but while the selective pressures that drive the evolution of SSD have been well studied, the developmental mechanisms upon which these pressures act are poorly understood. Ours and others’ research has shown that SSD in D. melanogaster reflects elevated levels of nutritional plasticity in females versus males, such that SSD increases with dietary intake and body size, a phenomenon called sex-specific plasticity (SSP). Additional data indicate that while body size in both sexes responds to variation in protein level, only female body size is sensitive to variation in carbohydrate level. Here, we explore whether these difference in sensitivity at the morphological level are reflected by differences in how the insulin/IGF-signaling (IIS) and TOR-signaling pathways respond to changes in carbohydrates and proteins in females versus males, using a nutritional geometry approach. Results The IIS-regulated transcripts of 4E-BP and InR most strongly correlated with body size in females and males, respectively, but neither responded to carbohydrate level and so could not explain the sex-specific response to body size to dietary carbohydrate. Transcripts regulated by TOR-signaling did, however, respond to dietary carbohydrate in a sex-specific manner. In females, expression of dILP5 positively correlated with body size, while expression of dILP2,3 and 8, was elevated on diets with a low concentration of both carbohydrate and protein. In contrast, we detected lower levels of dILP2 and 5 protein in the brains of females fed on low concentration diets. We could not detect any effect of diet on dILP expression in males. Conclusion Although females and males show sex-specific transcriptional responses to changes in protein and carbohydrate, the patterns of expression do not support a simple model of the regulation of body-size SSP by either insulin- or TOR-signaling. The data also indicate a complex relationship between carbohydrate and protein level, dILP expression and dILP peptide levels in the brain. In general, diet quality and sex both affect the transcriptional response to changes in diet quantity, and so should be considered in future studies that explore the effect of nutrition on body size.","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49525163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Further evidence that mechanisms of host/symbiont integration are dissimilar in the maternal versus embryonic Acyrthosiphon pisum bacteriome.","authors":"Celeste R Banfill,&nbsp;Alex C C Wilson,&nbsp;Hsiao-Ling Lu","doi":"10.1186/s13227-020-00168-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-020-00168-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Host/symbiont integration is a signature of evolutionarily ancient, obligate endosymbioses. However, little is known about the cellular and developmental mechanisms of host/symbiont integration at the molecular level. Many insects possess obligate bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients. To advance understanding of the developmental and metabolic integration of hosts and endosymbionts, we track the localization of a non-essential amino acid transporter, ApNEAAT1, across asexual embryogenesis in the aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Previous work in adult bacteriomes revealed that ApNEAAT1 functions to exchange non-essential amino acids at the A. pisum/Buchnera aphidicola symbiotic interface. Driven by amino acid concentration gradients, ApNEAAT1 moves proline, serine, and alanine from A. pisum to Buchnera and cysteine from Buchnera to A. pisum. Here, we test the hypothesis that ApNEAAT1 is localized to the symbiotic interface during asexual embryogenesis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During A. pisum asexual embryogenesis, ApNEAAT1 does not localize to the symbiotic interface. We observed ApNEAAT1 localization to the maternal follicular epithelium, the germline, and, in late-stage embryos, to anterior neural structures and insect immune cells (hemocytes). We predict that ApNEAAT1 provisions non-essential amino acids to developing oocytes and embryos, as well as to the brain and related neural structures. Additionally, ApNEAAT1 may perform roles related to host immunity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our work provides further evidence that the embryonic and adult bacteriomes of asexual A. pisum are not equivalent. Future research is needed to elucidate the developmental time point at which the bacteriome reaches maturity.</p>","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":"11 1","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13227-020-00168-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38351067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serial blockface SEM suggests that stem cells may participate in adult notochord growth in an invertebrate chordate, the Bahamas lancelet.","authors":"Nicholas D Holland,&nbsp;Ildiko M L Somorjai","doi":"10.1186/s13227-020-00167-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-020-00167-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The cellular basis of adult growth in cephalochordates (lancelets or amphioxus) has received little attention. Lancelets and their constituent organs grow slowly but continuously during adult life. Here, we consider whether this slow organ growth involves tissue-specific stem cells. Specifically, we focus on the cell populations in the notochord of an adult lancelet and use serial blockface scanning electron microscopy (SBSEM) to reconstruct the three-dimensional fine structure of all the cells in a tissue volume considerably larger than normally imaged with this technique.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the notochordal region studied, we identified 10 cells with stem cell-like morphology at the posterior tip of the organ, 160 progenitor (Müller) cells arranged along its surface, and 385 highly differentiated lamellar cells constituting its core. Each cell type could clearly be distinguished on the basis of cytoplasmic density and overall cell shape. Moreover, because of the large sample size, transitions between cell types were obvious.