Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics最新文献

{"title":"Broadening sarbecovirus neutralization with bispecific antibodies combining distinct conserved targets on the receptor binding domain.","authors":"Denise Guerra, Laura Radić, Mitch Brinkkemper, Meliawati Poniman, Lara van der Maas, Jonathan L Torres, Andrew B Ward, Kwinten Sliepen, Janke Schinkel, Rogier W Sanders, Marit J van Gils, Tim Beaumont","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2388344","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2388344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monoclonal neutralizing antibodies (mAbs) are considered an important prophylactic against SARS-CoV-2 infection in at-risk populations and a strategy to counteract future sarbecovirus-induced disease. However, most mAbs isolated so far neutralize only a few sarbecovirus strains. Therefore, there is a growing interest in bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) which can simultaneously target different spike epitopes and thereby increase neutralizing breadth and prevent viral escape. Here, we generate and characterize a panel of 30 novel broadly reactive bsAbs using an efficient controlled Fab-arm exchange protocol. We specifically combine some of the broadest mAbs described so far, which target conserved epitopes on the receptor binding domain (RBD). Several bsAbs show superior cross-binding and neutralization compared to the parental mAbs and cocktails against sarbecoviruses from diverse clades, including recent SARS-CoV-2 variants. BsAbs which include mAb COVA2-02 are among the most potent and broad combinations. As a result, we study the unknown epitope of COVA2-02 and show that this mAb targets a distinct conserved region at the base of the RBD, which could be of interest when designing next-generation bsAb constructs to contribute to a better pandemic preparedness.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"20 1","pages":"2388344"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11340772/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutralization potency of the 2023-24 seasonal influenza vaccine against circulating influenza H3N2 strains.","authors":"Xiande Huang, Ziqi Cheng, Yake Lv, Weixuan Li, Xiaoyu Liu, Weijin Huang, Chenyan Zhao","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2380111","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2380111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seasonal influenza is a severe disease that significantly impacts public health, causing millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths each year. Seasonal influenza viruses, particularly the H3N2 subtype, exhibit high antigenic variability, often leading to mismatch between vaccine strains and circulating strains. Therefore, rapidly assessing the alignment between existing seasonal influenza vaccine and circulating strains is crucial for enhancing vaccine efficacy. This study, based on a pseudovirus platform, evaluated the match between current influenza H3N2 vaccine strains and circulating strains through cross-neutralization assays using clinical human immune sera against globally circulating influenza virus strains. The research results show that although mutations are present in the circulating strains, the current H3N2 vaccine strain still imparting effective protection, providing a scientific basis for encouraging influenza vaccination. This research methodology can be sustainably applied for the neutralization potency assessment of subsequent circulating strains, establishing a persistent methodological framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"20 1","pages":"2380111"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11364067/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142113922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Humoral and cellular immune response to AZD1222 /Covishield and BV152/Covaxin COVID-19 vaccines among adults in India.","authors":"Anuradha S Tripathy, Dharmendra Singh, Diptee Trimbake, Sukeshani Salwe, Srikanth Tripathy, Arjun Kakrani, Priyanka Jali, Hanmant Chavan, Pragya Yadav, Rima Sahay, Prakash Sarje, Prasad Babar, Anita Shete, Ashok Nandapurkar, Milind Kulkarni","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2410579","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2410579","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several COVID-19 vaccines were developed using different approaches to prevent both symptomatic COVID-19 cases and fatalities. The adults were vaccinated with two doses of AZD1222/Covishield (<i>n</i> = 77) [manufactured by Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd] vaccine and BV152/Covaxin (<i>n</i> = 99) [manufactured by Bharat Biotech] vaccine. They were assessed for immune response at pre-vaccination, 1 month post first and 6 months post second dose for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody, surrogate neutralizing antibody (NAbs), immune phenotypes, antigen specific NK, B and T cell response, their effector functionality by ELISPOT and plasma cytokine profile. Both vaccines elicited enhanced IgG antibody and Nab levels compared to the baseline. BV152/Covaxin, the whole virus inactivated vaccine exhibited higher IgG (70% vs 100%), Nab (90% vs 100%), and robust T cell (31% vs 96%) responses at 6 months post second dose compared to 1 month post first dose justifying the utility of the second dose. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 WV and S1 specific CD4+ central T cell memory response in AZD1222/Covishield vaccinee at 6 months post second dose and higher CD4+ and CD8+ naïve and central memory T cell response in BV152/Covaxin vaccinee at 1 month post first dose indicated the involvement of memory T cells. Persistent IgG and NAb responses along with IgG+B and IgG+memory B cells in AZD1222/Covishield recipients at 6 months post second dose indicated sustained immune memory response. Continued heightened IFN-γ secreting T cell response (ELISPOT) displayed by both the vaccine platforms could serve as a co correlate of protection, further to evaluation in follow up studies. Overall, our data suggest that coordinated functions of humoral and cellular branches of adaptive immunity may pave ways toward protective immunity against COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"20 1","pages":"2410579"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11497953/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142478676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy in lung cancer.","authors":"Jie Yao, Xuwen Lin, Xin Zhang, Mei Xie, Xidong Ma, Xinyu Bao, Jialin Song, Yiran Liang, Qiqi Wang, Xinying Xue","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2406063","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2406063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have changed the treatment mode of lung cancer, extending the survival time of patients unprecedentedly. Once patients respond to ICIs, the median duration of response is usually longer than that achieved with cytotoxic or targeted drugs. Unfortunately, there is still a large proportion of lung cancer patients do not respond to ICI. Effective biomarkers are crucial for identifying lung cancer patients who can benefit from them. The first predictive biomarker is programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), but its predictive value is limited to specific populations. With the development of single-cell sequencing and spatial imaging technologies, as well as the use of deep learning and artificial intelligence, the identification of predictive biomarkers has been greatly expanded. In this review, we will dissect the biomarkers used to predict ICIs efficacy in lung cancer from the tumor-immune microenvironment and host perspectives, and describe cutting-edge technologies to further identify biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"20 1","pages":"2406063"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11487980/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142478680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medium-term immunogenicity of three doses of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac in Hong Kong neuromuscular disease patients.","authors":"Michael Kwan Leung Yu, Sophelia Hoi Shan Chan, Daniel Leung, Samuel Cheng, Leo Chi Hang Tsang, Tsz Chun Kwan, Kaiyue Zhang, Xiwei Wang, Wenwei Tu, Malik Peiris, Yu Lung Lau, Jaime S Rosa Duque","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2424615","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2424615","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The durability of the immunogenicity elicited by three doses of mRNA-based BNT162b2 and whole-virus inactivated CoronaVac in patients with neuromuscular diseases, particularly those on immunosuppressive drugs and variants of concern, has not been well-established. Our goal was to evaluate medium-term humoral immunogenicity outcomes after 3 doses of these vaccines. Peripheral blood samples were collected from participants 14-49 days and 155-210 days after administration of the third vaccine dose to assess humoral immune responses through serological assays. The immunogenicity outcomes of each patient were compared to those of three age-matched healthy control participants, ensuring a balanced comparison. Both patients that received 3 doses of BNT162b2 and 10 (90.9%) patients that received CoronaVac seroconverted against wild-type-SARS-CoV-2 virus, showing comparable antibody responses to healthy participants. After 6 months, one patient in BNT162b2 and all four patients in CoronaVac groups maintained seropositivity. The JN-1 specific binding antibody response was lower compared to wild-type virus. The use of corticosteroids did not affect seroconversion rate against wild-type virus or JN.1 variant. BNT162b2 and CoronaVac were immunogenic for neuromuscular diseases patients, maintaining durability after 6 months even for those on corticosteroids. Our data support a rapid immunization series utilizing mRNA-based and whole-virus inactivated vaccines for future pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"20 1","pages":"2424615"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11572069/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142631102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A bibliometric and knowledge-map study on the treatment of hematological malignancies with CAR-T cells from 2012 to 2023.","authors":"Qing Huang, Huimin Li, Yuan Zhang","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2371664","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2371664","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, CAR-T cell therapy in hematological malignancies has received extensive attention. The objective of this study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current research status, development trends, research hotspots, and emerging topics pertaining to CAR-T cells in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Articles pertaining to CAR-T cell therapy for hematological malignancies from the years 2012 to 2023 were obtained and assessed from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). A bibliometric approach was employed to conduct a scientific, comprehensive, and objective quantitative analysis, as well as a visual analysis, of this particular research domain. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on a corpus of 3643 articles, which were collaboratively authored by 72 countries and various research institutions. CAR-T cell research in treating hematological malignancies shows an increasing trend each year. Notably, the study identified the countries and institutions displaying the highest level of activity, the journals with the most citations and output, as well as the authors who garnered the highest frequency of citations and co-citations. Furthermore, the analysis successfully identified the research hotspots and highlighted six emerging topics within this domain. This study conducted a comprehensive exploration and analysis of the research status, development trends, research hotspots, and emerging topics about CAR-T cells in the treatment of hematological malignancies from 2012 to 2023. The findings of this study will serve as a valuable reference and guide for researchers seeking to delve deeper into this field and determine the future direction of their research.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"20 1","pages":"2371664"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11225924/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141499384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on perceptions of national scheduled childhood vaccines among Māori and Pacific caregivers, whānau, and healthcare professionals in Aotearoa New Zealand.","authors":"Nadia A Charania, Daysha Tonumaipe'a, Te Wai Barbarich-Unasa, Leon Iusitini, Georgina Davis, Gail Pacheco, Denise Wilson","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2023.2301626","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2023.2301626","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Aotearoa New Zealand, there has been a marked decrease in the uptake of routine childhood vaccinations since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among Māori and Pacific children. This Māori and Pacific-centered research used an interpretive description methodology. We undertook culturally informed interviews and discussions with Māori and Pacific caregivers (<i>n</i> = 24) and healthcare professionals (<i>n</i> = 13) to understand their perceptions of routine childhood vaccines. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis and privileged respective Māori and Pacific worldviews. Four themes were constructed. \"<i>We go with the norm</i>\" reflected how social norms, health personnel and institutions promoted (and sometimes coerced) participants' acceptance of routine vaccines before the pandemic. <i>\"Everything became difficult\"</i> explains how the pandemic added challenges to the daily struggles of whānau (extended family networks) and healthcare professionals. Participants noted how information sources influenced disease and vaccine perceptions and health behaviors. <i>\"It needed to have an ethnic-specific approach\"</i> highlighted the inappropriateness of Western-centric strategies that dominated during the initial pandemic response that did not meet the needs of Māori and Pacific communities. Participants advocated for whānau-centric vaccination efforts. <i>\"People are now finding their voice\"</i> expressed renewed agency among whānau about vaccination following the immense pressure to receive COVID-19 vaccines. The pandemic created an opportune time to support informed parental vaccine decision-making in a manner that enhances the mana (authority, control) of whānau. Māori and Pacific-led vaccination strategies should be embedded in immunization service delivery to improve uptake and immunization experiences for whānau.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"20 1","pages":"2301626"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10793696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139418435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation on vaccination rates monitoring report system of Shenzhen, China.","authors":"Linxiang Chen, Ziqi Wang, Xiaojun Zheng, Fangfang Lu, Huawei Xiong, Jing Liao, Chunmiao Peng, Kangming Chen, Wenli Zhang, Yucheng Xu, Lina Duan","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2302220","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2302220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To evaluate the performance of \"Vaccination Rates Monitoring Report System\" implemented by Shenzhen CDC, we conducted an analysis of the data quality and identify key areas for system improvement. Following evaluation guidelines provided by WHO and United States CDC, we established six evaluation attributes: representativeness, simplicity, acceptability, data reliability, stability and timeliness. In eastern, central and western regions of Shenzhen, we selected one district from each region, of which the local CDC and ten CHSCs under jurisdiction were chosen for evaluation. On-site inspections, questionnaires survey and interviews were utilized for data collection, while the Likert scale method was used for attributes rating evaluation. A total of 70 participants were surveyed, consisting of 60 CHSCs and 10 CDCs staff. The gender ratio was 1:2.5 (males to females), with the majority falling within the 25-34 age range (46%). Most participants held full-time positions (80%) and had more than 5 years of work experience (62%). The system achieved 100% coverage of all CHSCs and CDCs (100%). The cumulative percentage scores for the overall favorable options of simplicity, acceptability, data reliability, stability, and timeliness were 79%, 85%, 73%, 50%, and 71% respectively. The system operates normally with strong representativeness. Acceptability was rated as \"good.