Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics最新文献

{"title":"Balancing individual risks and collective benefits: Effects of vaccine price, message framing, and value orientations on influenza vaccination in China.","authors":"Yili Chu, Ye Jiang, Qingqing Cheng, Xiaoli Zha, Yan Wang, Weiyi Liang, Liang Chen","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2743369","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2743369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccines are widely recognized as effective tools for preventing infectious diseases; however, vaccine hesitancy remains a persistent global challenge that undermines herd immunity and public health efforts. This study investigates how message framing and value orientation impact Chinese university students' willingness to receive the influenza vaccination at different price points, aiming to inform strategies for promoting health behaviors. A 2 (framing: gain, loss) ×2 (value orientation: individualism, collectivism) experimental design was employed with 1,408 Chinese university students to examine influences on vaccination intention. Vaccination intention decreased significantly as vaccine price increased. Compared with the control group, persuasive messages generally increased vaccination intention, and this effect became more pronounced in paid scenarios. When the vaccine was free, differences among message types were not significant. In paid scenarios, loss-framed messages were more persuasive than gain-framed messages, and individualistic-oriented messages were more effective than collectivistic-oriented messages. Among the four message combinations, the individualistic-loss message showed the strongest persuasive effect. Mediation analyses further indicated that perceived severity of influenza and perceived vaccine effectiveness mediated the effect of the individualistic-loss message on vaccination intention. Vaccination intention is influenced by the interaction between vaccine price and message attributes. Free vaccination reduces the relative impact of message variations, whereas paid scenarios provide more room for persuasive messages to operate. In price-sensitive contexts, individualistic-loss messages that emphasize personal infection risks and vaccine effectiveness may be particularly useful for promoting influenza vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2743369"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13652085/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149139027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity and safety of 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in pneumococcal vaccine-naive adults ≥18 years of age in India: A phase 3 single-arm trial.","authors":"Balachandra Giriappa, Nirmalkumar Choraria, Philip Ponce, Jelena Drozd, Xin Su, Lanyu Lei, Miranda Portka, Seema Pai, Annaliesa Anderson, Kara Bickham, Wendy Watson, Kathleen McElwee","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2605847","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2605847","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> is a leading cause of bacteremia, bacterial meningitis, and pneumonia. In India, there is an unmet need for an expanded valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) to protect older adults. This phase 3, single-arm study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of 20-valent PCV (PCV20) in adults ≥18 y of age in India. Participants were enrolled into two age groups (18‒49 and ≥50 y old) and received a single dose of PCV20. Immunogenicity endpoints included geometric mean fold rises (GMFRs) in pneumococcal serotype-specific opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) titers from before to 1 month after vaccination. Safety endpoints included percentages of participants reporting local reactions and systemic events within 7 d after vaccination and adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs within 1 month after vaccination. All 400 participants (200 in each age group) received a single dose of PCV20. OPA geometric mean titers substantially increased from baseline to 1 month after PCV20 vaccination for all 20 serotypes. Overall, GMFRs ranged from 5.9 (serotype 14) to 49.8 (23F) for PCV13 serotypes and from 5.4 (11A) to 75.7 (12F) for the 7 additional PCV20 serotypes. Most local reactions and systemic events were mild or moderate in severity and transient. Overall, 2.3% of participants reported any AE through 1 month after vaccination. No related, immediate, severe, or serious AEs were reported. Consistent with previous trials, PCV20 elicited robust immune responses to all 20 serotypes following a single dose and was well tolerated with an acceptable safety profile in Indian adults ≥18 y of age. NCT05875727.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2605847"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12785191/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145935554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statement of Retraction: Risk of all-cause and cardiac-related mortality after vaccination against COVID-19: A meta-analysis of self-controlled case series studies.