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>For the notochord of adult lancelets, a reasonable interpretation of our data indicates growth of the organ is based on stem cells that self-renew and also give rise to progenitor cells that, in turn, differentiate into lamellar cells. Our discussion compares the cellular basis of adult notochord growth among chordates in general. In the vertebrates, several studies implied that proliferating cells (chordoblasts) in the cortex of the organ might be stem cells. However, we think it is more likely that such cells actually constitute a progenitor population downstream from and maintained by inconspicuous stem cells. We venture to suggest that careful searches should find stem cells in the adult notochords of many vertebrates, although possibly not in the notochordal vestiges (nucleus pulposus regions) of mammals, where the presence of endogenous proliferating cells remains controversial.</p>","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":" ","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13227-020-00167-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38515449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interplay of mesoscale physics and agent-like behaviors in the parallel evolution of aggregative multicellularity.","authors":"Juan A Arias Del Angel,&nbsp;Vidyanand Nanjundiah,&nbsp;Mariana Benítez,&nbsp;Stuart A Newman","doi":"10.1186/s13227-020-00165-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-020-00165-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Myxobacteria and dictyostelids are prokaryotic and eukaryotic multicellular lineages, respectively, that after nutrient depletion aggregate and develop into structures called fruiting bodies. The developmental processes and resulting morphological outcomes resemble one another to a remarkable extent despite their independent origins, the evolutionary distance between them and the lack of traceable homology in molecular mechanisms. We hypothesize that the morphological parallelism between the two lineages arises as the consequence of the interplay within multicellular aggregates between <i>generic processes</i>, physical and physicochemical processes operating similarly in living and non-living matter at the mesoscale (~10^-3-10^-1 m) and <i>agent-like behaviors</i>, unique to living systems and characteristic of the constituent cells, considered as autonomous entities acting according to internal rules in a shared environment. Here, we analyze the contributions of generic and agent-like determinants in myxobacteria and dictyostelid development and their roles in the generation of their common traits. Consequent to aggregation, collective cell-cell contacts mediate the emergence of liquid-like properties, making nascent multicellular masses subject to novel patterning and morphogenetic processes. In both lineages, this leads to behaviors such as streaming, rippling, and rounding-up, as seen in non-living fluids. Later the aggregates solidify, leading them to exhibit additional generic properties and motifs. Computational models suggest that the morphological phenotypes of the multicellular masses deviate from the predictions of generic physics due to the contribution of agent-like behaviors of cells such as directed migration, quiescence, and oscillatory signal transduction mediated by responses to external cues. These employ signaling mechanisms that reflect the evolutionary histories of the respective organisms. We propose that the similar developmental trajectories of myxobacteria and dictyostelids are more due to shared generic physical processes in coordination with analogous agent-type behaviors than to convergent evolution under parallel selection regimes. Insights from the biology of these aggregative forms may enable a unified understanding of developmental evolution, including that of animals and plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":" ","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13227-020-00165-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38596079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-metamorphic skeletal growth in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and implications for body plan evolution","authors":"J. Thompson, Periklis Paganos, G. Benvenuto, M. Arnone, P. Oliveri","doi":"10.1101/2020.10.09.332957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.09.332957","url":null,"abstract":"Background Understanding the molecular and cellular processes that underpin animal development are crucial for understanding the diversity of body plans found on the planet today. Because of their abundance in the fossil record, and tractability as a model system in the lab, skeletons provide an ideal experimental model to understand the origins of animal diversity. We herein use molecular and cellular markers to understand the growth and development of the juvenile sea urchin (echinoid) skeleton. Results We developed a detailed staging scheme based off of the first ~ 4 weeks of post-metamorphic life of the regular echinoid Paracentrotus lividus . We paired this scheme with immunohistochemical staining for neuronal, muscular, and skeletal tissues, and fluorescent assays of skeletal growth and cell proliferation to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying skeletal growth and development of the sea urchin body plan. Conclusions Our experiments highlight the role of skeletogenic proteins in accretionary skeletal growth and cell proliferation in the addition of new metameric tissues. Furthermore, this work provides a framework for understanding the developmental evolution of sea urchin body plans on macroevolutionary timescales.","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44037278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anemonefish, a