Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics最新文献

{"title":"Early effects of HPV vaccination on high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in Brazil: Evidence from outpatient data.","authors":"Ana Luiza Bierrenbach, Paula Cristina Pungartnik, Rodrigo Gonçalves Queijo, João Gabriel Rego, Cintia Irene Parellada","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2684304","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2684304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of disease burden among women, despite being largely preventable. High-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a key intermediate outcome for evaluating early population-level effects of HPV vaccination and is mainly managed in outpatient settings, which may provide a more timely signal than hospitalizations or cancer registry data. This study aimed to assess whether the introduction of quadrivalent HPV vaccination in Brazil in 2014 through its National Immunization Program was associated with changes in first outpatient consultations for high-grade CIN. We conducted a quasi-experimental interrupted time-series analysis using Brazil's Outpatient Information System, including females aged ≥15 y with first eligible high-grade CIN records identified by ICD-10 codes and relevant procedures. Descriptive trends were assessed from 2011 to 2023, and interrupted time-series models were restricted to 2011-2019. Age-specific consultation counts and rates were calculated, and segmented regression models were fitted using generalized linear models. Negative controls included consultations for non-HPV sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and trends among older age groups not directly targeted by vaccination. Among adolescents aged 15-19 y, high-grade CIN consultation rates increased from 5.5 per 100,000 women in 2011 to a peak of 7.1 in 2015, followed by a decline to 1.8 in 2023, falling below pre-vaccination levels. Older age groups did not show comparable declines, while non-HPV STI consultations increased steadily across all ages. These contrasting trends support a vaccine-related effect in adolescents and indicate that the observed decline is unlikely to reflect changes in healthcare-seeking behavior or reporting practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2684304"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13274153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148260153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic trends and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among adults in China during 2021-2022: A multilevel analysis based on four national cross-sectional surveys.","authors":"Tiancheng Xie, Tianshuo Zhao, Xiyu Zhang, Qingsong Xu, Ninghua Huang, Yaqiong Liu, Fuqiang Cui","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2634501","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2634501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to explore the dynamic trends and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among adults in China from 2021 to 2022, providing evidence for targeted vaccination strategies under different epidemic control phases. We conducted four large-scale, anonymous, cross-sectional online surveys in January 2021, June 2021, January 2022, and June 2022. Adults aged 18 and older were recruited nationwide, with demographic weighting based on the 2020 National Census. Vaccine hesitancy was defined according to WHO SAGE guidelines. Multilevel regression and post-stratification (MRP) were applied to estimate standardized provincial-level vaccine hesitancy rates, and multilevel logistic models were used to examine influencing factors, including sociodemographic characteristics and constructs from the health belief model (HBM). Adjusted vaccine hesitancy rates showed a U-shaped trend: 33.78% in January 2021, dropping to 11.33% in June 2021, rising slightly to 16.13% in January 2022, and rebounding to 31.72% in June 2022. Hesitancy was initially driven by concerns over vaccine safety, while later stages reflected reduced risk perception and vaccination fatigue. Younger adults, women, urban residents, and those with higher education levels were more likely to exhibit hesitancy. HBM factors - particularly perceived safety and effectiveness - were significant early drivers but diminished in influence over time. Vaccine hesitancy among Chinese adults fluctuated with changes in pandemic context and public perception, shifting from safety concerns to complacency. Sustained public health efforts are needed to address psychological, social, and contextual barriers to vaccination, especially in later phases of epidemic control. Tailored strategies based on population subgroups and behavioral insights are essential to mitigate hesitancy and maintain high vaccination coverage.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2634501"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12931913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147272559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the experiences and perceptions of co-administration of routine vaccines in adults: Findings from an embedded qualitative study with participants and research delivery staff in the ZosterFluCov randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Victoria Williams, Sophie Rees, Holly Seale, Grace Tilzey, Rajeka Lazarus","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2629670","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2629670","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccine co-administration is common in childhood immunization programmes and helps facilitate the uptake of and adherence to the immunization schedule. There are limited data on the role of co-administration