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2604465","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2604465","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2604465"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12818814/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145991524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of message framing on HPV Vaccination decision-making: A Survey experiment among Chinese male college students.","authors":"Xiaomin Wang, Bo Yan, Xiaohe Wang","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2606516","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2606516","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major public health concern affecting both sexes. China adopted a gender-neutral HPV vaccination strategy, expanding recommendations to include males. College students, a high-risk group for HPV exposure, were a priority target for vaccination campaigns. This study compares how four message frames (control, personal health risks, partner risks, both risks) influenced HPV vaccination intention, decisional readiness, and perceived responsibility among Chinese male college students. We conducted a quasi-experimental pre-post survey among 612 male students from three Chinese universities (December 2024-January 2025). Participants were randomly assigned to four message-framing groups. Demographic distributions were compared using Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Intervention effects were analyzed via McNemar's tests and multivariable logistic regression. Among participants, 41.8% (n = 256) were unaware of male eligibility for HPV vaccination. Post-intervention, all groups showed improvements in vaccination intention, decisional readiness, and perceived responsibility. Both risk groups consistently exhibited the largest effect sizes across all outcomes (<i>p</i> < .001). For example, vaccination intention in both risk groups increased from 7.2% pre-intervention to 21.6% post-intervention (<i>p</i> < .001). Compared to the control message frame, none of the other frames showed a pairwise significant difference after adjusting for baseline characteristics (adjusted <i>p</i> > .017). The low baseline awareness of male HPV vaccine eligibility highlighted the urgency of targeted education. These findings directly informed China's upcoming gender-neutral HPV vaccination strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2606516"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12773642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145890503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental acceptability of new RSV preventive therapies for infants: A cross-sectional survey in Canada.","authors":"Tiffany Fitzpatrick, Jeanna Parsons Leigh, Rebecca Brundin-Mather, Jade MacDonald, Wade Blanchard, Shelly Bolotin, Sarah A Buchan, Nicholas Brousseau, Eliana Castillo, Jeannette L Comeau, Ève Dubé, Devon Greyson, Scott A Halperin, Joanne M Langley, Janet S W Lee, Shannon E MacDonald, Terra Manca, Stephana Julia Moss, Jesse Papenburg, Nirma Khatri Vadlamudi, Donna Halperin","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2588016","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2588016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two new RSV immunization products exist for infants: a prenatal vaccine (RSVpreF) and a long-acting monoclonal antibody for infants (nirsevimab). While both showed promise in clinical trials, implementation has varied across jurisdictions. Before rollout in Canada, we conducted an anonymized, online survey with a nationally representative sample of 1,015 expectant and recent birth parents. The primary outcome was product acceptability (disagree, undecided, agree). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) identified factors associated with agreement or indecision versus disagreement. Approximately 49% (n = 499) were expecting; 51% (n = 516) had a baby in the past year. Overall, 72% (n = 727) agreed to receive a product: 61% (n = 624) for RSVpreF and 60% (n = 608) for nirsevimab. RSVpreF agreement was higher among older parents (e.g., OR = 3.64; 95% CI, 1.99-6.67 for age 25-34 versus 18-24 years), those with a university degree (OR = 3.65; 95% CI, 2.01-6.64 versus high school), higher income (OR = 2.31; 95% CI, 1.01-5.28 for ≥$150k versus <$40k), or receipt/intention for Tdap (OR = 3.76; 95% CI, 2.37-5.96 versus no receipt/intention) or influenza (OR = 2.04; 95% CI, 1.29-3.21) vaccines. Agreement was higher among parents of children without a high-risk medical condition compared to those with (OR = 2.32; 95% CI, 1.44-3.72). Similar trends were observed for nirsevimab, with lower agreement also noted among those who self-researched antibodies (OR = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.30-0.88 versus not). As most respondents rated product safety (76%), effectiveness (71%), and disease severity risk (70%) as important in decision-making, providing clear information on these, alongside communications targeted to subgroups with lower agreement, may optimize uptake as programs rollout.