model for Eco-Evo-Devo.","authors":"Natacha Roux,&nbsp;Pauline Salis,&nbsp;Shu-Hua Lee,&nbsp;Laurence Besseau,&nbsp;Vincent Laudet","doi":"10.1186/s13227-020-00166-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-020-00166-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anemonefish, are a group of about 30 species of damselfish (Pomacentridae) that have long aroused the interest of coral reef fish ecologists. Combining a series of original biological traits and practical features in their breeding that are described in this paper, anemonefish are now emerging as an experimental system of interest for developmental biology, ecology and evolutionary sciences. They are small sized and relatively easy to breed in specific husbandries, unlike the large-sized marine fish used for aquaculture. Because they live in highly structured social groups in sea anemones, anemonefish allow addressing a series of relevant scientific questions such as the social control of growth and sex change, the mechanisms controlling symbiosis, the establishment and variation of complex color patterns, and the regulation of aging. Combined with the use of behavioral experiments, that can be performed in the lab or directly in the wild, as well as functional genetics and genomics, anemonefish provide an attractive experimental system for Eco-Evo-Devo.</p>","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":" ","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13227-020-00166-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38477186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Ectocarpus</i>: an evo-devo model for the brown algae.","authors":"Susana M Coelho, Akira F Peters, Dieter Müller, J Mark Cock","doi":"10.1186/s13227-020-00164-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13227-020-00164-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Ectocarpus</i> is a genus of filamentous, marine brown algae. Brown algae belong to the stramenopiles, a large supergroup of organisms that are only distantly related to animals, land plants and fungi. Brown algae are also one of only a small number of eukaryotic lineages that have evolved complex multicellularity. For many years, little information was available concerning the molecular mechanisms underlying multicellular development in the brown algae, but this situation has changed with the emergence of <i>Ectocarpus</i> as a model brown alga. Here we summarise some of the main questions that are being addressed and areas of study using <i>Ectocarpus</i> as a model organism and discuss how the genomic information, genetic tools and molecular approaches available for this organism are being employed to explore developmental questions in an evolutionary context.</p>","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":" ","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7457493/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38333972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic resources and toolkits for developmental study of whip spiders (Amblypygi) provide insights into arachnid genome evolution and antenniform leg patterning.","authors":"Guilherme Gainett, Prashant P Sharma","doi":"10.1186/s13227-020-00163-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13227-020-00163-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The resurgence of interest in the comparative developmental study of chelicerates has led to important insights, such as the discovery of a genome duplication shared by spiders and scorpions, inferred to have occurred in the most recent common ancestor of Arachnopulmonata (a clade comprising the five arachnid orders that bear book lungs). Nonetheless, several arachnid groups remain understudied in the context of development and genomics, such as the order Amblypygi (whip spiders). The phylogenetic position of Amblypygi in Arachnopulmonata posits them as an interesting group to test the incidence of the proposed genome duplication in the common ancestor of Arachnopulmonata, as well as the degree of retention of duplicates over 450 Myr. Moreover, whip spiders have their first pair of walking legs elongated and modified into sensory appendages (a convergence with the antennae of mandibulates), but the genetic patterning of these antenniform legs has never been investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We established genomic resources and protocols for cultivation of embryos and gene expression assays by in situ hybridization to study the development of the whip spider <i>Phrynus marginemaculatus</i>. Using embryonic transcriptomes from three species of Amblypygi, we show that the ancestral whip spider exhibited duplications of all ten Hox genes. We deploy these resources to show that paralogs of the leg gap genes <i>dachshund</i> and <i>homothorax</i> retain arachnopulmonate-specific expression patterns in <i>P. marginemaculatus</i>. We characterize the expression of leg gap genes <i>Distal</i>-<i>less</i>, <i>dachshund</i>-<i>1/2</i> and <i>homothorax</i>-<i>1/2</i> in the embryonic antenniform leg and other appendages, and provide evidence that allometry, and by extension the antenniform leg fate, is specified early in embryogenesis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study is the first step in establishing <i>P. marginemaculatus</i> as a chelicerate model for modern evolutionary developmental study, and provides the first resources sampling whip spiders for comparative genomics. Our results suggest that Amblypygi share a genome duplication with spiders and scorpions, and set up a framework to study the genetic specification of antenniform legs. Future efforts to study whip spider development must emphasize the development of tools for functional experiments in <i>P. marginemaculatus</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":" ","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2020-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7455915/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38333971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activin/Nodal signaling mediates dorsal-ventral axis formation before third quartet formation in embryos of the annelid <i>Chaetopterus pergamentaceus</i>.","authors":"Alexis R Lanza, Elaine C Seaver","doi":"10.1186/s13227-020-00161-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13227-020-00161-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The clade of protostome animals known as the Spiralia (e.g., mollusks, annelids, nemerteans and polyclad flatworms) shares a highly conserved program of early development. This includes shared arrangement of cells in the early-stage embryo and fates of descendant cells into embryonic quadrants. In spiralian embryos, a single cell in the D quadrant functions as an embryonic organizer to pattern the body axes. The precise timing of the organizing signal and its cellular identity varies among spiralians. Previous experiments in the annelid <i>Chaetopterus pergamentaceus</i> Cuvier, 1830 demonstrated that the D quadrant possesses an organizing role in body axes formation; however, the molecular signal and exact cellular identity of the organizer were unknown.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, the timing of the signal and the specific signaling pathway that mediates organizing activity in <i>C. pergamentaceus</i> was investigated through short exposures to chemical inhibitors during early cleavage stages. Chemical interference of the Activin/Nodal pathway but not the BMP or MAPK pathways results in larvae that lack a detectable dorsal-ventral axis. Furthermore, these data show that the duration of organizing activity encompasses the 16 cell stage and is completed before the 32 cell stage.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The timing and molecular signaling pathway of the <i>C. pergamentaceus</i> organizer is comparable to that of another annelid, <i>Capitella teleta</i>, whose organizing signal is required through the 16 cell stage and localizes to micromere 2d. Since <i>C. pergamentaceus</i> is an early branching annelid, these data in conjunction with functional genomic investigations in <i>C. teleta</i> hint that the ancestral state of annelid dorsal-ventral axis patterning involved an organizing signal that occurs one to two cell divisions earlier than the organizing signal identified in mollusks, and that the signal is mediated by Activin/Nodal signaling. Our findings have significant evolutionary implications within the Spiralia, and furthermore suggest that global body patterning mechanisms may not be as conserved across bilaterians as was previously thought.</p>","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":" ","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7418201/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38259385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution and development of three highly specialized floral structures of bee-pollinated <i>Phalaenopsis</i> species.","authors":"Dewi Pramanik,&nbsp;Nemi Dorst,&nbsp;Niels Meesters,&nbsp;Marlies Spaans,&nbsp;Erik Smets,&nbsp;Monique Welten,&nbsp;Barbara Gravendeel","doi":"10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Variation in shape and size of many floral organs is related to pollinators. Evolution of such organs is driven by duplication and modification of MADS-box and MYB transcription factors. We applied a combination of micro-morphological (SEM and micro 3D-CT scanning) and molecular techniques (transcriptome and RT-PCR analysis) to understand the evolution and development of the callus, stelidia and mentum, three highly specialized floral structures of orchids involved in pollination. Early stage and mature tissues were collected from flowers of the bee-pollinated <i>Phalaenopsis equestris</i> and <i>Phalaenopsis pulcherrima</i>, two species that differ in floral morphology: <i>P. equestris</i> has a large callus but short stelidia and no mentum, whereas <i>P. pulcherrima</i> has a small callus, but long stelidia and a pronounced mentum.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results show the stelidia develop from early primordial stages, whereas the callus and mentum develop later. In combination, the micro 3D-CT scan analysis and gene expression analyses show that the callus is of mixed petaloid-staminodial origin, the stelidia of staminodial origin, and the mentum of mixed sepaloid-petaloid-staminodial origin. <i>SEP</i> clade 1 copies are expressed in the larger callus of <i>P. equestris</i>, whereas <i>AP3</i> clade 1 and <i>AGL6</i> clade 1 copies are expressed in the pronounced mentum and long stelidia of <i>P. pulcherrima. AP3</i> clade 4, <i>PI</i>-, <i>AGL6</i> clade 2 and <i>PCF</i> clade 1 copies might have a balancing role in callus and gynostemium development. There appears to be a trade-off between <i>DIV</i> clade 2 expression with <i>SEP</i> clade 1 expression in the callus, on the one hand, and with <i>AP3</i> clade 1 and <i>AGL6</i> clade 1 expression in the stelidia and mentum on the other.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We detected differential growth and expression of MADS box <i>AP3/PI</i>-like, <i>AGL</i>6-like and <i>SEP</i>-like, and MYB <i>DIV</i>-like gene copies in the callus, stelidia and mentum of two species of <i>Phalaenopsis,</i> of which these floral structures are very differently shaped and sized. Our study provides a first glimpse of the evolutionary developmental mechanisms driving adaptation of <i>Phalaenopsis</i> flowers to different pollinators by providing combined micro-morphological and molecular evidence for a possible sepaloid-petaloid-staminodial origin of the orchid mentum.</p>","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":" ","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38263310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}