\" Simplicity, data reliability, and system timeliness were rated as \"average,\" while system stability was rated as \"poor.\" Based on these survey results, developers should urgently investigate reasons for poor stability, particularly addressing concerns from CHSCs users. Additionally, the issues and shortcomings identified in other attributes should also be gradually improved.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"20 1","pages":"2302220"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10793700/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139425815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with HPV vaccine hesitancy among college students: A cross-sectional survey based on 3Cs and structural equation model in China.","authors":"Cheng Chen, Ting Chen, Mingzhao Huang, Yan Huang, Luying Zhang, Pindong Li","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2309731","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2309731","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the high effectiveness of HPV vaccines in preventing infection, vaccine hesitancy remains a concern, particularly in China. This study aimed to explore college students' attitudes toward HPV vaccination and identify associated factors. Data was collected through a cross-sectional survey using self-administered questionnaires in four cities from May to June 2022. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors. Additionally, an integrated structural equation model (SEM) based on the 3Cs (confidence, convenience, complacency) was developed to understand underlying factors contributing to hesitancy. The results from 2261 valid questionnaires were enlightening. A significant 89.47% (59.4% for females) considered HPV vaccination necessary, with 9.82% remaining neutral and only 0.71% deeming it unnecessary. Factors like higher education, being a medical student, residing in urban areas, having medical insurance, more extraordinary living expenses, a family history of tumors, and a solid understanding of HPV played a role in perceiving the vaccine as necessary. Among the 1438 female respondents, 84.36% had no hesitancy toward HPV vaccination, 13.53% expressed hesitancy, and 2.11% refused vaccination. Factors like age, understanding of HPV, medical staff recommendations, living expenses, and family history influenced hesitancy levels. SEM revealed that the 3Cs significantly affected vaccine hesitancy. Factors like price, booking process, vaccination times, trust in vaccines, medical staff recommendations, efficiency, and risk perception collectively influenced hesitancy. In conclusion, this study found high acceptance of HPV vaccination but acknowledged the complexity of hesitancy factors. It recommends medical staff disseminate scientific knowledge, offer recommendations, simplify booking procedures, and expand vaccination sites to address vaccine hesitancy effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"20 1","pages":"2309731"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10854271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139693283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity and immune persistence of Zagreb 2-1-1 regimen of rabies vaccine in Chinese healthy individuals: A randomized, parallel-controlled of homologous vaccine with different immune procedure study.","authors":"Li Li, Jingyi Xu, Jiao Zhang, Fang Wang, Jianlin Cai, Liqing Yang, Zhenggang Zhu, Yunhua Bai, Bin Jia, Jianxin Ma, Nianming Shi, Shuping Li","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2403177","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2403177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was a randomized, parallel-controlled of homologous vaccines with different immune procedure research to evaluate the immunogenicity and immune persistence of Zagreb 2-1-1 regimen of rabies vaccine in Chinese healthy individuals. 240 subjects aged ≤ 20、21-50、≥51 y were randomly divided into 2 groups (1:1), Zagreb 2-1-1 regimen receivers as experimental group and Essen 5 regimen receivers as controlled group. Researchers collected venous blood of each subject before vaccine injection and on the day 7, 14, 42, 180, 365 after first dose. The immunogenicity and immune persistence was assessed by neutralizing antibody. The positive rate of neutralizing antibody in experimental group was 14.53% on the 7th day, and raised to 100% on the 14th day. It showed no significant difference between experimental and controlled group (P>0.05). Either in experimental or controlled group, GMC of neutralizing antibody was up to the peak on the 14th day, and it showed no significant difference between two groups (P>0.05). On the 42nd day, the antibody positive rate remained 100% with both Zagreb 2-1-1 and Essen 5 regimens, and the GMC of antibodies also remained high level. Then, on the 180th and 365th day with both regimens, the GMC of antibodies dropped dramatically, although it remained above the protective level of 0.5 IU/ml, the positive rates dropped to 84.40% and 84.11% (on the 180th day), and 61.29% and 58.62% (on the 365th day). Rabies vaccine injected by Zagreb 2-1-1 regimen can produce neutralizing antibody fastly and perdurably.<b>Registration</b>: ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT01821911and NCT01827917.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"20 1","pages":"2403177"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11448322/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142367138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}