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2588016"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12803004/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145967523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herpes zoster hospitalization burden in Spain during the initial period of recombinant zoster vaccine implementation.","authors":"Jose-Maria Blanc, Isabel Jimeno-Sanz, Valentín Hernández-Barrera, Ángel Gil-de-Miguel","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2617717","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2617717","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herpes zoster (HZ) is a vaccine-preventable disease with increasing incidence and hospitalization burden, particularly among older adults and immunocompromised individuals, who have an increased risk. In 2021, Spain introduced systematic vaccination with the recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV). We conducted a retrospective, descriptive study using hospital discharge data from the Spanish Minimum Basic DataSet (MBDS) for the years 2022-2023. Hospitalization rates (HR), mortality rates (MR), case fatality rates (CFR), length of stay, comorbidities, and costs were analyzed nationally and for the region of Madrid. A total of 16,277 HZ-related hospitalizations were recorded in Spain, with 80% occurring in individuals aged ≥65 y. The HR was 16.85 per 100,000 inhabitants, and the CFR was 7.44%. In Madrid, 3263 hospitalizations were recorded, with a higher HR (23.73 per 100,000) and CFR (6.41%) compared to the national average. Complicated HZ cases accounted for over 64% of hospitalizations nationally and 69% in Madrid. Total hospitalization costs were €98.1 million in Spain and €21.4 million in Madrid. This is the first study to assess HZ hospitalization burden in Spain and Madrid following the introduction of RZV. The findings highlight the substantial toll of HZ on older and immunocompromised populations. Future studies with longer follow-up are needed to assess vaccine impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2617717"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12834139/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146031388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dengue vaccination Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among healthcare providers in selected countries from Latin America and Asia Pacific.","authors":"Eduardo López-Medina, Alberta Di Pasquale, Andrew Green","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2593730","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2593730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Healthcare professionals (HCPs) perform an essential role in facilitating dengue vaccine uptake, as they are trusted sources of vaccine information and their perspectives shape both patient acceptance and peer adoption. This study assessed HCPs' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) regarding dengue vaccination, and identified factors influencing their likelihood to recommend the vaccine to patients ('recommendation') and to encourage colleagues to do the same ('advocacy'). A cross-sectional survey of 815 HCPs in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand was conducted. Globally, composite scores were lower for Knowledge (56%) than Attitudes (70%) and Practices (72%). In multivariate analysis, \"Perceived ease of recommending dengue vaccines\" (recommendation: regression coefficient 0.30, <i>p</i> < .001; advocacy: regression coefficient 0.23, <i>p</i> < .001) and \"Urgency to protect against dengue\" (recommendation: regression coefficient 0.37, <i>p</i> < .001; advocacy: regression coefficient 0.23, <i>p</i> < .001) were associated with both recommendation and advocacy. In contrast, \"Awareness of severity and risk\" (regression coefficient 0.24, <i>p</i> = .015) and \"Confidence in available dengue vaccines\" (regression coefficient 0.34, <i>p</i> < .001) were associated only with recommendation to patients. These findings highlight the need for targeted educational strategies and behavioral interventions to strengthen physician confidence, address barriers to recommending dengue vaccines, and support peer-to-peer advocacy. Such efforts are essential to improving vaccine uptake and maximizing the public health impact of dengue vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2593730"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12851392/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146054625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Capabilities, Opportunities, and Motivations behavioral analysis of healthcare professionals concerning dengue vaccination in selected countries from Latin America and Asia Pacific.","authors":"Andrew Green, Alberta Di Pasquale, Eduardo Lopez-Medina","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2573533","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2573533","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The success of dengue vaccination programs is heavily reliant on endorsement from healthcare professionals (HCPs). This survey of 815 HCPs from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand aimed to identify factors associated with HCPs' willingness to recommend dengue vaccination to patients. Survey responses were mapped to six subthemes within a Capabilities, Opportunities, and Motivations behavioral framework; composite scores were calculated and correlated with willingness to recommend the dengue vaccine. Psychological Capability, Reflective Motivation, and Automatic Motivation emerged as urgent priorities based on moderate correlation with willingness to recommend the vaccine (correlation coefficients 0.50, 0.56, and 0.45, respectively) and moderate scores (57‒58%). Physical Capability was categorized as a critical strength, while Physical and Social Opportunities were lesser priorities. Targeted interventions - including HCP education, risk communication, and peer-led advocacy - are likely to improve recommendation behaviors. Addressing both individual and external drivers is essential for enabling HCPs to recommend dengue vaccination effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2573533"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12851386/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146054635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Papillomavirus vaccine knowledge and recommendation practice among primary care providers, Almaty, Kazakhstan - 2023.","authors":"Feruza Ablimitova, Dilyara Nabirova, Saya Gazezova, Manar Smagul, Ainagul Kuatbaeva, Aizhan Yesmagambetova, Alexander J Millman, Roberta Horth","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2610622","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2610622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kazakhstan planned to reintroduce the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine into the national vaccination calendar in 2024 for girls aged 12-14. A 2013 pilot attempt failed due to low acceptance. To inform implementation, we evaluated HPV vaccine knowledge and recommendation practices among primary healthcare workers (HCWs). In April-May 2023, we conducted a cross-sectional survey using convenience sampling among HCWs responsible for vaccination at 5 private and 29 of the largest public polyclinics in Almaty. Participants self-completed anonymous questionnaires. Knowledge scores >70% were considered adequate. We used logistic regression to assess factors associated with intention to recommend HPV vaccines, reporting adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Among 832 participants, 68% were nurses, and 18% had >20 y experience. One-third (33%) had adequate HPV knowledge, 22% knew HPV has no cure, and 71% understood it is not airborne. One-fifth (20%) could dispel common HPV vaccine myths, 39% dispelled common childhood immunization myths, 61% correctly identified childhood vaccine contraindications, and 58% believed in childhood vaccines' safety and effectiveness. Overall, 28% would recommend the HPV vaccine to patients or their friends' children. Doctors were more likely to recommend than nurses (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.06-2.18). Higher recommendation odds were also associated with ability to dispel childhood vaccines myths (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.03-2.07), adequate HPV knowledge (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.14-2.32), belief in vaccine safety (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.12-2.47), and support for vaccinating HCWs (OR = 3.07, 95% CI = 2.11-4.54). HPV-related knowledge and recommendation intent among HCWs were low. Targeted training and communication may improve HPV vaccine uptake in Kazakhstan.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2610622"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12867355/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146107535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing the understanding of the immune escape in lung cancer immunotherapy: Global trends, collaborations, and future directions.","authors":"Dong Li, Jie Tian, Yingbo Zou","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2628395","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2628395","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune escape mechanisms critically restrict the efficacy of immunotherapy in lung cancer (LC), with only 20%-30% of patients responding to checkpoint inhibitors. To systematically map global trends and identify emerging hotspots, this study analyzed 2813 publications related to immune escape in LC immunotherapy from 1995 to 2025 (data retrieved August 9, 2025; analysis of annual trends uses complete year data through 2024) sourced from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Bibliometric visualization was performed using VOSviewer (version 1.6.19), CiteSpace (version 6.2.R3), and the biblioshiny R package. The dataset encompassed 75 countries, 3421 institutions, and 18,023 researchers across 693 journals. Publication trends delineated three distinct phases: an initial phase (1995-2010), an acceleration phase (2011-2018), and a maturation phase (2019-2024). China dominates in publication volume (1,382 papers) and total citations (45,657), whereas the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center emerged as the most influential institution (n = 87). The <i>Frontiers in Immunology</i> recorded the highest number of publications (n = 155), while <i>Cancer Research</i> received the most co-citations (6,149). Li Zhang ranks as the most prolific author with 19 publications and 1251 citations, while R.S. Herbst holds the highest number of co-citations (n = 628). Current research clusters focus primarily on \"therapeutic strategies and treatment integration,\" \"tumor microenvironment characterization and immune cell dynamics,\" and \"translational biomarkers and precision immunotherapy.\" Future research emphasizes \"spatial microenvironment architecture,\" \"computational predictive modeling,\" \"alternative cell death pathways,\" \"precision biomarker development,\" \"hypoxia-immune interactions,\" and \"stemness-EMT immune interfaces.\" Overall, the field's exponential growth and geographic disparities provide a structural foundation for developing strategies to overcome immune escape mechanisms by integrating spatial microenvironment characterization with advanced computational modeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2628395"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12893688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146144399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}