in the adult vaccine schedule and attitudes toward this approach. We aimed to understand the experiences and perceptions of vaccine co-administration of trial participants and study staff members. The study was an integrated qualitative study that formed part of ZosterFluCov, a randomized controlled trial which assessed the immunogenicity of seasonal influenza and COVID-19 vaccines when given with a recombinant zoster vaccine (shingles vaccine). Using semi-structured interviews, we explored the perceptions and experiences of participants and study staff members around vaccine co-administration, and concerns and information needs. We interviewed 20 trial participants and 24 research delivery staff. We found that the co-administration of routine vaccines was highly acceptable amongst the trial participants. Staff viewed vaccine co-administration as within their scope of practice and many had experience of it prior to the trial. Participants from both groups felt that vaccine co-administration could be a time efficient way to administer vaccines, for both health professionals and patients. Vaccine co-administration was regarded as an acceptable method of delivery with the potential to save resources whilst simplifying the process for individuals. The importance of personal preference regarding the number of vaccines was emphasized, whilst staff noted that practical adjustments would be needed for real world delivery. Vaccination co-administration offers the opportunity to optimize vaccine coverage amongst those eligible for routine and seasonal vaccinations.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2629670"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12934164/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147285770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccination in systemic lupus erythematosus.","authors":"Tsz Ching Mok, Chi Chiu Mok","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2663637","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2663637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite advancement in anti-microbial therapies, infection remains the leading cause of mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Vaccination is a major strategy in reducing infection risk. Recent studies suggest most SLE patients are able to mount an adequate immune response to the SARS-CoV2 vaccines but lower immunogenicity is observed with influenza and pneumococcal vaccination. Current evidence does not indicate an increased risk of SLE flares after administration of common vaccines. Live vaccines are less preferred to inactivated or recombinant vaccines in SLE patients receiving immunosuppression. However, the decision to vaccinate should be individualized according to risk and benefit evaluation. Vaccination in patients with SLE should best be performed during periods of low disease activity or remission. In patients receiving intense immunosuppression or biologic/targeted therapies, particularly B-cell depletion, vaccine responses are expected to be attenuated. Adjunctive measures such as booster dose of vaccines, passive immunization and microbial prophylaxis may be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2663637"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13114134/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147786981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse event following immunization with domestic bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in Hebei Province, China (2022-2024).","authors":"Wang Yihan, Jinghui Wang, Yiqing Zhu, Li Sun, Jing Li, Yafei Wang, Ling Hao, Lina Wang, Di Gao","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2567669","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2567669","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the incidence and characteristics of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with the domestic bivalent human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine among females aged 9-45 years in Hebei Province between 2022 and 2024. All vaccination and AEFI data were obtained from the Immunization Information Management System (IIMS) and the National Adverse Event Following Immunization Surveillance System (NAEFISS) in Hebei Province. Descriptive and analytical epidemiological methods were used for statistical analysis. The domestic bivalent HPV vaccine had an AEFI reporting rate of 4.54 per 100,000 doses, comprising common vaccine reactions (3.97/100,000), rare vaccine reactions (0.42/100,000). Significant differences in common vaccine reactions were observed across age groups 9-14 years versus both 15-26 years (<i>χ²</i> = 6.222, <i>p</i> = .016) and 27-45 years (<i>χ²</i> = 26.082, <i>p</i> < .001), whereas rare vaccine reactions showed no significant age-based differences (all <i>p</i> > .05). The AEFI reporting rates in 2022, 2023, and 2024 were 2.47, 4.70, and 9.93 per 100,000 doses, respectively, showing a significant linear increasing trend (<i>r</i> = 0.004, <i>p</i> < .05). The highest AEFI reporting rate occurred between April and June (5.50 per 100,000 doses). Statistically significant differences were observed between the 1st dose versus both the 2nd (<i>χ²</i> = 6.618, <i>p</i> = .012) and 3rd doses (<i>χ²</i> = 11.205, <i>p</i> = .001), but not between the 2nd and 3rd doses (<i>χ²</i> = 1.466, <i>p</i> = .275). Among clinical symptoms, common vaccine reactions primarily included fever and injection-site swelling/induration, while allergic rash was the most frequent rare vaccine reaction. The 9-14-year-old age group exhibited a higher risk of AEFI compared to both the 15-26-year-old and 27-45-year-old groups, with the majority of events being common vaccine reactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2567669"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13014556/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147505279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"mRNA vaccines and therapeutics beyond COVID-19: A review of the global clinical development landscape, low- and middle-income countries involvement and relevance to their contexts.","authors":"Monica Moschioni, Rafay Anwer Siraji, Romain Dissard, Giulia Segafredo, Hillary Mutungi, Aashima Jain, Rosy Thakur, Neeraj Maurya, Ike James","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2628424","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2628424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>mRNA vaccines demonstrated transformative potential during the COVID-19 pandemic, yet global access to mRNA research, development, and manufacturing capacity remains unequal. This review systematically maps the global mRNA clinical development landscape beyond COVID-19, based on publicly available sources. A total of 244 vaccine and therapeutic candidates were identified: 123 targeting 23 communicable diseases and 121 targeting 69 non-communicable diseases, including 102 cancer-focused candidates. Two hundred and twenty-seven candidates (93%) were in early clinical development phases and 12 in late-stage development. Eighty-five developers (50 companies, 35 institutes/hospitals) are engaged in this space. Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) participation was limited to 57 candidates, primarily in upper-middle-income countries. This study reveals a rapidly expanding pipeline for diverse diseases, many aligned with LMIC public health priorities, yet with limited LMIC participation. Equitable inclusion, and collaborations are vital for sustainable global development. This study could inform future LMIC-led mRNA development and manufacturing initiatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2628424"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12962614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147357272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccine confidence and information sources among children and adolescents: A national cross-sectional survey.","authors":"Bo Terning Hansen, Margrethe Greve-Isdahl","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2639798","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2639798","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding vaccine confidence among children and adolescents is important for sustaining high immunization coverage and trust in vaccination programmes because young people may participate in decisions about their vaccinations. However, little is known about how young people themselves perceive vaccines and access information. A national web-based survey on vaccination was conducted in March 2025 among 8 to 19-y-olds in Norway (n = 857). Most respondents expressed high confidence in vaccine effectiveness and safety, although confidence was lower for safety than for effectiveness. Confidence in vaccine safety differed by age group and was higher among children (age 8 to 11 y) than adolescents. Confidence in vaccine effectiveness and safety differed by parental education level and was higher among those with higher-educated parents. Parents were the primary vaccine information source (52%), followed by school health nurses (25%) and the internet (15%). With increasing age, the importance of parents decreased, and the importance of school health nurses and the internet increased. Citing parents as the primary information source was associated with higher vaccine confidence. Among adolescents who reported encountering vaccine-related content on social media, 28% had seen messages portraying vaccines as good, 21% as bad, and 39% as both good and bad. Being exposed to social media content portraying vaccines as bad was associated with lower confidence in vaccine effectiveness. These findings suggest that vaccine confidence among children and adolescents is associated with social and informational contexts that may change with age, which is important for informing age-appropriate strategies for vaccine communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2639798"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12969737/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147357281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive factors associated with willingness to receive three important vaccines among older adults: A protection motivation theory perspective.","authors":"Xueqing Peng, Rongna Huang, Anita Nyarkoa Walker, Liangzhi Zhang, Yunqi Miao, Qingsong Yu, Lei Li","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2657121","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2657121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccines against influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia, and herpes zoster are pivotal for infectious disease control in older adults, yet vaccination coverage remains suboptimal. Guided by Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), this cross-sectional study identified cognitive factors of overall willingness toward the three important vaccines among adults aged ≥60 y, to inform population-level intervention strategies. A representative sample of 420 older adults was recruited from Chengdu, China, via multistage stratified sampling between August and October 2024. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was applied to analyze associations between PMT cognitive constructs, health status, and overall vaccination willingness. Results showed moderate overall willingness to receive the three vaccines (16.7 ± 5.0, range: 5-25), with PMT explaining 57.6% of its variance (R² = 0.576). Four PMT cognitive factors significantly predicted vaccination willingness: three had positive associations - perceived vulnerability (b = 0.128, <i>p</i> < .01), self-efficacy (b = 0.396, <i>p</i> < .001), and response efficacy (b = 0.289, <i>p</i> < .001) - with self-efficacy being the strongest predictor; whereas response cost (b = -0.102, <i>p</i> < .01) exerted a negative effect. Health status moderated the perceived severity → vaccination willingness pathway (diff b = -0.189, <i>p</i> < .05); specifically, perceived severity positively correlated with willingness among older adults with poor health (b = 0.143, <i>p</i> < .05). Findings suggest that, except among older adults with poor, physical health tailored public health intervention policies to boost older adults' overall willingness for the three key vaccines should prioritize targeting vaccination-related beliefs (self-efficacy, benefits, costs, and risk of infection) rather than disease severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2657121"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13078240/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147677302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the potential public health and economic impact of vaccination timing: A modeling study of COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom.","authors":"Cale Harrison, Ben Yarnoff, Rebecca Butfield, Jingyan Yang, Charlie Reynard","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2668795","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2668795","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the public health and economic impact of timely protection against COVID-19 infection with an adapted vaccine in the United Kingdom. A static decision-tree model was used to estimate the impact of timely protection with an autumn dose and a spring dose and assess how delays in the start of the vaccination program affect the impact. The model examined a hypothetical year based on the average age-stratified incidence and severity reported in public health surveillance data for the 2022/2023 and the 2023/2024 seasons. Other age-stratified parameters vaccine coverage, cost, and vaccine effectiveness parameters were informed by literature. Timely protection with the autumn dose for those aged ≥75 y and the high-risk population aged 18-74 was estimated to avert 1.0 million cases, 15,642 hospitalization, 3,897 deaths, 82,977 post-COVID condition cases, £179 million in direct medical costs, and £195 million in productivity losses. Timely protection with the spring dose for those aged ≥75 y and the high-risk population aged 18-74 was estimated to avert 98,446 cases, 1,477 hospitalization, 279 deaths, 8,357 post-COVID condition cases, £6 million in direct medical costs, and £14 million in productivity losses. Delays in the start of the vaccination program substantially reduced the estimated public health and economic impact of vaccination for both the autumn and spring doses. Adapted vaccines for COVID-19 remain an important public health tool for reducing the health and economic burden. However, delays in the start of vaccination campaigns may erode the potential impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2668795"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13170381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147876343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity and safety of prophylactic HPV vaccines in people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Bahar Senel, Gokhan Senel, Ceren Elma","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2724680","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2724680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major global public health concern, causing genital warts and cancers of the cervix, anus, oropharynx, vulva, and penis. People living with HIV (PLWH) face a disproportionately elevated burden of HPV infection and HPV-related malignancies due to chronic immunosuppression. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis searching six databases from January 2006 to June 2026 without language restrictions. Twenty-five studies were included in the systematic review; 12 independent studies (N = 1,493 for HPV16) were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. Using a DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model with logit transformation, pooled seroconversion rates were: HPV16 97.8% (95% CI: 94.9-99.1%; I² = 89.6%; 15 datasets), HPV18 94.2% (95% CI: 86.1-97.7%; I² = 95.8%; 13 datasets), HPV6 97.0% (95% CI: 93.7-98.6%; I² = 66.1%; 10 studies), and HPV11 97.1% (95% CI: 90.5-99.1%; I² = 95.5%; 10 studies). CD4 count was the most consistently reported modifier of immunogenic response: HPV16 seroconversion was 98.5% in PLWH with CD4 > 350 cells/μL vs. 71.1% in those with CD4 ≤ 200 cells/μL (ACTG A5240). All three vaccine generations demonstrated high immunogenicity. Two doses of the nonavalent vaccine were non-inferior to three doses in virologically suppressed women (Papillon RCT). No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported. GRADE certainty of evidence was moderate for HPV16, HPV6, and HPV11, and low for HPV18. Prophylactic HPV vaccination achieves high seroconversion rates across all vaccine generations in PLWH. CD4 count significantly modifies vaccine response, underscoring the importance of vaccination before severe immunosuppression develops. These findings support current international recommendations advocating HPV vaccination for all PLWH.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2724680"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13540118/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148882059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}